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Wang Y, Wang L, Ni X, Jiang M, Zhao L. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with different application parameters for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1309736. [PMID: 38567284 PMCID: PMC10985147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1309736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is a prevalent consequence of stroke, seriously affecting recovery and quality of life while imposing substantial burdens on both patients' families and society. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as an effective intervention for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI). However, the a lack of standardized and explicit guidelines regarding rTMS application parameters. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the efficacy of various parameters of rTMS in treating PSCI and explored its potential mechanism. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across seven scientific databases, namely China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform (Wanfang), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of rTMS for PSCI. The search encompassed the period from database creation until July 28, 2023. To evaluate the risk of bias in included studies, we employed the Cochrane recommended risk of bias assessment tool. Furthermore, we extracted relevant clinical application parameters associated with rTMS and performed comparative analyses to assess their therapeutic effects under different parameter settings. Results The present study included 45 RCTs involving a total of 3,066 patients with PSCI. Both high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) demonstrated safety and efficacy, yet failed to exhibit significant differentiation in terms of cognitive improvement. Furthermore, intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), although yielding positive results, did not surpass traditional rTMS in effectiveness. Combining HF-rTMS with LF-rTMS resulted in superior efficacy compared to single rTMS intervention. Moreover, the combination of rTMS with other cognitive therapies exhibited potential for enhanced benefits among patients. Conclusion rTMS can effectively and safely enhance cognitive function, improve quality of life, and enhance activities of daily living in patients with PSCI. Furthermore, the combination of rTMS with other conventional rehabilitation methods can yield additional positive effects. However, due to insufficient evidence, an optimal parameter protocol for rTMS can not be currently recommended. Future research should prioritize orthogonal experimental design methods that incorporate multiple parameters and levels to determine the optimal parameter protocol for rTMS in PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linjia Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xixiu Ni
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minjiao Jiang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Acupuncture Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture for Senile Disease (Chengdu University of TCM), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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2
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Martino M, Magioncalda P. A three-dimensional model of neural activity and phenomenal-behavioral patterns. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:639-652. [PMID: 38114633 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
How phenomenal experience and behavior are related to neural activity in physiology and psychopathology represents a fundamental question in neuroscience and psychiatry. The phenomenal-behavior patterns may be deconstructed into basic dimensions, i.e., psychomotricity, affectivity, and thought, which might have distinct neural correlates. This work provides a data overview on the relationship of these phenomenal-behavioral dimensions with brain activity across physiological and pathological conditions (including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, addictive disorders, Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal dementia). Accordingly, we propose a three-dimensional model of neural activity and phenomenal-behavioral patterns. In this model, neural activity is organized into distinct units in accordance with connectivity patterns and related input/output processing, manifesting in the different phenomenal-behavioral dimensions. (1) An external neural unit, which involves the sensorimotor circuit/brain's sensorimotor network and is connected with the external environment, processes external inputs/outputs, manifesting in the psychomotor dimension (processing of exteroception/somatomotor activity). External unit hyperactivity manifests in psychomotor excitation (hyperactivity/hyperkinesia/catatonia), while external unit hypoactivity manifests in psychomotor inhibition (retardation/hypokinesia/catatonia). (2) An internal neural unit, which involves the interoceptive-autonomic circuit/brain's salience network and is connected with the internal/body environment, processes internal inputs/outputs, manifesting in the affective dimension (processing of interoception/autonomic activity). Internal unit hyperactivity manifests in affective excitation (anxiety/dysphoria-euphoria/panic), while internal unit hypoactivity manifests in affective inhibition (anhedonia/apathy/depersonalization). (3) An associative neural unit, which involves the brain's associative areas/default-mode network and is connected with the external/internal units (but not with the environment), processes associative inputs/outputs, manifesting in the thought dimension (processing of ideas). Associative unit hyperactivity manifests in thought excitation (mind-wandering/repetitive thinking/psychosis), while associative unit hypoactivity manifests in thought inhibition (inattention/cognitive deficit/consciousness loss). Finally, these neural units interplay and dynamically combine into various neural states, resulting in the complex phenomenal experience and behavior across physiology and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Martino
- Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Paola Magioncalda
- Graduate Institute of Mind Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International Master/Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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3
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Gherman S, Markowitz N, Tostaeva G, Espinal E, Mehta AD, O'Connell RG, Kelly SP, Bickel S. Intracranial electroencephalography reveals effector-independent evidence accumulation dynamics in multiple human brain regions. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01824-9. [PMID: 38366105 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Neural representations of perceptual decision formation that are abstracted from specific motor requirements have previously been identified in humans using non-invasive electrophysiology; however, it is currently unclear where these originate in the brain. Here we capitalized on the high spatiotemporal precision of intracranial EEG to localize such abstract decision signals. Participants undergoing invasive electrophysiological monitoring for epilepsy were asked to judge the direction of random-dot stimuli and respond either with a speeded button press (N = 24), or vocally, after a randomized delay (N = 12). We found a widely distributed motor-independent network of regions where high-frequency activity exhibited key characteristics consistent with evidence accumulation, including a gradual buildup that was modulated by the strength of the sensory evidence, and an amplitude that predicted participants' choice accuracy and response time. Our findings offer a new view on the brain networks governing human decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Gherman
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Noah Markowitz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Gelana Tostaeva
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Espinal
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Redmond G O'Connell
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephan Bickel
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
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4
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Sjöberg RL. Brain stimulation and elicited memories. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2737-2745. [PMID: 35804269 PMCID: PMC10542740 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-022-05307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the late 1930s, electric brain stimulation (EBS) in awake patients has been known to occasionally elicit patient descriptions of a form of memory flashbacks, known as experiential phenomena. One understanding of these sensations are as caused by an augmentation of the capacity for memory retrieval. However, an alternative hypothesis holds that memory flashbacks during EBS are "synthetic constructions" in the form of mental events, falsely interpreted as memories. METHODS A critical narrative review is used to discuss the false memory hypothesis in relation to the current empirical literature and source attribution theory. RESULTS EBS as well as situational demands in the form of interaction between patient and neurosurgeon may both lead to the creation of mental events and influence their interpretation in a way that may create false memories. The false memory hypothesis provides a potential explanation for several apparent inconsistencies in the current literature such as (a) the fragmented nature of experiential reports, (b) the ability of EBS to induce memory retrieval errors in controlled studies, (c) that Penfield's elicitations of experiential phenomena are so rarely replicated in the modern era, and (d) the limited utility of techniques that elicit experiential phenomena in the treatment of memory disorders. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that experiential phenomena may largely be "synthetic constructions" deserves serious consideration by neurosurgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickard L Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, S901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
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Andelman-Gur MM, Fried I. Consciousness: a neurosurgical perspective. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023; 165:2729-2735. [PMID: 37594639 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurosurgeons are in a unique position to shed light on the neural basis for consciousness, not only by their clinical care of patients with compromised states of consciousness, but also by employing neurostimulation and neuronal recordings through intracranial electrodes in awake surgical patients, as well as during stages of sleep and anethesia. In this review, we discuss several aspects of consciousness, i.e., perception, memory, and willed actions, studied by electrical stimulation and single neuron recordings in the human brain. We demonstrate how specific neuronal activity underlie the emergence of concepts, memories, and intentions in human consciousness. We discuss the representation of specific conscious content by temporal lobe neurons and present the discovery of "concept cells" and the encoding and retrieval of memories by neurons in the medial temporal lobe. We review prefrontal and parietal neuronal activation that precedes conscious intentions to act. Taken together with other studies in the field, these findings suggest that specific conscious experience may arise from stochastic fluctuations of neuronal activity, reaching a dynamic threshold. Advances in brain recording and stimulation technology coupled with the rapid rise in artificial intelligence are likely to increase the amount and analysis capabilities of data obtained from the human brain, thereby improving the decoding of conscious and preconscious states and open new horizons for modulation of human cognitive functions such as memory and volition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, 300 Stein Plaza, Ste. 562, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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6
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Dary Z, Lopez C. Understanding the neural bases of bodily self-consciousness: recent achievements and main challenges. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1145924. [PMID: 37404707 PMCID: PMC10316713 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1145924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the mechanisms underpinning bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Studies showed that BSC relies on several bodily experiences (i.e., self-location, body ownership, agency, first-person perspective) and multisensory integration. The aim of this literature review is to summarize new insights and novel developments into the understanding of the neural bases of BSC, such as the contribution of the interoceptive signals to the neural mechanisms of BSC, and the overlap with the neural bases of conscious experience in general and of higher-level forms of self (i.e., the cognitive self). We also identify the main challenges and propose future perspectives that need to be conducted to progress into the understanding of the neural mechanisms of BSC. In particular, we point the lack of crosstalk and cross-fertilization between subdisciplines of integrative neuroscience to better understand BSC, especially the lack of research in animal models to decipher the neural networks and systems of neurotransmitters underpinning BSC. We highlight the need for more causal evidence that specific brain areas are instrumental in generating BSC and the need for studies tapping into interindividual differences in the phenomenal experience of BSC and their underlying mechanisms.
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7
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Aungaroon G, Vedala K, Byars AW, Ervin B, Rozhkov L, Horn PS, Ihnen S, Holland KD, Tenney JR, Kremer K, Fong SL, Lin N, Liu W, Arthur TM, Fujiwara H, Skoch J, Leach JL, Mangano FT, Greiner HM, Arya R. Comparing electrical stimulation functional mapping with subdural electrodes and stereoelectroencephalography. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1527-1540. [PMID: 36872854 PMCID: PMC10239361 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) is the clinical standard for functional localization with subdural electrodes (SDE). As stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has emerged as an alternative option, we compared functional responses, afterdischarges (ADs), and unwanted ESM-induced seizures (EISs) between the two electrode types. METHODS Incidence and current thresholds for functional responses (sensory, motor, speech/language), ADs, and EISs were compared between SDE and SEEG using mixed models incorporating relevant covariates. RESULTS We identified 67 SEEG ESM and 106 SDE ESM patients (7207 and 4980 stimulated contacts, respectively). We found similar incidence of language and motor responses between electrode types; however, more SEEG patients reported sensory responses. ADs and EISs occurred less commonly with SEEG than SDE. Current thresholds for language, face motor, and upper extremity (UE) motor responses and EIS significantly decreased with age. However, they were not affected by electrode type, premedication, or dominant hemispheric stimulation. AD thresholds were higher with SEEG than with SDE. For SEEG ESM, language thresholds remained below AD thresholds up to 26 years of age, whereas this relationship was inverse for SDE. Also, face and UE motor thresholds fell below AD thresholds at earlier ages for SEEG than SDE. AD and EIS thresholds were not affected by premedication. SIGNIFICANCE SEEG and SDE have clinically relevant differences for functional brain mapping with electrical stimulation. Although evaluation of language and motor regions is comparable between SEEG and SDE, SEEG offers a higher likelihood of identifying sensory areas. A lower incidence of ADs and EISs, and a favorable relationship between functional and AD thresholds suggest superior safety and neurophysiologic validity for SEEG ESM than SDE ESM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewalin Aungaroon
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Kishore Vedala
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Anna W. Byars
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Brian Ervin
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Leonid Rozhkov
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Paul S. Horn
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - S.K.Z. Ihnen
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Katherine D. Holland
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey R. Tenney
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Kelly Kremer
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Susan L. Fong
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Nan Lin
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Wei Liu
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Todd M. Arthur
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Hisako Fujiwara
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Jesse Skoch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - James L. Leach
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Francesco T. Mangano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Hansel M. Greiner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Ravindra Arya
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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8
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Martinez-Saito M. A Skeptical View on the Physics-Consciousness Explanatory Gap. AXIOMATHES 2022; 32:1081-1110. [DOI: 10.1007/s10516-021-09570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe epistemological chasm between how we (implicitly and subjectively) perceive or imagine the actual world and how we (explicitly and “objectively”) think of its underlying entities has motivated perhaps the most disconcerting impasse in human thought: the explanatory gap between the phenomenal and physical properties of the world. Here, I advocate a combination of philosophical skepticism and simplicity as an informed approach to arbitrate among theories of consciousness. I argue that the explanatory gap is rightly a gap in our understanding, but one that is not surprising; and we being observers biased by our first-person perspective and our existence may both hinder and (the realization we have them) assist our reasoning. Further, I unfold the concept of observer into two distinct notions based on its functional and phenomenal aspects, and exploit this device to elucidate the subject-observer relationship. Then, I proceed to analyze the philosophical zombie dilemma. Lastly, I contend that from a skeptical viewpoint, panpsychism (or neutral monism) is the most parsimonious doctrine accounting for the explanatory gap, and suggest that it would be possible to make headway in the hard problem of consciousness by uncovering non-trivial causal relationships between qualia states and functional states, if routine and controlled manipulation of neural circuits were easily available.
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Tschernatsch M, El Shazly J, Butz M, Lie SR, Yeniguen M, Braun T, Bachmann G, Schoenburg M, Gerriets T, Schramm P, Juenemann M. Visual Hallucinations following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Prospective Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58101466. [PMID: 36295626 PMCID: PMC9610531 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: After major heart surgery, some patients report visual hallucinations that cannot be attributed to psychosis or delirium. This study aimed to investigate the hallucination incidence in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting with (on-pump) and without (off-pump) extracorporeal circulation. Materials and Methods: A total of 184 consecutive patients listed for elective on- or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively enrolled into the study. Preoperative baseline investigations 24–48 h before surgery (t0) and postoperative follow-up 24–48 h (t1) and 5–6 days (t2) after surgery included cognitive testing and a clinical visual acuity test (Landolt rings). Patients reporting visual hallucinations were interviewed using a structured survey to record the type, timing, duration, and frequency of their hallucinations. All the patients received a neurological examination and cranial magnetic resonance imaging if indicated. Results: Of the patients in the sample, 155 patients underwent on-pump bypass surgery, and 29 patients received off-pump surgery. Of these, 25 patients in the on-pump group, but none in the off-pump group, reported transient visual hallucinations (p = 0.020), which could not be attributed to stroke, delirium, psychosis, migraine, or severely impaired vision. Significant correlations were observed for the occurrence of visual hallucinations and the amount of nicotine consumption and aortic clamp/extracorporeal circulation time. Conclusions: Transient visual hallucinations occur in a noticeable proportion of patients after on-pump heart surgery. Knowledge of the phenomenon’s benignity is important for patients to prevent anxiety and uncertainty and for treating physicians to avoid unnecessary medication and drug-induced delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Tschernatsch
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
- Die Neurologen, Private Neurology Practice, Frankfurter Strasse 34, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (J.E.S.); Tel.: +49-6032-9911320 (M.T.)
| | - Jasmin El Shazly
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Psychocardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (J.E.S.); Tel.: +49-6032-9911320 (M.T.)
| | - Marius Butz
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sa-Ra Lie
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Gesundheitszentrum Wetterau, Chaumontplatz 1, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mesut Yeniguen
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Braun
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Georg Bachmann
- Department of Radiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schoenburg
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tibo Gerriets
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
- Die Neurologen, Private Neurology Practice, Frankfurter Strasse 34, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Schramm
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Heart and Brain Research Group, Kerckhoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Benekestrasse 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Donos C, Blidarescu B, Pistol C, Oane I, Mindruta I, Barborica A. A comparison of uni- and multi-variate methods for identifying brain networks activated by cognitive tasks using intracranial EEG. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:946240. [PMID: 36225734 PMCID: PMC9549146 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.946240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive tasks are commonly used to identify brain networks involved in the underlying cognitive process. However, inferring the brain networks from intracranial EEG data presents several challenges related to the sparse spatial sampling of the brain and the high variability of the EEG trace due to concurrent brain processes. In this manuscript, we use a well-known facial emotion recognition task to compare three different ways of analyzing the contrasts between task conditions: permutation cluster tests, machine learning (ML) classifiers, and a searchlight implementation of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) for intracranial sparse data recorded from 13 patients undergoing presurgical evaluation for drug-resistant epilepsy. Using all three methods, we aim at highlighting the brain structures with significant contrast between conditions. In the absence of ground truth, we use the scientific literature to validate our results. The comparison of the three methods’ results shows moderate agreement, measured by the Jaccard coefficient, between the permutation cluster tests and the machine learning [0.33 and 0.52 for the left (LH) and right (RH) hemispheres], and 0.44 and 0.37 for the LH and RH between the permutation cluster tests and MVPA. The agreement between ML and MVPA is higher: 0.65 for the LH and 0.62 for the RH. To put these results in context, we performed a brief review of the literature and we discuss how each brain structure’s involvement in the facial emotion recognition task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Donos
- Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Cristian Donos,
| | | | | | - Irina Oane
- Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Mindruta
- Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Barborica
- Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Wahbeh H, Radin D, Cannard C, Delorme A. What if consciousness is not an emergent property of the brain? Observational and empirical challenges to materialistic models. Front Psychol 2022; 13:955594. [PMID: 36160593 PMCID: PMC9490228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of consciousness is considered one of science's most perplexing and persistent mysteries. We all know the subjective experience of consciousness, but where does it arise? What is its purpose? What are its full capacities? The assumption within today's neuroscience is that all aspects of consciousness arise solely from interactions among neurons in the brain. However, the origin and mechanisms of qualia (i.e., subjective or phenomenological experience) are not understood. David Chalmers coined the term "the hard problem" to describe the difficulties in elucidating the origins of subjectivity from the point of view of reductive materialism. We propose that the hard problem arises because one or more assumptions within a materialistic worldview are either wrong or incomplete. If consciousness entails more than the activity of neurons, then we can contemplate new ways of thinking about the hard problem. This review examines phenomena that apparently contradict the notion that consciousness is exclusively dependent on brain activity, including phenomena where consciousness appears to extend beyond the physical brain and body in both space and time. The mechanisms underlying these "non-local" properties are vaguely suggestive of quantum entanglement in physics, but how such effects might manifest remains highly speculative. The existence of these non-local effects appears to support the proposal that post-materialistic models of consciousness may be required to break the conceptual impasse presented by the hard problem of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helané Wahbeh
- Research Department, Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
| | - Dean Radin
- Research Department, Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
| | - Cedric Cannard
- Research Department, Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Research Department, Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA, United States
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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12
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Long Q, Li W, Zhang W, Han B, Chen Q, Shen L, Liu X. Electrical stimulation mapping in the medial prefrontal cortex induced auditory hallucinations of episodic memory: A case report. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:815232. [PMID: 35966994 PMCID: PMC9366097 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.815232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that the auditory system in the superior temporal cortex is responsible for processing basic auditory sound features, such as sound frequency and intensity, while the prefrontal cortex is involved in higher-order auditory functions, such as language processing and auditory episodic memory. The temporal auditory cortex has vast forward anatomical projections to the prefrontal auditory cortex, connecting with the lateral, medial, and orbital parts of the prefrontal cortex. The connections between the auditory cortex and the prefrontal cortex thus help in localizing, recognizing, and comprehending external auditory inputs. In addition, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is believed to be a core region of episodic memory retrieval and is one of the most important regions in the default mode network (DMN). However, previous neural evidence with regard to the comparison between basic auditory processing and auditory episodic memory retrieval mainly comes from fMRI studies. The specific neural networks and the corresponding critical frequency bands of neuronal oscillations underlying the two auditory functions remain unclear. In the present study, we reported results of direct cortical stimulations during stereo-electro-encephalography (SEEG) recording in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy. Electrodes covered the superior temporal gyrus, the operculum and the insula cortex of bilateral hemispheres, the prefrontal cortex, the parietal lobe, the anterior and middle cingulate cortex, and the amygdala of the left hemisphere. Two types of auditory hallucinations were evoked with direct cortical stimulations, which were consistent with the habitual seizures. The noise hallucinations, i.e., “I could hear buzzing noises in my head,” were evoked with the stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus. The episodic memory hallucinations “I could hear a young woman who was dressed in a red skirt saying: What is the matter with you?,” were evoked with the stimulation of MPFC. The patient described how she had met this young woman when she was young and that the woman said the same sentence to her. Furthermore, by analyzing the high gamma power (HGP) induced by direct electrical stimulation, two dissociable neural networks underlying the two types of auditory hallucinations were localized. Taken together, the present results confirm the hierarchical processing of auditory information by showing the different involvements of the primary auditory cortex vs. the prefrontal cortex in the two types of auditory hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting Long
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Han
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Shen,
| | - Xingzhou Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
- Xingzhou Liu,
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13
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Li Y, Tan Z, Wang J, Wang M, Wang L. Neural Substrates of External and Internal Visual Sensations Induced by Human Intracranial Electrical Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:918767. [PMID: 35937874 PMCID: PMC9355733 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.918767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Offline perceptions are self-generated sensations that do not involve physical stimulus. These perceptions can be induced by external hallucinated objects or internal imagined objects. However, how the brain dissociates these visual sensations remains unclear. We aimed to map the brain areas involved in internal and external visual sensations induced by intracranial electrical stimulation and further investigate their neural differences. In this study, we collected subjective reports of internal and external visual sensations elicited by electrical stimulation in 40 drug-refractory epilepsy during presurgical evaluation. The response rate was calculated and compared to quantify the dissociated distribution of visual responses. We found that internal and external visual sensations could be elicited when different brain areas were stimulated, although there were more overlapping brain areas. Specifically, stimulation of the hippocampus and inferior temporal cortex primarily induces internal visual sensations. In contrast, stimulation of the occipital visual cortex mainly triggers external visual sensations. Furthermore, compared to that of the dorsal visual areas, the ventral visual areas show more overlap between the two visual sensations. Our findings show that internal and external visual sensations may rely on distinct neural representations of the visual pathway. This study indicated that implantation of electrodes in ventral visual areas should be considered during the evaluation of visual sensation aura epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Mengyang Wang,
| | - Liang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Wang,
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14
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Duman I, Ehmann IS, Gonsalves AR, Gültekin Z, Van den Berckt J, van Leeuwen C. The No-Report Paradigm: A Revolution in Consciousness Research? Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:861517. [PMID: 35634201 PMCID: PMC9130851 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.861517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, participants have commonly been instructed to report their conscious content. This, it was claimed, risks confounding the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) with their preconditions, i.e., allocation of attention, and consequences, i.e., metacognitive reflection. Recently, the field has therefore been shifting towards no-report paradigms. No-report paradigms draw their validity from a direct comparison with no-report conditions. We analyze several examples of such comparisons and identify alternative interpretations of their results and/or methodological issues in all cases. These go beyond the previous criticism that just removing the report is insufficient, because it does not prevent metacognitive reflection. The conscious mind is fickle. Without having much to do, it will turn inward and switch, or timeshare, between the stimuli on display and daydreaming or mind-wandering. Thus, rather than the NCC, no-report paradigms might be addressing the neural correlates of conscious disengagement. This observation reaffirms the conclusion that no-report paradigms are no less problematic than report paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Duman
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabell Sophia Ehmann
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Ronnie Gonsalves
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeynep Gültekin
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Van den Berckt
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cees van Leeuwen
- Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cognitive and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- *Correspondence: Cees van Leeuwen
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15
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Patel P, Khalighinejad B, Herrero JL, Bickel S, Mehta AD, Mesgarani N. Improved Speech Hearing in Noise with Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3648-3658. [PMID: 35347046 PMCID: PMC9053855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1468-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech perception in noise is a challenging everyday task with which many listeners have difficulty. Here, we report a case in which electrical brain stimulation of implanted intracranial electrodes in the left planum temporale (PT) of a neurosurgical patient significantly and reliably improved subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech in noise perception. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. The receptive fields of the PT sites whose stimulation improved speech perception were tuned to spectrally broad and rapidly changing sounds. Corticocortical evoked potential analysis revealed that the PT sites were located between the sites in Heschl's gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, the discriminability of speech from nonspeech sounds increased in population neural responses from Heschl's gyrus to the PT to the superior temporal gyrus sites. These findings causally implicate the PT in background noise suppression and may point to a novel potential neuroprosthetic solution to assist in the challenging task of speech perception in noise.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Speech perception in noise remains a challenging task for many individuals. Here, we present a case in which the electrical brain stimulation of intracranially implanted electrodes in the planum temporale of a neurosurgical patient significantly improved both the subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech perception in noise. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. Our local and network-level functional analyses placed the planum temporale sites in between the sites in the primary auditory areas in Heschl's gyrus and nonprimary auditory areas in the superior temporal gyrus. These findings causally implicate planum temporale in acoustic scene analysis and suggest potential neuroprosthetic applications to assist hearing in noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Patel
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Bahar Khalighinejad
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Jose L Herrero
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New York, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, New York 11030
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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16
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Rahman Z, Murray NWG, Sala-Padró J, Bartley M, Dexter M, Fung VSC, Mahant N, Bleasel AF, Wong CH. Investigating the Precise Localization of the Grasping Action in the Mid-Cingulate Cortex and Future Directions. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:815749. [PMID: 35280209 PMCID: PMC8909638 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.815749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prospectively study the cingulate cortex for the localization and role of the grasping action in humans during electrical stimulation of depth electrodes. Methods All the patients (n = 23) with intractable focal epilepsy and a depth electrode stereotactically placed in the cingulate cortex, as part of their pre-surgical epilepsy evaluation from 2015 to 2017, were included. Cortical stimulation was performed and examined for grasping actions. Post-implantation volumetric T1 MRIs were co-registered to determine the exact electrode position. Results Five patients (male: female 4:1; median age 31) exhibited contralateral grasping actions during electrical stimulation. All patients had electrodes implanted in the ventral bank of the right cingulate sulcus adjacent to the vertical anterior commissure (VAC) line. Stimulation of other electrodes in adjacent regions did not elicit grasping. Conclusion Grasping action elicited from a localized region in the mid-cingulate cortex (MCC) directly supports the concept of the cingulate cortex being crucially involved in the grasping network. This opens an opportunity to explore this region with deep brain stimulation as a motor neuromodulation target for treatment in specific movement disorders or neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebunnessa Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Zebunnessa Rahman,
| | | | | | - Melissa Bartley
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Dexter
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor S. C. Fung
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil Mahant
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Fabian Bleasel
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chong H. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Schleim S. Neurorights in History: A Contemporary Review of José M. R. Delgado's "Physical Control of the Mind" (1969) and Elliot S. Valenstein's "Brain Control" (1973). Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:703308. [PMID: 34776898 PMCID: PMC8579946 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.703308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scholars from various disciplines discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of neurotechnology. Some have proposed four concrete “neurorights”. This review presents the research of two pioneers in brain stimulation from the 1950s to 1970s, José M. R. Delgado and Elliot S. Valenstein, who also reflected upon the ethical, legal, and social aspects of their and other scientists’ related research. Delgado even formulated the vision “toward a psychocivilized society” where brain stimulation is used to control, in particular, citizens’ aggressive and violent behavior. Valenstein, by contrast, believed that the brain is not organized in such a way to allow the control or even removal of only negative processes without at the same time diminishing desirable ones. The paper also describes how animal and human experimentation on brain stimulation was carried out in that time period. It concludes with a contemporary perspective on the relevance of neurotechnology for neuroethics, neurolaw, and neurorights, including two recent examples for brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schleim
- Theory and History of Psychology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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18
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Vadakkan KI. Neurological disorders of COVID-19 can be explained in terms of both "loss and gain of function" states of a solution for the nervous system. Brain Circ 2021; 7:217-222. [PMID: 34667907 PMCID: PMC8459691 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_46_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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19
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Causal reductionism and causal structures. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1348-1355. [PMID: 34556868 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Causal reductionism is the widespread assumption that there is no room for additional causes once we have accounted for all elementary mechanisms within a system. Due to its intuitive appeal, causal reductionism is prevalent in neuroscience: once all neurons have been caused to fire or not to fire, it seems that causally there is nothing left to be accounted for. Here, we argue that these reductionist intuitions are based on an implicit, unexamined notion of causation that conflates causation with prediction. By means of a simple model organism, we demonstrate that causal reductionism cannot provide a complete and coherent account of 'what caused what'. To that end, we outline an explicit, operational approach to analyzing causal structures.
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20
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Kudela P, Anderson WS. Impact of gyral geometry on cortical responses to surface electrical stimulation: insights from experimental and modeling studies. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34407519 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1ed3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Invasive simultaneous stimulation and recording from intracranial electrodes and microwire arrays were used to investigate direct cortical responses to single pulses of electrical stimulation in humans.Approach.Microwire contacts measured surface potentials in cortical microdomains at a distance of 2-6 mm from the intracranial electrode. Direct cortical responses to stimulation (<20 ms) consisted of a larger surface negative potentials.Main results. The latencies of these responses were directly or inversely correlated with distances between the intracranial electrode and microwire contacts. We hypothesize that surface negative potentials reflected local synchronous depolarization of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cortical microdomains in the superficial cortical layer and resulted from the activation of gray matter axons that delivered excitatory inputs to apical dendrites after cortical stimulation. We further hypothesized that the positive or inverse distance-latency correlations of the recorded negative responses were measured depending on whether activation of neurons originated at one (crown) or multiple (crown, lip, bank) sites throughout the gyrus simultaneously. The inverse distance-latency correlations then reflected the spatiotemporal superposition of different nearby sources of neuronal recruitment in the gyrus. To prove this hypothesis, we built an anatomically informed and biophysically realistic cortical network model and simulated early responses of cortical neurons to electrical stimulation in this cortical network model. The model simulations yielded negative potentials in simulated microdomains in the cortical model consistent with those recorded from humans. The model predicted sensitivity of cortical responses to the alignment of the stimulating electrode and microwire array with respect to the cortical gyrus and confirmed that gyral geometry has a major impact on direct neuronal recruitment, the timing, and the time course of neuronal activation in cortical microdomains.Significance.In this work, we demonstrated how the high-resolution forward network models can be used for better understanding and detailed prediction of cortical stimulation effects. Accurate predictive modeling tools are needed for the progress of brain stimulation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kudela
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 8-181, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
| | - William S Anderson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 8-181, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States of America
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21
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Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2076-2087. [PMID: 33692142 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1141-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A central debate in philosophy and neuroscience pertains to whether PFC activity plays an essential role in the neural basis of consciousness. Neuroimaging and electrophysiology studies have revealed that the contents of conscious perceptual experience can be successfully decoded from PFC activity, but these findings might be confounded by postperceptual cognitive processes, such as thinking, reasoning, and decision-making, that are not necessary for consciousness. To clarify the involvement of the PFC in consciousness, we present a synthesis of research that has used intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) for the causal modulation of neural activity in the human PFC. This research provides compelling evidence that iES of only certain prefrontal regions (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) reliably perturbs conscious experience. Conversely, stimulation of anterolateral prefrontal sites, often considered crucial in higher-order and global workspace theories of consciousness, seldom elicits any reportable alterations in consciousness. Furthermore, the wide variety of iES-elicited effects in the PFC (e.g., emotions, thoughts, and olfactory and visual hallucinations) exhibits no clear relation to the immediate environment. Therefore, there is no evidence for the kinds of alterations in ongoing perceptual experience that would be predicted by higher-order or global workspace theories. Nevertheless, effects in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices suggest a specific role for these PFC subregions in supporting emotional aspects of conscious experience. Overall, this evidence presents a challenge for higher-order and global workspace theories, which commonly point to the PFC as the basis for conscious perception based on correlative and possibly confounded information.
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22
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Lech M, Berry B, Topcu C, Kremen V, Nejedly P, Lega B, Gross RE, Sperling M, Jobst B, Sheth S, Zaghloul K, Davis K, Worrell G, Kucewicz M. Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain Has Inverse Effects on the Theta and Gamma Neural Activities. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3701-3712. [PMID: 34014821 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3082320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to analyze the electrophysiological response to direct electrical stimulation (DES) systematically applied at a wide range of parameters and anatomical sites, with particular focus on neural activities associated with memory and cognition. METHODS We used a large set of intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings with DES from 45 subjects with electrodes implanted both subdurally on the cortical surface and subcortically into the brain parenchyma. Subjects were stimulated in blocks of alternating frequency and amplitude parameters during quiet wakefulness. RESULTS Stimulating at different frequencies and amplitudes of electric current revealed a persistent pattern of response in the slow and the fast neural activities. In particular, amplification of the theta (4-7 Hz) and attenuation of the gamma (29-52 Hz) power-in-band was observed with increasing the stimulation parameters. This opposite effect on the low and high frequency bands was found across a network of selected local and distal sites proportionally to the proximity and magnitude of the electric current. Power increase in the theta and decrease in the gamma band was driven by the total electric charge delivered with either increasing the frequency or amplitude of the stimulation current. This inverse effect on the theta and gamma activities was consistently observed in response to different stimulation frequencies and amplitudes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a uniform DES effect of amplifying theta and suppressing gamma neural activities in the human brain. SIGNIFICANCE These findings reveal the utility of simple power-in-band features for understanding and optimizing the effects of electrical stimulation on brain functions.
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23
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Hemispheric asymmetries in visual mental imagery. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:697-708. [PMID: 33885966 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual mental imagery is the faculty whereby we can "visualize" objects that are not in our line of sight. Longstanding evidence dating back over thirty years has shown that unilateral brain lesions, especially in the left temporal lobe, can impair aspects of this ability. Yet, there is currently no attempt to identify analogies between these neuropsychological findings of hemispheric asymmetry and those from other neuroscientific approaches. Here, we present a critical review of the available literature on the hemispheric laterality of visual mental imagery, by looking at cross-method patterns of evidence in the domains of lesion neuropsychology, neuroimaging, and direct cortical stimulation. Results can be summarized under three main axes. First, frontoparietal networks in both hemispheres appear to be associated with visual mental imagery. Second, lateralization patterns emerge in the temporal lobes, with the left inferior temporal lobe being the most common finding in the literature for endogenously generated images, especially, but not exclusively, when orthographic material is used to ignite imagery. Third, an opposite pattern of hemispheric laterality emerges when visual mental images are induced by exogenous stimulation; direct cortical electrical stimulation tends to produce visual imagery experiences predominantly when applied to the right temporal lobe. These patterns of hemispheric asymmetry are difficult to reconcile with the dominant model of visual mental imagery, which emphasizes the implication of early sensory cortices. They suggest instead that visual mental imagery relies on large-scale brain networks, with a crucial participation of high-level visual regions in the temporal lobes.
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Lee JM, Lin D, Kim HR, Pyo YW, Hong G, Lieber CM, Park HG. All-Tissue-like Multifunctional Optoelectronic Mesh for Deep-Brain Modulation and Mapping. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3184-3190. [PMID: 33734716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a multifunctional device that achieves optogenetic neuromodulation and extracellular neural mapping is crucial for understanding neural circuits and treating brain disorders. Although various devices have been explored for this purpose, it is challenging to develop biocompatible optogenetic devices that can seamlessly interface with the brain. Herein, we present a tissue-like optoelectronic mesh with a compact interface that enables not only high spatial and temporal resolutions of optical stimulation but also the sampling of optically evoked neural activities. An in vitro experiment in hydrogel showed efficient light propagation through a freestanding SU-8 waveguide that was integrated with flexible mesh electronics. Additionally, an in vivo implantation of the tissue-like optoelectronic mesh in the brain of a live transgenic mouse enabled the sampling of optically evoked neural signals. Therefore, this multifunctional device can aid the chronic modulation of neural circuits and behavior studies for developing biological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Lee
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ha-Reem Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Pyo
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Hong-Gyu Park
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Philippi CL, Bruss J, Boes AD, Albazron FM, Streese CD, Ciaramelli E, Rudrauf D, Tranel D. Lesion network mapping demonstrates that mind-wandering is associated with the default mode network. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:361-373. [PMID: 32594566 PMCID: PMC7704688 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging research has consistently associated brain structures within the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) with mind-wandering. Targeted lesion research has documented impairments in mind-wandering after damage to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampal regions associated with the DMN. However, no lesion studies to date have applied lesion network mapping to identify common networks associated with deficits in mind-wandering. In lesion network mapping, resting-state functional connectivity data from healthy participants are used to infer which brain regions are functionally connected to each lesion location from a sample with brain injury. In the current study, we conducted a lesion network mapping analysis to test the hypothesis that lesions affecting the DMN and FPN would be associated with diminished mind-wandering. We assessed mind-wandering frequency on the Imaginal Processes Inventory (IPI) in participants with brain injury (n = 29) and healthy comparison participants without brain injury (n = 19). Lesion network mapping analyses showed the strongest association of reduced mind-wandering with the left inferior parietal lobule within the DMN. In addition, traditional lesion symptom mapping results revealed that reduced mind-wandering was associated with lesions of the dorsal, ventral, and anterior sectors of mPFC, parietal lobule, and inferior frontal gyrus in the DMN (p < 0.05 uncorrected). These findings provide novel lesion support for the role of the DMN in mind-wandering and contribute to a burgeoning literature on the neural correlates of spontaneous cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa L. Philippi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D. Boes
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fatimah M. Albazron
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Rudrauf
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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26
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Grande KM, Ihnen SKZ, Arya R. Electrical Stimulation Mapping of Brain Function: A Comparison of Subdural Electrodes and Stereo-EEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:611291. [PMID: 33364930 PMCID: PMC7750438 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.611291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite technological and interpretative advances, the non-invasive modalities used for pre-surgical evaluation of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), fail to generate a concordant anatomo-electroclinical hypothesis for the location of the seizure onset zone in many patients. This requires chronic monitoring with intracranial electroencephalography (EEG), which facilitates better localization of the seizure onset zone, and allows evaluation of the functional significance of cortical regions-of-interest by electrical stimulation mapping (ESM). There are two principal modalities for intracranial EEG, namely subdural electrodes and stereotactic depth electrodes (stereo-EEG). Although ESM is considered the gold standard for functional mapping with subdural electrodes, there have been concerns about its utility with stereo-EEG. This is mainly because subdural electrodes allow contiguous sampling of the dorsolateral convexity of cerebral hemispheres, and permit delineation of the extent of eloquent functional areas on the cortical surface. Stereo-EEG, while having relatively sparse sampling on the cortical surface, offers the ability to access the depth of sulci, mesial and basal surfaces of cerebral hemispheres, and deep structures such as the insula, which are largely inaccessible to subdural electrodes. As stereo-EEG is increasingly the preferred modality for intracranial monitoring, we find it opportune to summarize the literature for ESM with stereo-EEG in this narrative review. Emerging evidence shows that ESM for defining functional neuroanatomy is feasible with stereo-EEG, but probably requires a different approach for interpretation and clinical decision making compared to ESM with subdural electrodes. We have also compared ESM with stereo-EEG and subdural electrodes, for current thresholds required to evoke desired functional responses vs. unwanted after-discharges. In this regard, there is preliminary evidence that ESM with stereo-EEG may be safer than ESM with subdural grids. Finally, we have highlighted important unanswered clinical and scientific questions for ESM with stereo-EEG in the hope to encourage future research and collaborative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Grande
- Division of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarah K. Z. Ihnen
- Division of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ravindra Arya
- Division of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Trébuchon A, Liégeois-Chauvel C, Gonzalez-Martinez JA, Alario FX. Contributions of electrophysiology for identifying cortical language systems in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 112:107407. [PMID: 33181892 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A crucial element of the surgical treatment of medically refractory epilepsy is to delineate cortical areas that must be spared in order to avoid clinically relevant neurological and neuropsychological deficits postoperatively. For each patient, this typically necessitates determining the language lateralization between hemispheres and language localization within hemisphere. Understanding cortical language systems is complicated by two primary challenges: the extent of the neural tissue involved and the substantial variability across individuals, especially in pathological populations. We review the contributions made through the study of electrophysiological activity to address these challenges. These contributions are based on the techniques of magnetoencephalography (MEG), intracerebral recordings, electrical-cortical stimulation (ECS), and the electrovideo analyses of seizures and their semiology. We highlight why no single modality alone is adequate to identify cortical language systems and suggest avenues for improving current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Trébuchon
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Liégeois-Chauvel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France; Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (PA), USA
| | | | - F-Xavier Alario
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh (PA), USA; Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPC, Marseille, France.
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28
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Singh TB, Aisikaer A, He C, Wu Y, Chen H, Ni H, Song Y, Yin J. The Assessment of Brain Functional Changes in the Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patient with Cognitive Impairment by Resting-state Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Clin Imaging Sci 2020; 10:50. [PMID: 32874755 PMCID: PMC7451150 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_55_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the study was to detect functional changes in the brain of cognitive impairment-temporal lobe epilepsy (CI-TLE) patient and to sort out the possible mechanism involved in CI in CI-TLE patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI). Material and Methods Fifty-eight TLE cases were included, which was divided into 44 TLE patients without CI (cognitive not impairment [CNI]-TLE) and 14 TLE patients with CI (CI-TLE). The normal control (NC) group consisted of 40 participants. RS-fMRI data preprocessing was carried out in statistical parametric mapping (SPM) software. The data were realigned, coregistered, normalized, and finally smoothened and then were taken for amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) calculation in RS-fMRI data analysis toolkit (REST) software. For data analysis, voxel-wise two-sample t-test was carried out between TLE group and NC group; CI-TLE group and cognitive not impairment-TLE (CNI-TLE) group in SPM software, a cluster >10 voxels and P < 0.01 was considered to be significant. Results Compared to NC, the TLE patients showed increased ALFF activation mostly in parahippocampal gyrus (PG), frontal lobe, midbrain, pons, insula, inferior temporal gyrus, and anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) while decreased ALFF value was seen in posterior cingulate gyrus, cuneus, cerebellum posterior lobe, inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and superior temporal gyrus. Compared to CNI-TLE, CI-TLE patients showed increased ALFF in middle temporal gyrus (MTG), cuneus, ACG, IPL, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), cerebellum posterior lobe, and decreased ALFF cluster in the corpus callosum and MFG. Conclusion Between TLE and NC, we found increased ALFF activation in PG, frontal lobe, thalamus, insula, midbrain, and pons in TLE patient. Between CI and CNI TLE, area of executive control network and default model network, especially in MTG, ACG, IPL, MFG, and SFG, had increased ALFF value in CI-TLE patient. Activation of these areas should be because of the decompensation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aikedan Aisikaer
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
| | - Che He
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
| | - Yalin Wu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
| | - Hongyan Ni
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
| | - Yijun Song
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin
| | - Jianzhong Yin
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai, China
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29
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Thompson WH, Nair R, Oya H, Esteban O, Shine JM, Petkov CI, Poldrack RA, Howard M, Adolphs R. A data resource from concurrent intracranial stimulation and functional MRI of the human brain. Sci Data 2020; 7:258. [PMID: 32759965 PMCID: PMC7406507 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the causal effects of one brain region on another is a challenging problem in neuroscience that we approached through invasive direct manipulation of brain function together with concurrent whole-brain measurement of the effects produced. Here we establish a unique resource and present data from 26 human patients who underwent electrical stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (es-fMRI). The patients had medically refractory epilepsy requiring surgically implanted intracranial electrodes in cortical and subcortical locations. One or multiple contacts on these electrodes were stimulated while simultaneously recording BOLD-fMRI activity in a block design. Multiple runs exist for patients with different stimulation sites. We describe the resource, data collection process, preprocessing using the fMRIPrep analysis pipeline and management of artifacts, and provide end-user analyses to visualize distal brain activation produced by site-specific electrical stimulation. The data are organized according to the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) specification, and are available for analysis or future dataset contributions on openneuro.org including both raw and preprocessed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Nair
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - H Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - O Esteban
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - J M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C I Petkov
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - R A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - M Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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30
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Perrone-Bertolotti M, Alexandre S, Jobb AS, De Palma L, Baciu M, Mairesse MP, Hoffmann D, Minotti L, Kahane P, David O. Probabilistic mapping of language networks from high frequency activity induced by direct electrical stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4113-4126. [PMID: 32697353 PMCID: PMC7469846 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electrical stimulation (DES) at 50 Hz is used as a gold standard to map cognitive functions but little is known about its ability to map large‐scale networks and specific subnetwork. In the present study, we aim to propose a new methodological approach to evaluate the specific hypothesis suggesting that language errors/dysfunction induced by DES are the result of large‐scale network modification rather than of a single cortical region, which explains that similar language symptoms may be observed after stimulation of different cortical regions belonging to this network. We retrospectively examined 29 patients suffering from focal drug‐resistant epilepsy who benefitted from stereo‐electroencephalographic (SEEG) exploration and exhibited language symptoms during a naming task following 50 Hz DES. We assessed the large‐scale language network correlated with behavioral DES‐induced responses (naming errors) by quantifying DES‐induced changes in high frequency activity (HFA, 70–150 Hz) outside the stimulated cortical region. We developed a probabilistic approach to report the spatial pattern of HFA modulations during DES‐induced language errors. Similarly, we mapped the pattern of after‐discharges (3–35 Hz) occurring after DES. HFA modulations concurrent to language symptoms revealed a brain network similar to our current knowledge of language gathered from standard brain mapping. In addition, specific subnetworks could be identified within the global language network, related to different language processes, generally described in relation to the classical language regions. Spatial patterns of after‐discharges were similar to HFA induced during DES. Our results suggest that this new methodological DES‐HFA mapping is a relevant approach to map functional networks during SEEG explorations, which would allow to shift from “local” to “network” perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Perrone-Bertolotti
- CNRC, Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Alexandre
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Pôle Neurologie Psychiatrie, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Jobb
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Pôle Neurologie Psychiatrie, Grenoble, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | - Luca De Palma
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Pôle Neurologie Psychiatrie, Grenoble, France
| | - Monica Baciu
- CNRC, Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Lorella Minotti
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Pôle Neurologie Psychiatrie, Grenoble, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Kahane
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, Pôle Neurologie Psychiatrie, Grenoble, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier David
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Grenoble, France
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Fox KCR, Shi L, Baek S, Raccah O, Foster BL, Saha S, Margulies DS, Kucyi A, Parvizi J. Intrinsic network architecture predicts the effects elicited by intracranial electrical stimulation of the human brain. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:1039-1052. [PMID: 32632334 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) of the human brain has long been known to elicit a remarkable variety of perceptual, motor and cognitive effects, but the functional-anatomical basis of this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. We conducted a whole-brain mapping of iES-elicited effects, collecting first-person reports following iES at 1,537 cortical sites in 67 participants implanted with intracranial electrodes. We found that intrinsic network membership and the principal gradient of functional connectivity strongly predicted the type and frequency of iES-elicited effects in a given brain region. While iES in unimodal brain networks at the base of the cortical hierarchy elicited frequent and simple effects, effects became increasingly rare, heterogeneous and complex in heteromodal and transmodal networks higher in the hierarchy. Our study provides a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between the hierarchical organization of intrinsic functional networks and the causal modulation of human behaviour and experience with iES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C R Fox
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Lin Shi
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sori Baek
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Omri Raccah
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brett L Foster
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Srijani Saha
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Paris, France
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Uitermarkt BD, Bruss J, Hwang K, Boes AD. Rapid eye movement sleep patterns of brain activation and deactivation occur within unique functional networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3984-3992. [PMID: 32573885 PMCID: PMC7469766 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a paradoxical state where the individual appears asleep while the electroencephalogram pattern resembles that of wakefulness. Regional differences in brain metabolism have been observed during REM sleep compared to wakefulness, but it is not known whether the spatial distribution of metabolic differences corresponds to known functional networks in the brain. Here, we use a combination of techniques to evaluate the networks associated with sites of REM sleep activation and deactivation from previously published positron emission tomography studies. We use seed‐based functional connectivity from healthy adults acquired during quiet rest to show that REM‐activation regions are functionally connected in a network that includes retrosplenial cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and extrastriate visual cortices, corresponding to components of the default mode network and visual networks. Regions deactivated during REM sleep localize to right‐lateralized fronto‐parietal and salience networks. A negatively correlated relationship was observed between REM‐activation and deactivation networks. Together, these findings show that regional activation and deactivation patterns of REM sleep tend to occur in distinct functional connectivity networks that are present during wakefulness, providing insights regarding the differential contributions of brain regions to the distinct subjective experiences that occur during REM sleep (dreaming) relative to wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt D Uitermarkt
- Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology & Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology & Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kai Hwang
- Hwang Laboratory for Neurocognitive Dynamics, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology & Psychiatry, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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33
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The effects of direct brain stimulation in humans depend on frequency, amplitude, and white-matter proximity. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1183-1195. [PMID: 32446925 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have used direct electrical brain stimulation to treat a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, for brain stimulation to be maximally effective, clinicians and researchers should optimize stimulation parameters according to desired outcomes. OBJECTIVE The goal of our large-scale study was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of stimulation at different parameters and locations on neuronal activity across the human brain. METHODS To examine how different kinds of stimulation affect human brain activity, we compared the changes in neuronal activity that resulted from stimulation at a range of frequencies, amplitudes, and locations with direct human brain recordings. We recorded human brain activity directly with electrodes that were implanted in widespread regions across 106 neurosurgical epilepsy patients while systematically stimulating across a range of parameters and locations. RESULTS Overall, stimulation most often had an inhibitory effect on neuronal activity, consistent with earlier work. When stimulation excited neuronal activity, it most often occurred from high-frequency stimulation. These effects were modulated by the location of the stimulating electrode, with stimulation sites near white matter more likely to cause excitation and sites near gray matter more likely to inhibit neuronal activity. CONCLUSION By characterizing how different stimulation parameters produced specific neuronal activity patterns on a large scale, our results provide an electrophysiological framework that clinicians and researchers may consider when designing stimulation protocols to cause precisely targeted changes in human brain activity.
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34
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Extracellular electrical conductivity property imaging by decomposition of high-frequency conductivity at Larmor-frequency using multi-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230903. [PMID: 32267858 PMCID: PMC7141654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) uses the B1 mapping technique to provide the high-frequency conductivity distribution at Larmor frequency that simultaneously reflects the intracellular and extracellular effects. In biological tissues, the electrical conductivity can be described as the concentration and mobility of charge carriers. For the water molecule diffusivity, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) measures the random Brownian motion of water molecules within biological tissues. The DWI data can quantitatively access the mobility of microscopic water molecules within biological tissues. By measuring multi-b-value DWI data and the recovered high-frequency conductivity at Larmor frequency, we propose a new method to decompose the conductivity into the total ion concentration and mobility in the extracellular space (ECS) within a routinely applicable MR scan time. Using the measured multi-b-value DWI data, a constrained compartment model is designed to estimate the extracellular volume fraction and extracellular mean diffusivity. With the extracted extracellular volume fraction and water molecule diffusivity, we directly reconstruct the low-frequency electrical properties including the extracellular mean conductivity and extracellular conductivity tensor. To demonstrate the proposed method by comparing the ion concentration and the ion mobility, we conducted human experiments for the proposed low-frequency conductivity imaging. Human experiments verify that the proposed method can recover the low-frequency electrical properties using a conventional MRI scanner.
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35
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Muller L, Rolston JD, Fox NP, Knowlton R, Rao VR, Chang EF. Direct electrical stimulation of human cortex evokes high gamma activity that predicts conscious somatosensory perception. J Neural Eng 2019; 15:026015. [PMID: 29160232 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa9bf9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Direct electrical stimulation (DES) is a clinical gold standard for human brain mapping and readily evokes conscious percepts, yet the neurophysiological changes underlying these percepts are not well understood. APPROACH To determine the neural correlates of DES, we stimulated the somatosensory cortex of ten human participants at frequency-amplitude combinations that both elicited and failed to elicit conscious percepts, meanwhile recording neural activity directly surrounding the stimulation site. We then compared the neural activity of perceived trials to that of non-perceived trials. MAIN RESULTS We found that stimulation evokes distributed high gamma activity, which correlates with conscious perception better than stimulation parameters themselves. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that high gamma activity is a reliable biomarker for perception evoked by both natural and electrical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Muller
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America. Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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36
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Ye H, Kaszuba S. Neuromodulation with electromagnetic stimulation for seizure suppression: From electrode to magnetic coil. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:26-33. [PMID: 31360792 PMCID: PMC6639724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain tissue stimulation with a magnetic coil provides several irreplaceable advantages over that with an implanted electrode, in altering neural activities under pathological situations. We reviewed clinical cases that utilized time-varying magnetic fields for the treatment of epilepsy, and the safety issues related to this practice. Animal models have been developed to foster understanding of the cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying magnetic control of epileptic activity. These mechanisms include (but are not limited to) (1) direct membrane polarization by the magnetic field, (2) depolarization blockade by the deactivation of ion channels, (3) alteration in synaptic transmission, and (4) interruption of ephaptic interaction and cellular synchronization. Clinical translation of this technology could be improved through the advancement of magnetic design, optimization of stimulation protocols, and evaluation of the long-term safety. Cellular and molecular studies focusing on the mechanisms of magnetic stimulation are of great value in facilitating this translation.
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Key Words
- 4-AP, 4-aminopyridine
- Animal models
- CD50, convulsant dose
- Cellular mechanisms
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- EEG, electroencephalography
- ELF-MF, extremely low frequency magnetic fields
- EcoG, electrocorticography
- Epilepsy
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HFS, high frequency stimulation
- KA, kainic acid
- LD50, lethal dose
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potential
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic stimulation
- NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
- PTZ, pentylenetetrazol
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SMF, static magnetic field
- TES, transcranial electrical stimulation
- TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct-current stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., IL, 60660, United States
| | - Stephanie Kaszuba
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd., North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
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Yih J, Beam DE, Fox KCR, Parvizi J. Intensity of affective experience is modulated by magnitude of intracranial electrical stimulation in human orbitofrontal, cingulate and insular cortices. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:339-351. [PMID: 30843590 PMCID: PMC6537947 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The subjective and behavioral effects of intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) have been studied for decades, but there is a knowledge gap regarding the relationship between the magnitude of electric current and the type, intensity and valence of evoked subjective experiences. We report on rare iES data from 18 neurosurgical patients with implanted intracranial electrodes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the insula (INS) and the anterior portion of cingulate cortex (ACC). ACC stimulation elicited somatic and visceral sensations, whereas OFC stimulation predominantly elicited olfactory and gustatory responses, and INS stimulation elicited a mix of effects involving somatic and visceral sensations, olfaction and gustation. Further, we found striking evidence that the magnitude of electric current delivered intracranially correlated positively with the perceived intensity of subjective experience and the evoked emotional state, a relationship observed across all three regions. Finally, we observed that the majority of reported experiences were negatively valenced and unpleasant, especially those elicited by ACC stimulation. The present study provides novel case studies from the human brain confirming that these structures contribute causally to the creation of affective states and demonstrates a direct relationship between the magnitude of electrical stimulation of these structures and the qualia of elicited subjective experience. Summary: This study provides critical knowledge about the effect of electrical charge magnitude on the intensity of human subjective experiences and emotional states. We shed light on the fundamental relationship between the electrical (physical) state of cortical tissue and the modality and intensity of human (subjective) experience. As electroceutical interventions are increasingly employed to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders, these findings highlight the importance of electrical stimulation magnitude for eliciting specific changes in human subjective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yih
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Danielle E Beam
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kieran C R Fox
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Kremmyda O, Kirsch V, Bardins S, Lohr H, Vollmar C, Noachtar S, Dieterich M. Electrical brain stimulation of the parietal lobe impairs the perception of verticality. J Neurol 2019; 266:146-148. [PMID: 31076876 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Kremmyda
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany. .,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFBLMU, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
| | - V Kirsch
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Bardins
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFBLMU, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - H Lohr
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - C Vollmar
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Noachtar
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Dieterich
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders-IFBLMU, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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39
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Kim K, Ladenbauer J, Babo-Rebelo M, Buot A, Lehongre K, Adam C, Hasboun D, Lambrecq V, Navarro V, Ostojic S, Tallon-Baudry C. Resting-State Neural Firing Rate Is Linked to Cardiac-Cycle Duration in the Human Cingulate and Parahippocampal Cortices. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3676-3686. [PMID: 30842247 PMCID: PMC6510341 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2291-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation and functional imaging studies have revealed the existence of a large network of cortical regions involved in the regulation of heart rate. However, very little is known about the link between cortical neural firing and cardiac-cycle duration (CCD). Here, we analyze single-unit and multiunit data obtained in humans at rest, and show that firing rate covaries with CCD in 16.7% of the sample (25 of 150). The link between firing rate and CCD was most prevalent in the anterior medial temporal lobe (entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, anterior hippocampus, and amygdala), where 36% (18 of 50) of the units show the effect, and to a lesser extent in the mid-to-anterior cingulate cortex (11.1%, 5 of 45). The variance in firing rate explained by CCD ranged from 0.5 to 11%. Several lines of analysis indicate that neural firing influences CCD, rather than the other way around, and that neural firing affects CCD through vagally mediated mechanisms in most cases. These results show that part of the spontaneous fluctuations in firing rate can be attributed to the cortical control of the cardiac cycle. The fine tuning of the regulation of CCD represents a novel physiological factor accounting for spontaneous variance in firing rate. It remains to be determined whether the "noise" introduced in firing rate by the regulation of CCD is detrimental or beneficial to the cognitive information processing carried out in the parahippocampal and cingulate regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fluctuations in heart rate are known to be under the control of cortical structures, but spontaneous fluctuations in cortical firing rate, or "noise," have seldom been related to heart rate. Here, we analyze unit activity in humans at rest and show that spontaneous fluctuations in neural firing in the medial temporal lobe, as well as in the mid-to-anterior cingulate cortex, influence heart rate. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, where it could be observed in one of three neurons. Our results show that part of spontaneous firing rate variability in regions best known for their cognitive role in spatial navigation and memory corresponds to precise physiological regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeon Kim
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France,
| | - Josef Ladenbauer
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Babo-Rebelo
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
| | - Anne Buot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
| | - Claude Adam
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hasboun
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Lambrecq
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, 75252 Paris, France, and
- Epileptology Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière Charles Foix, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Srdjan Ostojic
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
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40
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Ye H, Ng J. Shielding effects of myelin sheath on axolemma depolarization under transverse electric field stimulation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e6020. [PMID: 30533309 PMCID: PMC6282940 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal stimulation with electric currents is an effective method for controlling neural activity. An electric field parallel to the axon is widely accepted as the predominant component in the activation of an axon. However, recent studies indicate that the transverse component to the axolemma is also effective in depolarizing the axon. To quantitatively investigate the amount of axolemma polarization induced by a transverse electric field, we computed the transmembrane potential (Vm) for a conductive body that represents an unmyelinated axon (or the bare axon between the myelin sheath in a myelinated axon). We also computed the transmembrane potential of the sheath-covered axonal segment in a myelinated axon. We then systematically analyzed the biophysical factors that affect axonal polarization under transverse electric stimulation for both the bare and sheath-covered axons. Geometrical patterns of polarization of both axon types were dependent on field properties (magnitude and field orientation to the axon). Polarization of both axons was also dependent on their axolemma radii and electrical conductivities. The myelin provided a significant “shielding effect” against the transverse electric fields, preventing excessive axolemma depolarization. Demyelination could allow for prominent axolemma depolarization in the transverse electric field, via a significant increase in myelin conductivity. This shifts the voltage drop of the myelin sheath to the axolemma. Pathological changes at a cellular level should be considered when electric fields are used for the treatment of demyelination diseases. The calculated term for membrane polarization (Vm) could be used to modify the current cable equation that describes axon excitation by an external electric field to account for the activating effects of both parallel and transverse fields surrounding the target axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Department of Biology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ng
- Department of Biology, Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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41
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Fox KCR, Yih J, Raccah O, Pendekanti SL, Limbach LE, Maydan DD, Parvizi J. Changes in subjective experience elicited by direct stimulation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neurology 2018; 91:e1519-e1527. [PMID: 30232252 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We applied direct cortical stimulation (DCS) to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in neurosurgical patients implanted with intracranial electrodes to probe, with high anatomic precision, the causal link between the OFC and human subjective experience. METHODS We administered 272 instances of DCS at 172 OFC sites in 22 patients with intractable focal epilepsy (from 2011 to 2017), none of whom had seizures originating from the OFC. RESULTS Our observations revealed a rich variety of affective, olfactory, gustatory, and somatosensory changes in the subjective domain. Elicited experiences were largely neutral or negatively valenced (e.g., aversive smells and tastes, sadness, and anger). Evidence was found for preferential left lateralization of negatively valenced experiences and strong right lateralization of neutral effects. Moreover, most of the elicited effects were observed after stimulation of OFC tissue around the transverse orbital sulcus, and none were seen in the most anterior aspects of the OFC. CONCLUSIONS Our study yielded 3 central findings: first, a dissociation between the "silent" anterior and nonsilent middle/posterior OFC where stimulation clearly elicits changes in subjective experience; second, evidence that the OFC might play a causal role in integrating affect and multimodal sensory experiences; and third, clear evidence for left lateralization of negatively valenced effects. Our findings provide important information for clinicians treating OFC injury or planning OFC resection and scientists seeking to understand the brain basis for the integration of sensation, cognition, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C R Fox
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Jennifer Yih
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Omri Raccah
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Shrita L Pendekanti
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Lauren E Limbach
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Daniella D Maydan
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- From the Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA.
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42
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Electrical Stimulation Mapping of the Brain: Basic Principles and Emerging Alternatives. J Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 35:86-97. [PMID: 29499015 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) of the brain for clinical use is approximating a century. Despite this long-standing history, the value of ESM for guiding surgical resections and sparing eloquent cortex is documented largely by small retrospective studies, and ESM protocols are largely inherited and lack standardization. Although models are imperfect and mechanisms are complex, the probabilistic causality of ESM has guaranteed its perpetuation into the 21st century. At present, electrical stimulation of cortical tissue is being revisited for network connectivity. In addition, noninvasive and passive mapping techniques are rapidly evolving to complement and potentially replace ESM in specific clinical situations. Lesional and epilepsy neurosurgery cases now offer different opportunities for multimodal functional assessments.
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43
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Wang X, Ren Y, Liu J. Liquid Metal Enabled Electrobiology: A New Frontier to Tackle Disease Challenges. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E360. [PMID: 30424293 PMCID: PMC6082282 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a new conceptual biomedical engineering strategy to tackle modern disease challenges, called liquid metal (LM) enabled electrobiology, is proposed. This generalized and simple method is based on the physiological fact that specially administrated electricity induces a series of subsequent desired biological effects, either shortly, transitionally, or permanently. Due to high compliance within biological tissues, LM would help mold a pervasive method for treating physiological or psychological diseases. As highly conductive and non-toxic multifunctional flexible materials, such LMs can generate any requested electric treating fields (ETFields), which can adapt to various sites inside the human body. The basic mechanisms of electrobiology in delivering electricity to the target tissues and then inducing expected outputs for disease treatment are interpreted. The methods for realizing soft and conformable electronics based on LM are illustrated. Furthermore, a group of typical disease challenges are observed to illustrate the basic strategies for performing LM electrobiology therapy, which include but are not limited to: tissue electronics, brain disorder, immunotherapy, neural functional recovery, muscle stimulation, skin rejuvenation, cosmetology and dieting, artificial organs, cardiac pacing, cancer therapy, etc. Some practical issues regarding electrobiology for future disease therapy are discussed. Perspectives in this direction for incubating a simple biomedical tool for health care are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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44
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Rofes A, Mandonnet E, de Aguiar V, Rapp B, Tsapkini K, Miceli G. Language processing from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping. Cogn Neuropsychol 2018; 36:117-139. [PMID: 29996708 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2018.1485636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrical Stimulation (ES) is a neurostimulation technique that is used to localize language functions in the brain of people with intractable epilepsy and/or brain tumors. We reviewed 25 ES articles published between 1984 and 2018 and interpreted them from a cognitive neuropsychological perspective. Our aim was to highlight ES as a tool to further our understanding of cognitive models of language. We focused on associations and dissociations between cognitive functions within the framework of two non-neuroanatomically specified models of language. Also, we discussed parallels between the ES and the stroke literatures and showed how ES data can help us to generate hypotheses regarding how language is processed. A good understanding of cognitive models of language is essential to motivate task selection and to tailor surgical procedures, for example, by avoiding testing the same cognitive functions and understanding which functions may be more or less relevant to be tested during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Rofes
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Emmanuel Mandonnet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière Hospital , Paris , France.,University Diderot Paris 7 , Paris , France.,Frontlab, INSERM, ICM , Paris , France
| | - Vânia de Aguiar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kyrana Tsapkini
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Gabriele Miceli
- Center for Mind and Brain Sciences, University of Trento , Trento , Italy
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45
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Fox KCR, Foster BL, Kucyi A, Daitch AL, Parvizi J. Intracranial Electrophysiology of the Human Default Network. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:307-324. [PMID: 29525387 PMCID: PMC5957519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human default network (DN) plays a critical role in internally directed cognition, behavior, and neuropsychiatric disease. Despite much progress with functional neuroimaging, persistent questions still linger concerning the electrophysiological underpinnings, fast temporal dynamics, and causal importance of the DN. Here, we review how direct intracranial recording and stimulation of the DN provides a unique combination of high spatiotemporal resolution and causal information that speaks directly to many of these outstanding questions. Our synthesis highlights the electrophysiological basis of activation, suppression, and connectivity of the DN, each key areas of debate in the literature. Integrating these unique electrophysiological data with extant neuroimaging findings will help lay the foundation for a mechanistic account of DN function in human behavior and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C R Fox
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Brett L Foster
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy L Daitch
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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46
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Inman CS, Bijanki KR, Bass DI, Gross RE, Hamann S, Willie JT. Human amygdala stimulation effects on emotion physiology and emotional experience. Neuropsychologia 2018; 145:106722. [PMID: 29551365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is a key structure mediating emotional processing. Few studies have used direct electrical stimulation of the amygdala in humans to examine stimulation-elicited physiological and emotional responses, and the nature of such effects remains unclear. Determining the effects of electrical stimulation of the amygdala has important theoretical implications for current discrete and dimensional neurobiological theories of emotion, which differ substantially in their predictions about the emotional effects of such stimulation. To examine the effects of amygdala stimulation on physiological and subjective emotional responses we examined epilepsy patients undergoing intracranial EEG monitoring in which depth electrodes were implanted unilaterally or bilaterally in the amygdala. Nine subjects underwent both sham and acute monopolar electrical stimulation at various parameters in electrode contacts located in amygdala and within lateral temporal cortex control locations. Stimulation was applied at either 50 Hz or 130 Hz, while amplitudes were increased stepwise from 1 to 12 V, with subjects blinded to stimulation condition. Electrodermal activity (EDA), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were simultaneously recorded and subjective emotional response was probed after each stimulation period. Amygdala stimulation (but not lateral control or sham stimulation) elicited immediate and substantial dose-dependent increases in EDA and decelerations of HR, generally without affecting RR. Stimulation elicited subjective emotional responses only rarely, and did not elicit clinical seizures in any subject. These physiological results parallel stimulation findings with animals and are consistent with orienting/defensive responses observed with aversive visual stimuli in humans. In summary, these findings suggest that acute amygdala stimulation in humans can be safe and can reliably elicit changes in emotion physiology without significantly affecting subjective emotional experience, providing a useful approach for investigation of amygdala-mediated modulatory effects on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory S Inman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelly R Bijanki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David I Bass
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert E Gross
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jon T Willie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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47
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Parvizi J, Kastner S. Promises and limitations of human intracranial electroencephalography. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:474-483. [PMID: 29507407 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), also known as electrocorticography when using subdural grid electrodes or stereotactic EEG when using depth electrodes, is blossoming in various fields of human neuroscience. In this article, we highlight the potentials of iEEG in exploring functions of the human brain while also considering its limitations. The iEEG signal provides anatomically precise information about the selective engagement of neuronal populations at the millimeter scale and the temporal dynamics of their engagement at the millisecond scale. If several nodes of a given network are monitored simultaneously with implanted electrodes, the iEEG signals can also reveal information about functional interactions within and across networks during different stages of neural computation. As such, human iEEG can complement other methods of neuroscience beyond simply replicating what is already known, or can be known, from noninvasive lines of research in humans or from invasive recordings in nonhuman mammalian brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Parvizi
- Laboratory of Behavioral & Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sabine Kastner
- Department of Psychology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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48
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Kim LH, McLeod RS, Kiss ZHT. A new psychometric questionnaire for reporting of somatosensory percepts. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:013002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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49
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Sajib SZK, Lee MB, Kim HJ, Woo EJ, Kwon OI. Extracellular Total Electrolyte Concentration Imaging for Electrical Brain Stimulation (EBS). Sci Rep 2018; 8:290. [PMID: 29321483 PMCID: PMC5762666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for electrical brain stimulation (EBS), in which weak electrical stimulation is applied to the brain, have been extensively studied in various therapeutic brain functional applications. The extracellular fluid in the brain is a complex electrolyte that is composed of different types of ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca+). Abnormal levels of electrolytes can cause a variety of pathological disorders. In this paper, we present a novel technique to visualize the total electrolyte concentration in the extracellular compartment of biological tissues. The electrical conductivity of biological tissues can be expressed as a product of the concentration and the mobility of the ions. Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) investigates the electrical properties in a region of interest (ROI) at low frequencies (below 1 kHz) by injecting currents into the brain region. Combining with diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI), we analyze the relation between the concentration of ions and the electrical properties extracted from the magnetic flux density measurements using the MREIT technique. By measuring the magnetic flux density induced by EBS, we propose a fast non-iterative technique to visualize the total extracellular electrolyte concentration (EEC), which is a fundamental component of the conductivity. The proposed technique directly recovers the total EEC distribution associated with the water transport mobility tensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Z K Sajib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Mun Bae Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Eung Je Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Oh In Kwon
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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50
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Tuyisenge V, Trebaul L, Bhattacharjee M, Chanteloup-Forêt B, Saubat-Guigui C, Mîndruţă I, Rheims S, Maillard L, Kahane P, Taussig D, David O. Automatic bad channel detection in intracranial electroencephalographic recordings using ensemble machine learning. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:548-554. [PMID: 29353183 PMCID: PMC5819872 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) recordings contain "bad channels", which show non-neuronal signals. Here, we developed a new method that automatically detects iEEG bad channels using machine learning of seven signal features. METHODS The features quantified signals' variance, spatial-temporal correlation and nonlinear properties. Because the number of bad channels is usually much lower than the number of good channels, we implemented an ensemble bagging classifier known to be optimal in terms of stability and predictive accuracy for datasets with imbalanced class distributions. This method was applied on stereo-electroencephalographic (SEEG) signals recording during low frequency stimulations performed in 206 patients from 5 clinical centers. RESULTS We found that the classification accuracy was extremely good: It increased with the number of subjects used to train the classifier and reached a plateau at 99.77% for 110 subjects. The classification performance was thus not impacted by the multicentric nature of data. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method to automatically detect bad channels demonstrated convincing results and can be envisaged to be used on larger datasets for automatic quality control of iEEG data. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first method proposed to classify bad channels in iEEG and should allow to improve the data selection when reviewing iEEG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viateur Tuyisenge
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lena Trebaul
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Manik Bhattacharjee
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blandine Chanteloup-Forêt
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Saubat-Guigui
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ioana Mîndruţă
- Neurology Department, University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania; Neurology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon, France; Epilepsy Institute (IDEE), Lyon, France
| | - Louis Maillard
- Research Center for Automatic Control (CRAN), University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR 7039, Vandoeuvre, France; Department of Neurology, Central University Hospital, CHU de Nancy, Nancy, France; Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Philippe Kahane
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratory of Neurophysiopathology of Epilepsy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Taussig
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Fondation Rothschild, F-75940 Paris, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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