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Huang X, Zheng Y, Wang N, Zhao M, Liu J, Lin W, Zhu Y, Xie X, Lv Y, Wang J, Mo Y. Dichloroacetate Prevents Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy by Inhibiting Microglia Pyroptosis through PDK4/NLRP3. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02105-3. [PMID: 39177920 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA), a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, is often used to treat lactic acidosis and malignant tumors. Increasing studies have shown that DCA has neuroprotective effects. Here, we explored the role and mechanism of DCA in Sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE). Single-cell analysis was used to determine the important role of PDK4 in SAE and identify the cell type. GO and GSEA analysis were used to determine the correlation between DCA and pyroptosis. Through LPS + ATP stimulation, a microglia pyroptosis model was established to observe the expression level of intracellular pyroptosis-related proteins under DCA intervention, and further detect the changes in intracellular ROS and JC-1. Additionally, a co-culture environment of microglia and neuron was simply constructed to evaluate the effect of DCA on activated microglia-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Finally, Novel object recognition test and the Morris water maze were used to explore the effect of DCA on cognitive function in mice from different groups after intervention. Based on the above experiments, this study concludes that DCA can improve the ratio of peripheral and central M1 macrophages, inhibit NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis through ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). DCA can reduce neuron death caused by SAE and improve cognitive function in LPS mice. In SAE, DCA may be a potential candidate drug for the treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhao Zheng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofan Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yunchang Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Fan X, Song J, Zhang S, Lu L, Lin F, Chen Y, Li S, Jin X, Wang F. Luteolin-7-O-β-d-Glucuronide Attenuated Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Involvement of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1366. [PMID: 38927572 PMCID: PMC11201472 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common cerebrovascular disease with high mortality, high morbidity, and high disability. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide (LGU) is a major active flavonoid compound extracted from Ixeris sonchifolia (Bge.) Hance, a Chinese medicinal herb mainly used for the treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, cerebral infarction, etc. In the present study, the protective effect of LGU on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was investigated in an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) neuronal model and a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model. In in vitro experiments, LGU was found to improve the OGD/R-induced decrease in neuronal viability effectively by the MTT assay. In in vivo experiments, neurological deficit scores, infarction volume rates, and brain water content rates were improved after a single intravenous administration of LGU. These findings suggest that LGU has significant protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo. To further explore the potential mechanism of LGU on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, we performed a series of tests. The results showed that a single administration of LGU decreased the content of EB and S100B and ameliorated the abnormal expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin and metalloproteinase MMP-9 in the ischemic cerebral cortex of the tMCAO 24-h injury model. In addition, LGU also improved the tight junction structure between endothelial cells and the degree of basement membrane degradation and reduced the content of TNF-α and IL-1β in the brain tissue. Thereby, LGU attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by improving the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The present study provides new insights into the therapeutic potential of LGU in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.F.); (L.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Jintao Song
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shuting Zhang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lihui Lu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.F.); (L.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Fang Lin
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.F.); (L.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shichang Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (X.F.); (L.L.); (F.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Experimental Teaching Center of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (J.S.); (S.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Gong L, Liang J, Xie L, Zhang Z, Mei Z, Zhang W. Metabolic Reprogramming in Gliocyte Post-cerebral Ischemia/ Reperfusion: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1672-1696. [PMID: 38362904 PMCID: PMC11284719 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666240131121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. However, the clinical efficacy of recanalization therapy as a preferred option is significantly hindered by reperfusion injury. The transformation between different phenotypes of gliocytes is closely associated with cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion injury (CI/RI). Moreover, gliocyte polarization induces metabolic reprogramming, which refers to the shift in gliocyte phenotype and the overall transformation of the metabolic network to compensate for energy demand and building block requirements during CI/RI caused by hypoxia, energy deficiency, and oxidative stress. Within microglia, the pro-inflammatory phenotype exhibits upregulated glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid synthesis, and glutamine synthesis, whereas the anti-inflammatory phenotype demonstrates enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Reactive astrocytes display increased glycolysis but impaired glycogenolysis and reduced glutamate uptake after CI/RI. There is mounting evidence suggesting that manipulation of energy metabolism homeostasis can induce microglial cells and astrocytes to switch from neurotoxic to neuroprotective phenotypes. A comprehensive understanding of underlying mechanisms and manipulation strategies targeting metabolic pathways could potentially enable gliocytes to be reprogrammed toward beneficial functions while opening new therapeutic avenues for CI/RI treatment. This review provides an overview of current insights into metabolic reprogramming mechanisms in microglia and astrocytes within the pathophysiological context of CI/RI, along with potential pharmacological targets. Herein, we emphasize the potential of metabolic reprogramming of gliocytes as a therapeutic target for CI/RI and aim to offer a novel perspective in the treatment of CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Junjie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Letian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Zhanwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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Zhang Y, Sun M, Zhao H, Wang Z, Shi Y, Dong J, Wang K, Wang X, Li X, Qi H, Zhao X. Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of Dichloroacetate: Targeting Metabolic Disorders in Nervous System Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7559-7581. [PMID: 38106446 PMCID: PMC10725694 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s439728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an investigational drug used to treat lactic acidosis and malignant tumours. It works by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and increasing the rate of glucose oxidation. Some studies have documented the neuroprotective benefits of DCA. By reviewing these studies, this paper shows that DCA has multiple pharmacological activities, including regulating metabolism, ameliorating oxidative stress, attenuating neuroinflammation, inhibiting apoptosis, decreasing autophagy, protecting the blood‒brain barrier, improving the function of endothelial progenitor cells, improving mitochondrial dynamics, and decreasing amyloid β-protein. In addition, DCA inhibits the enzyme that metabolizes it, which leads to peripheral neurotoxicity due to drug accumulation that may be solved by individualized drug delivery and nanovesicle delivery. In summary, in this review, we analyse the mechanisms of neuroprotection by DCA in different diseases and discuss the causes of and solutions to its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Wang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Shi
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Dong
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Chen H, Guo Z, Sun Y, Dai X. The immunometabolic reprogramming of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2023; 171:105614. [PMID: 37748710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder (NDD). In the central nervous system (CNS), immune cells like microglia could reprogram intracellular metabolism to alter or exert cellular immune functions in response to environmental stimuli. In AD, microglia could be activated and differentiated into pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and these differences in cellular phenotypes resulted in variance in cellular energy metabolism. Considering the enormous energy requirement of microglia for immune functions, the changes in mitochondria-centered energy metabolism and substrates of microglia are crucial for the cellular regulation of immune responses. Here we reviewed the mechanisms of microglial metabolic reprogramming by analyzing their flexible metabolic patterns and changes that occurred in their metabolism during the development of AD. Further, we summarized the role of drugs in modulating immunometabolic reprogramming to prevent neuroinflammation, which may shed light on a new research direction for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Zichen Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
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6
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Schoenmann N, Tannenbaum N, Hodgeman RM, Raju RP. Regulating mitochondrial metabolism by targeting pyruvate dehydrogenase with dichloroacetate, a metabolic messenger. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166769. [PMID: 37263447 PMCID: PMC10776176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a naturally occurring xenobiotic that has been used as an investigational drug for over 50 years. Originally found to lower blood glucose levels and alter fat metabolism in diabetic rats, this small molecule was found to serve primarily as a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the catalyst for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl coenzyme A. Several congenital and acquired disease states share a similar pathobiology with respect to glucose homeostasis under distress that leads to a preferential shift from the more efficient oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. By reversing this process, DCA can increase available energy and reduce lactic acidosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature surrounding this metabolic messenger as it presents exciting opportunities for future investigation and clinical application in therapy including cancer, metabolic disorders, cerebral ischemia, trauma, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Schoenmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Tannenbaum
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ryan M Hodgeman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America.
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7
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Xie J, Hong S, Zhang X, Li Y, Xie R. Inhibition of glycolysis prevents behavioural changes in mice with MK801-induced SCZ model by alleviating lactate accumulation and lactylation. Brain Res 2023; 1812:148409. [PMID: 37207839 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex aetiology. Cognitive symptoms and hippocampal changes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Changes in metabolites level and up-regulated glycolysis have been reported in previous studies, which may be related to the hippocampal dysfunction in SCZ. However, the pathological mechanism of glycolysis involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ remains unclear. Therefore, the change of glycolysis level and the involvement in SCZ need to be further studied. In our study, MK801 was used to induce an SCZ mouse model and cell model in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the levels of glycolysis, metabolites, and lactylation in hippocampal tissue of mice with SCZ or cell models. The level of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) in the medium of MK801-treated primary hippocampal neurons was examined. Apoptosis was evaluated in HMGB1-treated hippocampal neurons by flow cytometry. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG prevented behavioural changes in the MK801-induced SCZ mouse model. The lactate accumulation and level of lactylation were alleviated in the hippocampal tissue of MK801-treated mice. Glycolysis was enhanced, and lactate accumulated in MK-801-treated primary hippocampal neurons. In addition, the level of HMGB1 increased in the medium and induced apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons. Together, the data showed that glycolysis and lactylation increased in the MK801-induced SCZ model in vivo and in vitro, and this effect could be prevented by 2-DG (a glycolysis inhibitor). Glycolytic related HMGB1 upregulation may induce apoptosis in hippocampal neurons downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Xie
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, The Third People's Hospital, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Hong
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Tangshuang Community, The Third People's Hospital, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Runfang Xie
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China.
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Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: Life's essential, vulnerable and druggable energy homeostat. Mitochondrion 2023; 70:59-102. [PMID: 36863425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Found in all organisms, pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes (PDC) are the keystones of prokaryotic and eukaryotic energy metabolism. In eukaryotic organisms these multi-component megacomplexes provide a crucial mechanistic link between cytoplasmic glycolysis and the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. As a consequence, PDCs also influence the metabolism of branched chain amino acids, lipids and, ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). PDC activity is an essential determinant of the metabolic and bioenergetic flexibility of metazoan organisms in adapting to changes in development, nutrient availability and various stresses that challenge maintenance of homeostasis. This canonical role of the PDC has been extensively probed over the past decades by multidisciplinary investigations into its causal association with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, the latter making the PDC an increasingly viable therapeutic target. Here we review the biology of the remarkable PDC and its emerging importance in the pathobiology and treatment of diverse congenital and acquired disorders of metabolic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Translational Sciences, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Lee SH, Choi BY, Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park MK, Lee SH, Choi HC, Song HK, Suh SW. Combined Treatment of Dichloroacetic Acid and Pyruvate Increased Neuronal Survival after Seizure. Nutrients 2022; 14:4804. [PMID: 36432491 PMCID: PMC9698956 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During seizure activity, glucose and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are significantly decreased in the brain, which is a contributing factor to seizure-induced neuronal death. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) has been shown to prevent cell death. DCA is also known to be involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by activating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a gatekeeper of glucose oxidation, as a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor. To confirm these findings, in this study, rats were given a per oral (P.O.) injection of DCA (100 mg/kg) with pyruvate (50 mg/kg) once per day for 1 week starting 2 h after the onset of seizures induced by pilocarpine administration. Neuronal death and oxidative stress were assessed 1 week after seizure to determine if the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA increased neuronal survival and reduced oxidative damage in the hippocampus. We found that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA showed protective effects against seizure-associated hippocampal neuronal cell death compared to the vehicle-treated group. Treatment with combined pyruvate and DCA after seizure may have a therapeutic effect by increasing the proportion of pyruvate converted to ATP. Thus, the current research demonstrates that the combined treatment of pyruvate and DCA may have therapeutic potential in seizure-induced neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Sports Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - A Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Si Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- College of Medicine, Neurology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- College of Medicine, Neurology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Celastrol Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Glycolysis through Targeting HIF-1 α/PDK1 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7420507. [PMID: 35035665 PMCID: PMC8754601 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7420507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is closely related to dysfunctional glucose metabolism. Celastrol is a bioactive compound that has been found to exhibit neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia, while whether it can protect against cerebral I/R injury by regulating glycolysis remains unclear. The goal of this study is to investigate the role of celastrol on cerebral I/R injury and its underlying mechanisms in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice. Methods. To observe the protective effect of celastrol and select its optimal dosage for further study, neurological score, TTC staining, and HE staining were used to evaluate neurological function, cerebral infarct volume, and cortical cell damage, respectively. QRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), pyruvate dehydrogenasekinase1 (PDK1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), glucose transporter1 (GLUT1), and hexokinase2 (HK2), respectively. The lactate production, ATP level, and glucose content were assessed by assay kits. Results. Our results indicated that celastrol dose-dependently improved neurological function and reduced cerebral infarct volume and cortical cell death of tMCAO mice, and its optimal dosage was 4.5 mg/kg. In addition, celastrol significantly blocked I/R-induced increase of LDHA, GLUT1, HK2, and lactate production as well as decrease of ATP level and glucose content. Moreover, celastrol inhibited the I/R-induced upregulation of HIF-1α and PDK1. Overexpression of HIF-1α by DMOG reversed the protective effect of celastrol on cerebral I/R injury and blocked celastrol-induced suppression of glycolysis. Conclusions. Taken together, these results suggested that celastrol protected against cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting glycolysis via the HIF-1α/PDK1 axis.
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Zhao X, Li S, Mo Y, Li R, Huang S, Zhang A, Ni X, Dai Q, Wang J. DCA Protects against Oxidation Injury Attributed to Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion by Regulating Glycolysis through PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5173035. [PMID: 34712383 PMCID: PMC8548159 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke (IS) is still a difficult problem to be solved; energy metabolism failure is one of the main factors causing mitochondrion dysfunction and oxidation stress damage within the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, which produces considerable reactive oxygen species (ROS) and opens the blood-brain barrier. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) can inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). Moreover, DCA has been indicated with the capability of increasing mitochondrial pyruvate uptake and promoting oxidation of glucose in the course of glycolysis, thereby improving the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). As a result, pyruvate flow is promoted into the tricarboxylic acid cycle to expedite ATP production. DCA has a protective effect on IS and brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study adopted a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model for simulating IS and I/R injury in mice. We investigated the mechanism by which DCA regulates glycolysis and protects the oxidative damage induced by I/R injury through the PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 axis. As indicated from the results of this study, DCA may improve glycolysis, reduce oxidative stress and neuronal death, damage the blood-brain barrier, and promote the recovery of oxidative metabolism through inhibiting PDK2 and activating PDH. Additionally, DCA noticeably elevated the neurological score and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and necrotic neurons. Moreover, as suggested from the results, DCA elevated the content of Nrf2 as well as HO-1, i.e., the downstream antioxidant proteins pertaining to Nrf2, while decreasing the damage of BBB and the degradation of tight junction proteins. To simulate the condition of hypoxia and ischemia in vitro, HBMEC cells received exposure to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). The DCA treatment is capable of reducing the oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier of HBMEC cells after in vitro hypoxia and reperfusion (H/R). Furthermore, this study evidenced that HBMEC cells could exhibit higher susceptibility to H/R-induced oxidative stress after ML385 application, the specific inhibitor of Nrf2. Besides, the protection mediated by DCA disappeared after ML385 application. To sum up, as revealed from the mentioned results, DCA could exert the neuroprotective effect on oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier after brain I/R injury via PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 pathway activation. Accordingly, the PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 pathway may play a key role and provide a new pharmacology target in cerebral IS and I/R protection by DCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261021, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunchang Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ruru Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaoyi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuqing Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qinxue Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
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12
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Wei W, Dong Q, Jiang W, Wang Y, Chen Y, Han T, Sun C. Dichloroacetic acid-induced dysfunction in rat hippocampus and the protective effect of curcumin. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:545-556. [PMID: 33411217 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the role of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in mediating the neuroprotective effects of curcumin against DCAA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired synaptic plasticity in rats. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, and we assessed the histomorphological, behavioral and biochemical characteristics to investigate the beneficial effects of different concentrations of curcumin against DCAA-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. The results indicated that animal weight gain and food consumption were not significantly affected by DCAA. However, behavioral tests, including morris water maze and shuttle box, showed varying degrees of alterations. Additionally, we found significant changes in hippocampal neurons by histomorphological observation. DCAA exposure could increase lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation factors while reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level accompanied by DNA damage in the hippocampus. Furthermore, we found that DCAA exposure could cause a differential modulation of mRNA and proteins (cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), p-CREB, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), synaptophysin (SYP)). Conversely, various doses of curcumin attenuated DCAA-induced oxidative stress, inflammation response and impaired synaptic plasticity, while elevating cAMP, PKA, p-CREB, BDNF, PSD-95, SYP levels. Thus, curcumin could activate the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, conferring neuroprotection against DCAA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuying Dong
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Chen
- The first Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tianshu Han
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changhao Sun
- National Key Discipline, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Jiang W, Stingelin L, Zhang P, Tian X, Kang N, Liu J, Aihemaiti Y, Zhou D, Tu H. Enolase2 and enolase1 cooperate against neuronal injury in stroke model. Neurosci Lett 2021; 747:135662. [PMID: 33484738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. However, the mechanism causing neuronal death remains poorly understood. Our previous report showed that enolase1 (ENO1), a key glycolytic enzyme, alleviates cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury. It remained unclear whether enolase2 (ENO2) affects neuronal injury in stroke models. Here, we examined the effects of ENO2 in several stroke models. The results showed that the expression level of ENO2 was downregulated after 3 h of cerebral ischemia by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in the mouse model. ENO2 was expressed in mouse brain and cultured hippocampus neurons. Overexpression of ENO2 in cultured hippocampus neurons did not affect neuronal injury in our oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. Interestingly, double knock-down (KD) of ENO1 and ENO2 increased neuronal injury while either KD of ENO1 or ENO2 failed to increase neuronal injury in OGD. Deletion of ENO1 did not affect anoxia-starvation (AS)-induced worm death in C. elegans. These findings demonstrated that ENO2 and ENO1 work together against neuronal injury in these stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Lukas Stingelin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Xibin Tian
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Na Kang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Junqiang Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yilixiati Aihemaiti
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Desheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Haijun Tu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
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Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) Inhibition by Antioxidant, N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine, Reduces Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176026. [PMID: 32825703 PMCID: PMC7504640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of pathogenic mechanisms, such as cytoplasmic calcium/zinc influx, reactive oxygen species production, and ionic imbalance, have been suggested to play a role in cerebral ischemia induced neurodegeneration. During the ischemic state that occurs after stroke or heart attack, it is observed that vesicular zinc can be released into the synaptic cleft, and then translocated into the cytoplasm via various cation channels. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is highly distributed in the central nervous system and has high sensitivity to oxidative damage. Several previous studies have shown that TRPM2 channel activation contributes to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration cascades. Therefore, we examined whether anti-oxidant treatment, such as with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), provides neuroprotection via regulation of TRPM2, following global cerebral ischemia (GCI). Experimental animals were then immediately injected with NAC (150 mg/kg/day) for 3 and 7 days, before sacrifice. We demonstrated that NAC administration reduced activation of GCI-induced neuronal death cascades, such as lipid peroxidation, microglia and astroglia activation, free zinc accumulation, and TRPM2 over-activation. Therefore, modulation of the TRPM2 channel can be a potential therapeutic target to prevent ischemia-induced neuronal death.
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15
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Zhao H, Mao J, Yuan Y, Feng J, Cheng H, Fan G, Zhang Y, Li T. Sodium Dichloroacetate Stimulates Angiogenesis by Improving Endothelial Precursor Cell Function in an AKT/GSK-3β/Nrf2 Dependent Pathway in Vascular Dementia Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:523. [PMID: 31156438 PMCID: PMC6533549 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, and has been shown to display vasoprotective effects in chronic ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of DCA on vascular dementia (VD) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC)-mediated angiogenesis. After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats, DCA was administered continuously for 21 days; following which, histological analysis, and cognitive functional tests were conducted. Rat bone marrow-derived EPCs were isolated, their function and quantity were measured, and the effects of long-term administration of DCA on EPCs in a rat model of VD was studied. We found that long-term DCA administration improved cognitive function in VD rats, reduced brain infarct size and brain atrophy, increased VEGF and bFGF levels in vivo, promoted angiogenesis in damaged areas, and significantly improved EPC function in VD rats. Compared with the VD group, AKT, Nrf2, eNOS expression, and intracellular NO levels were elevated in EPCs of DCA-treated VD rats. In addition, GSK3β and intracellular ROS levels were decreased. Simultaneously, it was found that DCA directly acted on EPCs, and improved EPC functional behavior. Taken together, these findings suggested that long-term DCA administration improved cognitive function in a rat model of VD, and did so in part, by improving EPC function. Observations suggest that prolonged DCA administration might be beneficial in treating VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Junqin Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China.,College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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16
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The Effects of Sodium Dichloroacetate on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuronal Death Following Hypoglycemia-Induced Injury. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050405. [PMID: 31052436 PMCID: PMC6562710 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that some degree of neuronal death is caused by hypoglycemia, but a subsequent and more severe wave of neuronal cell death occurs due to glucose reperfusion, which results from the rapid restoration of low blood glucose levels. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by hypoglycemia leads to increased levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and suppresses the formation of ATP by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activation, which can convert pyruvate into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a PDK inhibitor and activates PDH, the gatekeeper of glucose oxidation. However, no studies about the effect of DCA on hypoglycemia have been published. In the present study, we hypothesized that DCA treatment could reduce neuronal death through improvement of glycolysis and prevention of reactive oxygen species production after hypoglycemia. To test this, we used an animal model of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and injected DCA (100 mg/kg, i.v., two days) following hypoglycemic insult. Histological evaluation was performed one week after hypoglycemia. DCA treatment reduced hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress, microglial activation, blood–brain barrier disruption, and neuronal death compared to the vehicle-treated hypoglycemia group. Therefore, our findings suggest that DCA may have the therapeutic potential to reduce hippocampal neuronal death after hypoglycemia.
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17
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Carvacrol Attenuates Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Global Cerebral Ischemia via Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120231. [PMID: 30486272 PMCID: PMC6315386 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, evidence supporting the concept of zinc-induced neuronal death has been introduced, and several intervention strategies have been investigated. Vesicular zinc is released into the synaptic cleft, where it then translocates to the cytoplasm, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration. Carvacrol inhibits transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7), which regulates the homeostasis of extracellular metal ions, such as calcium and zinc. In the present study, we test whether carvacrol displays any neuroprotective effects after global cerebral ischemia (GCI), via a blockade of zinc influx. To test our hypothesis, we used eight-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats, and a GCI model was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO), accompanied by blood withdrawal from the femoral artery. Ischemic duration was defined as a seven-minute electroencephalographic (EEG) isoelectric period. Carvacrol (50 mg/kg) was injected into the intraperitoneal space once per day for three days after the onset of GCI. The present study found that administration of carvacrol significantly decreased the number of degenerating neurons, microglial activation, oxidative damage, and zinc translocation after GCI, via downregulation of TRPM7 channels. These findings suggest that carvacrol, a TRPM7 inhibitor, may have therapeutic potential after GCI by reducing intracellular zinc translocation.
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