MicroCT Can Characterize Clots Retrieved With Mechanical Thrombectomy From Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients–A Preliminary Report

Aortic thrombi microstructure through contrast-enhanced X-ray microtomography

The intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is a heterogeneous porous medium made up of three layers (luminal, medial, abluminal), found in most abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Few morphological studies exist, and its role in disease progression remains controversial. Histological investigations suggest a harmful effect, leading to aortic wall hypoxia and potential rupture. However, 2D morphological studies cannot provide precise answers due to the complexity of ILT porosity. This study aims to provide reliable quantitative 3D morphological data using contrast-enhanced X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We propose a validation pipeline for micro-CT image segmentation using virtual tomography. Our results show a decrease in porosity from the luminal to the abluminal layer, with similar pore diameters but more interconnected pores in the luminal region. The size of interconnected pores around 15-20 [Formula: see text] suggests cell passage is facilitated through the ILT's porous network. Finally, pore anisotropy was observed across the ILT thickness. This work suggests further studies on ILT permeability to validate its involvement in wall hypoxia.

MR microscopy to assess clot composition following mechanical thrombectomy predicts recanalization and clinical outcome

BACKGROUND

Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is the standard of care for patients with a stroke and large vessel occlusion. Clot composition is not routinely assessed in clinical practice as no specific diagnostic value is attributed to it, and MT is performed in a standardized 'non-personalized' approach. Whether different clot compositions are associated with intrinsic likelihoods of recanalization success or treatment outcome is unknown.

METHODS

We performed a prospective, non-randomized, single-center study and analyzed the clot composition in 60 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke undergoing MT. Clots were assessed by ex vivo multiparametric MRI at 9.4 T (MR microscopy), cone beam CT, and histopathology. Clot imaging was correlated with preinterventional CT and clinical data.

RESULTS

MR microscopy showed red blood cell (RBC)-rich (21.7%), platelet-rich (white,38.3%) or mixed clots (40.0%) as distinct morphological entities, and MR microscopy had high accuracy of 95.4% to differentiate clots. Clot composition could be further stratified on preinterventional non-contrast head CT by quantification of the hyperdense artery sign. During MT, white clots required more passes to achieve final recanalization and were not amenable to contact aspiration compared with mixed and RBC-rich clots (maneuvers: 4.7 vs 3.1 and 1.2 passes, P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively), whereas RBC-rich clots showed higher probability of first pass recanalization (76.9%) compared with white clots (17.4%). White clots were associated with poorer clinical outcome at discharge and 90 days after MT.

CONCLUSION

Our study introduces MR microscopy to show that the hyperdense artery sign or MR relaxometry could guide interventional strategy. This could enable a personalized treatment approach to improve outcome of patients undergoing MT.

MicroCT and Histological Analysis of Clot Composition in Acute Ischemic Stroke : A Comparative Study of MT-Retrieved Clots and Clot Analogs

PURPOSE

Assessing clot composition on prethrombectomy computed tomography (CT) imaging may help in stroke treatment planning. In this study we seek to use microCT imaging of fabricated blood clots to understand the relationship between CT radiographic signals and the biological makeup.

METHODS

Clots (n = 10) retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy (MT) were collected, and 6 clot analogs of varying RBC composition were made. We performed paired microCT and histological image analysis of all 16 clots using a ScanCo microCT 100 (4.9 µm resolution) and standard H&E staining (imaged at 40×). From these data types, first order statistic (FOS) radiomics were computed from microCT, and percent composition of RBCs (%RBC) was computed from histology. Polynomial and linear regression (LR) were used to build statistical models based on retrieved thrombus microCT and %RBC that were evaluated for their ability to predict the %RBC of clot analogs from mean HU. Correlation analyses of microCT FOS with composition were completed for both retrieved clots and analogs.

RESULTS

The LR model fits relating MT-retrieved clot %RBC with mean (R2 = 0.625, p = 0.006) and standard deviation (R2 = 0.564, p < 0.05) in HUs on microCT were significant. Similarly, LR models relating analog histological %RBC to analog protocol %RBC (R2 = 0.915, p = 0.003) and mean HUs on microCT (R2 = 0.872, p = 0.007) were also significant. When the LR model built using MT-retrieved clots was used to predict analog %RBC from mean HUs, significant correlation was observed between predictions and actual histological %RBC (R2 = 0.852, p = 0.009). For retrieved clots, significant correlations were observed for energy and total energy with %RBC and %FP (|R| > 0.7, q < 0.01). Analogs further demonstrated significant correlation between FOS energy, total energy, variance and %WBC (|R| > 0.9, q < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

MicroCT can be used to build models that predict AIS clot composition from routine CT parameters and help us to better understand radiomic signatures associated with clot composition and first pass outcomes. In future work, such observations can be used to better infer clot composition and inform thrombectomy prognostics from pretreatment CTs.

Multimodal CT imaging of ischemic stroke thrombi identifies scale-invariant radiomic features that reflect clot biology

BACKGROUND

Biological interpretability of ischemic stroke clot imaging remains challenging.

OBJECTIVE

To carry out paired CT/micro-CT imaging of ischemic stroke clots retrieved by thrombectomy with the aim of identifying interpretable image features that are correlated among pretreatment image modalities and post-treatment histopathology.

METHODS

We performed multimodal CT imaging and histology for 10 stroke clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy. Clots were manually segmented from co-registered, pretreatment CT angiography (CTA) and non-contrast CT (NCCT). For the same cases, retrieved clots were iodine-stained, and imaged with a ScanCo micro-CT 100 (4.9 µm resolution). Afterwards, clots were subjected to histological processing (hematoxylin and eosin staining) and whole slide scanned (40X). Clot radiomic features (RFs) (n=93 per modality, 279 total) were extracted using PyRadiomics and histological composition was computed using Orbit Image Analysis. Correlation analysis was used to test associations between micro-CT and CTA (or NCCT) RFs as well as between RFs and histological composition. Statistical significance was considered at R≥0.65 and q<0.05.

RESULTS

From paired RF correlation analysis, we identified 23 scale-invariant RFs with significant correlation between micro-CT and CTA (18), and micro-CT and NCCT (5). Correlation of unpaired RFs identified 377 positively and 36 negatively correlated RFs between micro-CT and CTA, and 168 positively and 41 negatively correlated RFs between micro-CT and NCCT. Scale-invariant RFs computed from CTA and NCCT demonstrated significant correlation with red blood cell and fibrin-platelet components, while micro-CT RFs were found to be correlated with white blood cell percent composition.

CONCLUSION

Multimodal CT, radiomic, and histological analysis of stroke clots can help to bridge the gap between pretreatment imaging and clot pathobiology.

Spatial heterogeneity of occlusive thrombus in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review

Following the advent of mechanical thrombectomy, occlusive clots in ischemic stroke have been amply characterized using conventional histopathology. Many studies have investigated the compositional variability of thrombi and the consequences of thrombus composition on treatment response. More recent evidence has emerged about the spatial heterogeneity of the clot or the preferential distribution of its components and compact nature. Here we review this emerging body of evidence, discuss its potential clinical implications, and propose the development of adequate characterization techniques.