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Siriratnam P, Huda S, Butzkueven H, van der Walt A, Jokubaitis V, Monif M. A comprehensive review of the advances in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103465. [PMID: 37852514 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare relapsing neuroinflammatory autoimmune astrocytopathy, with a predilection for the optic nerves and spinal cord. Most cases are characterised by aquaporin-4-antibody positivity and have a relapsing disease course, which is associated with accrual of disability. Although the prognosis in NMOSD has improved markedly over the past few years owing to advances in diagnosis and therapeutics, it remains a severe disease. In this article, we review the evolution of our understanding of NMOSD, its pathogenesis, clinical features, disease course, treatment options and associated symptoms. We also address the gaps in knowledge and areas for future research focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakeeran Siriratnam
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saif Huda
- Department of Neurology, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anneke van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Wolf HN, Ehinger V, Guempelein L, Banerjee P, Kuempfel T, Havla J, Pauly D. NMOSD IgG Impact Retinal Cells in Murine Retinal Explants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7319-7335. [PMID: 37754247 PMCID: PMC10529972 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, characterized by autoantibodies against aquaporin-4. The symptoms primarily involve severe optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Although the disease progression is typically relapse-dependent, recent studies revealed retinal neuroaxonal degeneration unrelated to relapse activity, potentially due to anti-aquaporin-4-positive antibodies interacting with retinal glial cells such as Müller cells. In this exploratory study, we analysed the response of mouse retinal explants to NMOSD immunoglobulins (IgG). Mouse retinal explants were treated with purified IgG from patient or control sera for one and three days. We characterized tissue response patterns through morphological changes, chemokine secretion, and complement expression. Mouse retinal explants exhibited a basic proinflammatory response ex vivo, modified by IgG addition. NMOSD IgG, unlike control IgG, increased gliosis and decreased chemokine release (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL-10). Complement component expression by retinal cells remained unaltered by either IgG fraction. We conclude that human NMOSD IgG can possibly bind in the mouse retina, altering the local cellular environment. This intraretinal stress may contribute to retinal degeneration independent of relapse activity in NMOSD, suggesting a primary retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nora Wolf
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Ehinger
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Guempelein
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pratiti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tania Kuempfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Havla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Jiang X, Song Y, Fang J, Yang X, Mu S, Zhang J. Neuroprotective effect of Vesatolimod in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109717. [PMID: 36738672 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating autoimmune disease accompanied by inflammation and loss of axons and neurons. Toll-like receptors play crucial roles in the innate immune system and inflammation. However, few studies have explored the specific effects of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis. To explore underlying effects to develop a new therapeutic target, we use Vesatolimod, a safe and well-tolerated agonist of toll-like receptor 7, to assess the possible effects in Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. METHODS EAE animal model was induced by injection of MOG35-55 and monitored daily for clinical symptoms, and the treatment group was given Vesatolimod at the onset of illness. The therapeutic effects of Vesatolimod on EAE inflammation, demyelination, CD107b cells and T cells infiltration, and microglia activation was evaluated. Autophagy within the spinal cords of EAE mice was also preliminarily assessed. RESULTS Treatment with Vesatolimod significantly alleviated clinical symptoms of EAE from day 18 post-immunization and decreased the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, particularly Eotaxin and IL-12 (P40), in peripheral blood. It also inhibited demyelination in spinal cords. Moreover, VES treatment reduced activation of microglia, infiltration of CD3 + T cells and CD107b + cells, as well as inhibited the autophagy-related proteins expression in the spinal cords of EAE mice. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Vesatolimod exhibits protective effects on EAE mice and is promising for treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua Mu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Cytokines/chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules in anti-GABA B receptor encephalitis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 68:104234. [PMID: 36270252 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-gamma-aminobutyric-acid B receptor (anti-GABABR) encephalitis is a rare form of autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) that is closely associated with tumor comorbidity. The purpose of this study is to identify the expressive pattern of cytokines/ chemokines and soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICMs) in anti-GABABR encephalitis in order to evaluate the clinical condition and provide new treatment options. METHODS A total of 40 cytokines/chemokines and 10 sICMs in the serum of 10 patients with anti-GABABR encephalitis and eight controls were measured. The differentially expressed cytokines/chemokines and sICMs were selected to explore the correlations with disease prognosis, CSF routine and antibody titers. RESULTS Eight cytokines/chemokines were found to be more abundant in patients than in healthy donors (HDs), while 14 were found to be less abundant in patients. In terms of sICMs, patients' serum contained higher level of soluble ICOS and ICOSL but lower level of soluble CD86. Unfavorable prognosis was associated with high serum level of PDGFB, IL-17A, and soluble ICOSL but not with low levels of IL-4. Increased levels of IL-17A, CCL15, and soluble ICOS were found frequently in the patients with CSF-exclusive OCBs, while soluble ICOSL and CCL24 expression was lower in these patients. High levels of IL-1 F2 and TCA-3 were correlated with the presence of tumors in patients. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with anti- GABABR encephalitis had an unfavorable prognosis in one year of follow-up. Serum PDGFB, IL-17A, IL-4 and soluble ICOSL level were associated with the poor clinical outcomes in one-year follow up.
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Gakharia T, Bakhtadze S, Lim M, Khachapuridze N, Kapanadze N. Alterations of Plasma Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in Children with Refractory Epilepsies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101506. [PMID: 36291442 PMCID: PMC9600205 DOI: 10.3390/children9101506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric epilepsy is a multifaceted neurological disorder with various aetiologies. Up to 30% of patients are considered drug-resistant. The background impact of interfering inflammatory and neuronal pathways has been closely linked to paediatric epilepsy. The characteristics of the inflamed state have been described not only in epilepsies, which are considered prototypes of an inflammatory pathophysiology, but also in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in epileptic encephalopathies. The imbalance of different cytokine levels was confirmed in several epileptic models. Chemokines are new targets for exploring neuroimmune communication in epileptogenesis, which control leukocyte migration and have a possible role in neuromodulation. Additionally, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important effector molecule for central neural inflammatory responses and may influence drug responsiveness. We measured the serum interictal quantitative levels of chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, CCL11) and PGE2 in correlation with the seizure frequency and severity in controlled and intractable childhood epilepsies. Our refractory seizure group demonstrated significantly increased concentrations of eotaxin (CCL11) compared to the controlled epilepsy group. The higher level of CCL11 was correlated with an increased seizure frequency, while the PGE2 levels were associated with the severity of seizure and epilepsy, supporting the findings that proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to epileptogenesis and possibly have a role in developing seizure resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatia Gakharia
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +995-592933291
| | - Sophia Bakhtadze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ming Lim
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital @ Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Women’s and Children’s Department, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nana Khachapuridze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Kapanadze
- Department of Childs Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147908. [PMID: 35887254 PMCID: PMC9323454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by relapses and autoimmunity caused by antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin-4. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the biologic knowledge of NMOSD, which resulted in the IDENTIFICATION of variable disease phenotypes, biomarkers, and complex inflammatory cascades involved in disease pathogenesis. Ongoing clinical trials are looking at new treatments targeting NMOSD relapses. This review aims to provide an update on recent studies regarding issues related to NMOSD, including the pathophysiology of the disease, the potential use of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines as disease biomarkers, the clinical utilization of ocular coherence tomography, and the comparison of different animal models of NMOSD.
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Bartolini L, Moran MP, Norato G, Thomas B, Dick AD, Wells E, Suslovic W, Bumbut A, Chamberlain JM, Theodore WH, Gaillard WD, Jacobson S. Differential activation of neuroinflammatory pathways in children with seizures: A cross-sectional study. Seizure 2021; 91:150-158. [PMID: 34161903 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammation plays a crucial role in epileptogenesis. We analyzed inflammatory cytokines in plasma and saliva from children with seizures and healthy controls and measured their associations with HHV6 and EBV infection. METHODS We analyzed plasma from 36 children within 24 h of seizures (cases) and 43 healthy controls and saliva from 44 cases and 44 controls with a multiplex immunoassay. Saliva from all controls and 65 cases and blood from 26 controls and 35 cases were also analyzed by PCR for viral DNA. Primary outcome was cytokine levels in cases vs. controls. Secondary outcomes included detection of HHV-6 and EBV viral DNA in cases vs. controls and viral loads in cases vs. controls. Statistical analysis included the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation. RESULTS Compared to controls, patients had higher levels of CCL11 (p = 0.0018), CCL26 (p<0.001), IL10 (p = 0.044), IL6 (p<0.001), IL8 (p = 0.018), and MIP1β (p = 0.0012). CCL11 was higher with 3 or more seizures (p = 0.01), seizures longer than 10 min (p = 0.001), and when EEG showed focal slowing (p = 0.02). In saliva, febrile seizures had higher levels of IL-1β (n = 7, p = 0.04) and new onset seizures had higher IL-6 (n = 15, p = 0.02). Plasma and saliva cytokine levels did not show a correlation. The frequency of HHV-6 and EBV detection was similar across groups and not different than controls. We found no correlation between viral load and cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS We showed differential activation of neuroinflammatory pathways in plasma from different seizure etiologies compared to controls, unrelated to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartolini
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.
| | - Michael P Moran
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gina Norato
- Office of Biostatistics, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bobbe Thomas
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Alexander D Dick
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center/The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Elizabeth Wells
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center/The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - William Suslovic
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center/The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Adrian Bumbut
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center/The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - James M Chamberlain
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | | | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center/The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Du L, Chang H, Xu W, Zhang X, Yin L. Elevated chemokines and cytokines for eosinophils in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 52:102940. [PMID: 33930716 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophil infiltration is one of the distinctive features in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) but not in other demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Eosinophils express the chemokine receptor CCR3, which is activated by eotaxins (eotaxin-1, -2, and -3) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4. We aimed to investigate the role of MCPs (MCP-1, -2, -3, and -4) and eotaxins in the acute phase of NMOSD. METHODS Levels of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eotaxins, MCPs, interleukin (IL)-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-6 were measured using the cytokine multiplex assay from 26 patients with NMOSD (13 with immunotherapy, 13 without immunotherapy), 9 patients with MS, and 9 patients with other noninflammatory neurological diseases (OND). Glial fibrillary acidic protein was assessed using ELISA. RESULTS Serum MCP-1 and CSF MCP-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with NMOSD than in OND. Moreover, serum MCP-4 and CSF eotaxin-2 and -3 levels were significantly higher in NMOSD patients compared to MS and OND. Serum MCP-1, -4 and CSF eotaxin-2, -3 levels were significantly correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale in NMOSD. TNF-α and GM-CSF, which stimulate the above chemokines, were higher in patients with NMOSD than those in OND. Moreover, serum MCP-1 and -4 were significantly increased by IL-5 and GM-CSF stimulation, but not by TNF-α and IL-6. Only CSF eotaxin-2 was significantly increased by GM-CSF. There were no significant differences in serum MCP-1 and -4 levels between NMOSD patients with and without immunotherapy. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the elevated serum MCP-1, -4 and CSF eotaxin-2, -3 may be a key step in eosinophil recruitment in the acute phase of NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxiao Chang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wangshu Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Linlin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Disrupting Bordetella Immunosuppression Reveals a Role for Eosinophils in Coordinating the Adaptive Immune Response in the Respiratory Tract. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111808. [PMID: 33212993 PMCID: PMC7698589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings revealed pivotal roles for eosinophils in protection against parasitic and viral infections, as well as modulation of adaptive immune responses in the gastric mucosa. However, the known effects of eosinophils within the respiratory tract remain predominantly pathological, associated with allergy and asthma. Simulating natural respiratory infections in mice, we examined how efficient and well-adapted pathogens can block eosinophil functions that contribute to the immune response. Bordetella bronchiseptica, a natural pathogen of the mouse, uses the sigma factor btrS to regulate expression of mechanisms that interfere with eosinophil recruitment and function. When btrS is disrupted, immunomodulators are dysregulated, and eosinophils are recruited to the lungs, suggesting they may contribute to much more efficient generation of adaptive immunity induced by this mutant. Eosinophil-deficient mice failed to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit lymphocytes, to organize lymphoid aggregates that resemble Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT), to generate an effective antibody response, and to clear bacterial infection from the respiratory tract. Importantly, the failure of eosinophil-deficient mice to produce these lymphoid aggregates indicates that eosinophils can mediate the generation of an effective lymphoid response in the lungs. These data demonstrate that efficient respiratory pathogens can block eosinophil recruitment, to inhibit the generation of robust adaptive immune responses. They also suggest that some post-infection sequelae involving eosinophils, such as allergy and asthma, might be a consequence of bacterial mechanisms that manipulate their accumulation and/or function within the respiratory tract.
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CCL-11 or Eotaxin-1: An Immune Marker for Ageing and Accelerated Ageing in Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090230. [PMID: 32887304 PMCID: PMC7558796 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CCL-11 (eotaxin) is a chemokine with an important role in allergic conditions. Recent evidence indicates that CCL-11 plays a role in brain disorders as well. This paper reviews the associations between CCL-11 and aging, neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for original articles examining CCL-11 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Results: CCL-11 is rapidly transported from the blood to the brain through the blood-brain barrier. Age-related increases in CCL-11 are associated with cognitive impairments in executive functions and episodic and semantic memory, and therefore, this chemokine has been described as an “Endogenous Cognition Deteriorating Chemokine” (ECDC) or “Accelerated Brain-Aging Chemokine” (ABAC). In schizophrenia, increased CCL-11 is not only associated with impairments in cognitive functions, but also with key symptoms including formal thought disorders. Some patients with mood disorders and premenstrual syndrome show increased plasma CCL-11 levels. In diseases of old age, CCL-11 is associated with lowered neurogenesis and neurodegenerative processes, and as a consequence, increased CCL-11 increases risk towards Alzheimer’s disease. Polymorphisms in the CCL-11 gene are associated with stroke. Increased CCL-11 also plays a role in neuroinflammatory disease including multiple sclerosis. In animal models, neutralization of CCL-11 may protect against nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. Increased production of CCL-11 may be attenuated by glucocorticoids, minocycline, resveratrol and anti-CCL11 antibodies. Conclusions: Increased CCL-11 production during inflammatory conditions may play a role in human disease including age-related cognitive decline, schizophrenia, mood disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Increased CCL-11 production is a new drug target in the treatment and prevention of those disorders.
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Dong Z, Cao L, Guo L, Hong Y, Cao J, Chen X. CCL26 regulates the proportion of CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 + Tregs and the production of inflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells following acute ischemic stroke via the STAT5 pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3343-3351. [PMID: 32855707 PMCID: PMC7444389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke. Recent studies have found that AIS is closely involved in the immune regulation function of regulatory T cells (Tregs). C-C motif chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26) is a member of the chemokine family that plays an essential role in cell activation, cell differentiation, lymphocyte homing, and inflammatory and immune responses. The present study aimed to investigate the role of CCL26 in the regulation of Tregs in AIS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated with a CCL26-neutralizing antibody. The proportion of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD25+ forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ Tregs was increased, and the expression of FOXP3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (p-STAT5), and that of the immunosuppressive factors, interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, was upregulated. Conversely, the expression of immune-promoting factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 was significantly downregulated. Further experiments using CCL26 recombinant protein-treated PBMCs revealed a decreased proportion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs and the downregulated expression of FOXP3, p-STAT5, TGF-β1 and IL-10. Moreover, the expression of immunostimulatory factors, such as CX3C chemokine receptor 1, TNF-α and IL-6 was significantly upregulated. On the whole, these results demonstrate that CCL26 regulates the proportion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs and the production of inflammatory factors in PBMCs following AIS via the STAT5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Limei Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Lan Guo
- Geriatric Nursing Ward, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Geriatric Nursing Ward, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiu Cao
- Geriatric Nursing Ward, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Yang MG, Tian S, Zhang Q, Han J, Liu C, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Jin T. Elevated serum interleukin-39 levels in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders correlated with disease severity. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102430. [PMID: 32853892 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disorder in the central nervous system (CNS), which is mainly mediated by aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab). Interleukin (IL)-39 is a new pro-inflammatory cytokine which belongs to the IL-12 cytokine family. However, the role of IL-39 in patients with NMOSD is not completely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the possible implication of IL-39 in the pathogenesis of NMOSD. METHODS In this study, 50 patients with NMOSD, 20 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 30 patients with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NND) and 78 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The levels of serum IL-39 were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our study showed serum IL-39 levels in patients with NMOSD were significantly higher than that in RRMS patients, NND patients and HCs, and positively correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that IL-39 may play a pro-inflammatory role in the pathogenesis of NMOSD and correlate with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ge Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Suyan Tian
- Division of Clinical Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Rocca MA, Cacciaguerra L, Filippi M. Moving beyond anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies: emerging biomarkers in the spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:601-618. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1764352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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14
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Ding J, Zhu DS, Hong RH, Wu YF, Li ZZ, Zhou XJ, Cai J, Guan YT. The differential expression of natural killer cells in NMOSD and MS. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 71:9-14. [PMID: 31864829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. However, the differential expressions of NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are unknown. This study aimed to explore the differential expressions of NK cells in NMOSD and MS and evaluate the clinical implications of this difference. We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the expression of NK cells in the peripheral blood of patients with NMOSD (n = 78) and MS (n = 24) and of healthy controls (HC, n = 27). Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between NK cell level and disease phase in 102 patients with NMOSD and MS through Spearman correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Our results showed that the median (interquartile range) NK cell levels in acute-phase NMOSD patients, remission-phase NMOSD patients, acute-phase MS patients, and HC subjects were 114.10 (64.75-153.38) cells/µL, 167.60 (116.35-266.15) cells/µL, 282.55 (140.57-368.20) cells/µL, and 221.00 (170.40-269.55) cells/µL, respectively (p < 0.001). The Spearman correlation coefficient (95%) for the relationship between NK level and disease phase in NMOSD patients was 0.366 (0.150-0.550) (p < 0.001). Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that patients with NK cell values lower than 172.200 cells/µL were more prone to have acute-phase NMOSD than MS. In conclusion, the expression of NK cells in peripheral blood was lower in patients with NMOSD than in patients with MS in the acute phase, and a low expression of NK cells may suggest having acute-phase NMOSD rather than MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - De-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rong-Hua Hong
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ze-Zhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xia-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yang-Tai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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15
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Shou J, Peng J, Zhao Z, Huang X, Li H, Li L, Gao X, Xing Y, Liu H. CCL26 and CCR3 are associated with the acute inflammatory response in the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 333:576967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.576967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Dardiotis E, Tsouris Z, Aslanidou P, Aloizou AM, Sokratous M, Provatas A, Siokas V, Deretzi G, Hadjigeorgiou GM. Body mass index in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neurol Res 2019; 41:836-846. [DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1622873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Aslanidou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Sokratous
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios Provatas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Papageorgiou hospital, Neurology clinic, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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