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Schilling KG, Li M, Rheault F, Gao Y, Cai L, Zhao Y, Xu L, Ding Z, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Gore JC. Whole-brain, gray, and white matter time-locked functional signal changes with simple tasks and model-free analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219666120. [PMID: 37824529 PMCID: PMC10589709 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219666120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the production of time-locked blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signals throughout the entire brain in response to tasks, challenging the existence of sparse and localized brain functions and highlighting the pervasiveness of potential false negative fMRI findings. "Whole-brain" actually refers to gray matter, the only tissue traditionally studied with fMRI. However, several reports have demonstrated reliable detection of BOLD signals in white matter, which have previously been largely ignored. Using simple tasks and analyses, we demonstrate BOLD signal changes across the whole brain, in both white and gray matters, in similar manner to previous reports of whole brain studies. We investigated whether white matter displays time-locked BOLD signals across multiple structural pathways in response to a stimulus in a similar manner to the cortex. We find that both white and gray matter show time-locked activations across the whole brain, with a majority of both tissue types showing statistically significant signal changes for all task stimuli investigated. We observed a wide range of signal responses to tasks, with different regions showing different BOLD signal changes to the same task. Moreover, we find that each region may display different BOLD responses to different stimuli. Overall, we present compelling evidence that, just like all gray matter, essentially all white matter in the brain shows time-locked BOLD signal changes in response to multiple stimuli, challenging the idea of sparse functional localization and the prevailing wisdom of treating white matter BOLD signals as artifacts to be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G. Schilling
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Muwei Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Francois Rheault
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
| | - Yurui Gao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
| | - Leon Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
| | - Yu Zhao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Lyuan Xu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Zhaohua Ding
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Adam W. Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
| | - Bennett A. Landman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
| | - John C. Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37235
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2
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Zaretskaya N, Fink E, Arsenovic A, Ischebeck A. Fast and functionally specific cortical thickness changes induced by visual stimulation. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2823-2837. [PMID: 35780393 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characteristics of the human brain serve as important markers of brain development, aging, disease progression, and neural plasticity. They are considered stable properties, changing slowly over time. Multiple recent studies reported that structural brain changes measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may occur much faster than previously thought, within hours or even minutes. The mechanisms behind such fast changes remain unclear, with hemodynamics as one possible explanation. Here we investigated the functional specificity of cortical thickness changes induced by a flickering checkerboard and compared them to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI activity. We found that checkerboard stimulation led to a significant thickness increase, which was driven by an expansion at the gray-white matter boundary, functionally specific to V1, confined to the retinotopic representation of the checkerboard stimulus, and amounted to 1.3% or 0.022 mm. Although functional specificity and the effect size of these changes were comparable to those of the BOLD signal in V1, thickness effects were substantially weaker in V3. Furthermore, a comparison of predicted and measured thickness changes for different stimulus timings suggested a slow increase of thickness over time, speaking against a hemodynamic explanation. Altogether, our findings suggest that visual stimulation can induce structural gray matter enlargement measurable with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zaretskaya
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erik Fink
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Arsenovic
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anja Ischebeck
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
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3
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Schilling KG, Li M, Rheault F, Gao Y, Cai L, Zhao Y, Xu L, Ding Z, Anderson AW, Landman BA, Gore JC. Whole-brain, gray and white matter time-locked functional signal changes with simple tasks and model-free analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528557. [PMID: 36824784 PMCID: PMC9948951 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the production of time-locked blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) signals throughout the entire brain in response to a task, challenging the idea of sparse and localized brain functions, and highlighting the pervasiveness of potential false negative fMRI findings. In these studies, 'whole-brain' refers to gray matter regions only, which is the only tissue traditionally studied with fMRI. However, recent reports have also demonstrated reliable detection and analyses of BOLD signals in white matter which have been largely ignored in previous reports. Here, using model-free analysis and simple tasks, we investigate BOLD signal changes in both white and gray matters. We aimed to evaluate whether white matter also displays time-locked BOLD signals across all structural pathways in response to a stimulus. We find that both white and gray matter show time-locked activations across the whole-brain, with a majority of both tissue types showing statistically significant signal changes for all task stimuli investigated. We observed a wide range of signal responses to tasks, with different regions showing very different BOLD signal changes to the same task. Moreover, we find that each region may display different BOLD responses to different stimuli. Overall, we present compelling evidence that the whole brain, including both white and gray matter, show time-locked activation to multiple stimuli, not only challenging the idea of sparse functional localization, but also the prevailing wisdom of treating white matter BOLD signals as artefacts to be removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Schilling
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Muwei Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Francois Rheault
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yurui Gao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Leon Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yu Zhao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lyuan Xu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zhaohua Ding
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Adam W Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Raimondo L, Priovoulos N, Passarinho C, Heij J, Knapen T, Dumoulin SO, Siero JCW, van der Zwaag W. Robust high spatio-temporal line-scanning fMRI in humans at 7T using multi-echo readouts, denoising and prospective motion correction. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 384:109746. [PMID: 36403778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), typically using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast weighted imaging, allows the study of brain function with millimeter spatial resolution and temporal resolution of one to a few seconds. At a mesoscopic scale, neurons in the human brain are spatially organized in structures with dimensions of hundreds of micrometers, while they communicate at the millisecond timescale. For this reason, it is important to develop an fMRI method with simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. Line-scanning promises to reach this goal at the cost of volume coverage. NEW METHOD Here, we release a comprehensive update to human line-scanning fMRI. First, we investigated multi-echo line-scanning with five different protocols varying the number of echoes and readout bandwidth while keeping the TR constant. In these, we compared different echo combination approaches in terms of BOLD activation (sensitivity) and temporal signal-to-noise ratio. Second, we implemented an adaptation of NOise reduction with DIstribution Corrected principal component analysis (NORDIC) thermal noise removal for line-scanning fMRI data. Finally, we tested three image-based navigators for motion correction and investigated different ways of performing fMRI analysis on the timecourses which were influenced by the insertion of the navigators themselves. RESULTS The presented improvements are relatively straightforward to implement; multi-echo readout and NORDIC denoising together, significantly improve data quality in terms of tSNR and t-statistical values, while motion correction makes line-scanning fMRI more robust. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Multi-echo acquisitions and denoising have previously been applied in 3D magnetic resonance imaging. Their combination and application to 1D line-scanning is novel. The current proposed method greatly outperforms the previous line-scanning acquisitions with single-echo acquisition, in terms of tSNR (4.0 for single-echo line-scanning and 36.2 for NORDIC-denoised multi-echo) and t-statistical values (3.8 for single-echo line-scanning and 25.1 for NORDIC-denoised multi-echo line-scanning). CONCLUSIONS Line-scanning fMRI was advanced compared to its previous implementation in order to improve sensitivity and reliability. The improved line-scanning acquisition could be used, in the future, for neuroscientific and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Raimondo
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Catarina Passarinho
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Jurjen Heij
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Tomas Knapen
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU University, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Serge O Dumoulin
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, PO Box 80125, 3508 TC Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen C W Siero
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Wietske van der Zwaag
- Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Meibergdreef 75, 1105 BK Amsterdam, Netherlands; Computational Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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5
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Caria A, Grecucci A. Neuroanatomical predictors of real‐time
fMRI
‐based anterior insula regulation. A supervised machine learning study. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14237. [PMID: 36523140 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence showed that learned control of metabolic activity in selected brain regions can support emotion regulation. Notably, a number of studies demonstrated that neurofeedback-based regulation of fMRI activity in several emotion-related areas leads to modifications of emotional behavior along with changes of neural activity in local and distributed networks, in both healthy individuals and individuals with emotional disorders. However, the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying self-regulation of the emotional brain, as well as their relationship with other emotion regulation strategies, is still limited. In this study, we attempted to delineate neuroanatomical regions mediating real-time fMRI-based emotion regulation by exploring whole brain GM and WM features predictive of self-regulation of anterior insula (AI) activity, a neuromodulation procedure that can successfully support emotional brain regulation in healthy individuals and patients. To this aim, we employed a multivariate kernel ridge regression model to assess brain volumetric features, at regional and network level, predictive of real-time fMRI-based AI regulation. Our results showed that several GM regions including fronto-occipital and medial temporal areas and the basal ganglia as well as WM regions including the fronto-occipital fasciculus, tapetum and fornix significantly predicted learned AI regulation. Remarkably, we observed a substantial contribution of the cerebellum in relation to both the most effective regulation run and average neurofeedback performance. Overall, our findings highlighted specific neurostructural features contributing to individual differences of AI-guided emotion regulation. Notably, such neuroanatomical topography partially overlaps with the neurofunctional network associated with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, suggesting common neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
| | - Alessandro Grecucci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
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6
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Yang YH, Huang TR, Yeh SL. Role of visual awareness on semantic integration of sequentially presented words: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2022; 164:105916. [PMID: 36260953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reading comprehension requires the semantic integration of words across space and time. However, it remains unclear whether comprehension requires visual awareness for such semantic integration. Compared to earlier studies that investigated semantic integration indirectly from its priming effect, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to directly examine the processes of semantic integration with or without visual awareness. Specifically, we manipulated participants' visual awareness by continuous flash suppression (CFS) while they viewed a meaningful sequence of four Chinese words (i.e., an idiom) or its meaningless counterpart (i.e., a random sequence). Behaviorally, participants had better recognition memory for idioms than random sequences only when their visual awareness was interfered rather than blocked by CFS. Neurally, semantics-processing areas, such as the superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, were significantly activated only when participants were aware of word sequences, be they meaningful or meaningless. By contrast, orthography-processing areas, such as the fusiform gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus, were significantly activated regardless of visual awareness or word sequence. Taken together, these results suggest that visual awareness modules the functioning of the semantic neural network in the brain and facilitates reading comprehension.
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7
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Yu B, Jang SH, Chang PH. Entropy Could Quantify Brain Activation Induced by Mechanical Impedance-Restrained Active Arm Motion: A Functional NIRS Study. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24040556. [PMID: 35455219 PMCID: PMC9024511 DOI: 10.3390/e24040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain activation has been used to understand brain-level events associated with cognitive tasks or physical tasks. As a quantitative measure for brain activation, we propose entropy in place of signal amplitude and beta value, which are widely used, but sometimes criticized for their limitations and shortcomings as such measures. To investigate the relevance of our proposition, we provided 22 subjects with physical stimuli through elbow extension-flexion motions by using our exoskeleton robot, measured brain activation in terms of entropy, signal amplitude, and beta value; and compared entropy with the other two. The results show that entropy is superior, in that its change appeared in limited, well established, motor areas, while signal amplitude and beta value changes appeared in a widespread fashion, contradicting the modularity theory. Entropy can predict increase in brain activation with task duration, while the other two cannot. When stimuli shifted from the rest state to the task state, entropy exhibited a similar increase as the other two did. Although entropy showed only a part of the phenomenon induced by task strength, it showed superiority by showing a decrease in brain activation that the other two did not show. Moreover, entropy was capable of identifying the physiologically important location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonggi Yu
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea;
| | - Sung-Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea;
| | - Pyung-Hun Chang
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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8
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Hol HR, Flak MM, Chang L, Løhaugen GCC, Bjuland KJ, Rimol LM, Engvig A, Skranes J, Ernst T, Madsen BO, Hernes SS. Cortical Thickness Changes After Computerized Working Memory Training in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:796110. [PMID: 35444526 PMCID: PMC9014119 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.796110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive computerized working memory (WM) training has shown favorable effects on cerebral cortical thickness as compared to non-adaptive training in healthy individuals. However, knowledge of WM training-related morphological changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is limited. Objective The primary objective of this double-blind randomized study was to investigate differences in longitudinal cortical thickness trajectories after adaptive and non-adaptive WM training in patients with MCI. We also investigated the genotype effects on cortical thickness trajectories after WM training combining these two training groups using longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis in Freesurfer. Method Magnetic resonance imaging acquisition at 1.5 T were performed at baseline, and after four- and 16-weeks post training. A total of 81 individuals with MCI accepted invitations to undergo 25 training sessions over 5 weeks. Longitudinal Linear Mixed effect models investigated the effect of adaptive vs. non-adaptive WM training. The LME model was fitted for each location (vertex). On all statistical analyzes, a threshold was applied to yield an expected false discovery rate (FDR) of 5%. A secondary LME model investigated the effects of LMX1A and APOE-ε4 on cortical thickness trajectories after WM training. Results A total of 62 participants/patients completed the 25 training sessions. Structural MRI showed no group difference between the two training regimes in our MCI patients, contrary to previous reports in cognitively healthy adults. No significant structural cortical changes were found after training, regardless of training type, across all participants. However, LMX1A-AA carriers displayed increased cortical thickness trajectories or lack of decrease in two regions post-training compared to those with LMX1A-GG/GA. No training or training type effects were found in relation to the APOE-ε4 gene variants. Conclusion The MCI patients in our study, did not have improved cortical thickness after WM training with either adaptive or non-adaptive training. These results were derived from a heterogeneous population of MCI participants. The lack of changes in the cortical thickness trajectory after WM training may also suggest the lack of atrophy during this follow-up period. Our promising results of increased cortical thickness trajectory, suggesting greater neuroplasticity, in those with LMX1A-AA genotype need to be validated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haakon R. Hol
- Department of Radiology, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Haakon R. Hol,
| | | | - Linda Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Knut Jørgen Bjuland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars M. Rimol
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Engvig
- Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Skranes
- Department of Pediatrics, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bengt-Ove Madsen
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Susanne S. Hernes
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
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9
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Lacosse E, Scheffler K, Lohmann G, Martius G. Jumping over baselines with new methods to predict activation maps from resting-state fMRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3480. [PMID: 33568695 PMCID: PMC7875973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fMRI research primarily relies on task-averaged responses over many subjects to describe general principles of brain function. Nonetheless, there exists a large variability between subjects that is also reflected in spontaneous brain activity as measured by resting state fMRI (rsfMRI). Leveraging this fact, several recent studies have therefore aimed at predicting task activation from rsfMRI using various machine learning methods within a growing literature on 'connectome fingerprinting'. In reviewing these results, we found lack of an evaluation against robust baselines that reliably supports a novelty of predictions for this task. On closer examination to reported methods, we found most underperform against trivial baseline model performances based on massive group averaging when whole-cortex prediction is considered. Here we present a modification to published methods that remedies this problem to large extent. Our proposed modification is based on a single-vertex approach that replaces commonly used brain parcellations. We further provide a summary of this model evaluation by characterizing empirical properties of where prediction for this task appears possible, explaining why some predictions largely fail for certain targets. Finally, with these empirical observations we investigate whether individual prediction scores explain individual behavioral differences in a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lacosse
- Autonomous Learning Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Lohmann
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Martius
- Autonomous Learning Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Miletić S, Bazin PL, Weiskopf N, van der Zwaag W, Forstmann BU, Trampel R. fMRI protocol optimization for simultaneously studying small subcortical and cortical areas at 7 T. Neuroimage 2020; 219:116992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Caria A. Mesocorticolimbic Interactions Mediate fMRI-Guided Regulation of Self-Generated Affective States. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040223. [PMID: 32276411 PMCID: PMC7226604 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the generation and regulation of affective responses is associated with activity of large brain networks that also include phylogenetically older regions in the brainstem. Mesencephalic regions not only control autonomic responses but also participate in the modulation of autonomic, emotional, and motivational responses. The specific contribution of the midbrain to emotion regulation in humans remains elusive. Neuroimaging studies grounding on appraisal models of emotion emphasize a major role of prefrontal cortex in modulating emotion-related cortical and subcortical regions but usually neglect the contribution of the midbrain and other brainstem regions. Here, the role of mesolimbic and mesocortical networks in core affect generation and regulation was explored during emotion regulation guided by real-time fMRI feedback of the anterior insula activity. The fMRI and functional connectivity analysis revealed that the upper midbrain significantly contributes to emotion regulation in humans. Moreover, differential functional interactions between the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system and frontoparietal networks mediate up and down emotion regulatory processes. Finally, these findings further indicate the potential of real-time fMRI feedback approach in guiding core affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 33, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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12
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Stelzer J, Lacosse E, Bause J, Scheffler K, Lohmann G. Brainglance: Visualizing Group Level MRI Data at One Glance. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:972. [PMID: 31680793 PMCID: PMC6797611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are analyzed on the group level. Standard group-level analyses, however, come with severe drawbacks: First, they assume functional homogeneity within the group, building on the idea that we use our brains in similar ways. Second, group-level analyses require spatial warping and substantial smoothing to accommodate for anatomical variability across subjects. Such procedures massively distort the underlying fMRI data, which hampers the spatial specificity. Taken together, group statistics capture the effective overlap, rendering the modeling of individual deviations impossible – a major source of false positivity and negativity. The alternative analysis approach is to leave the data in the native subject space, but this makes comparison across individuals difficult. Here, we propose a new framework for visualizing group-level information, better preserving the information of individual subjects. Our proposal is to limit the use of invasive data procedures such as spatial smoothing and warping and rather extract regional information from the individuals. This information is then visualized for all subjects and brain areas at one glance – hence we term the method brainglance. Additionally, our method incorporates a means for clustering individuals to further identify common traits. We showcase our method on two publicly available data sets and discuss our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stelzer
- Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Lacosse
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Bause
- Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Lohmann
- Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Rutherford HJ, Xu J, Worhunsky PD, Zhang R, Yip SW, Morie KP, Calhoun VD, Kim S, Strathearn L, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Gradient theories of brain activation: A novel application to studying the parental brain. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2019; 6:119-125. [PMID: 32154064 PMCID: PMC7062306 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-019-00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parental brain research primarily employs general-linear-model-based (GLM-based) analyses to assess blood-oxygenation-level-dependent responses to infant auditory and visual cues, reporting common responses in shared cortical and subcortical structures. However, this approach does not reveal intermixed neural substrates related to different sensory modalities. We consider this notion in studying the parental brain. RECENT FINDINGS Spatial independent component analysis (sICA) has been used to separate mixed source signals from overlapping functional networks. We explore relative differences between GLM-based analysis and sICA as applied to an fMRI dataset acquired from women while they listened to infant cries or viewed infant sad faces. SUMMARY There is growing appreciation for the value of moving beyond GLM-based analyses to consider brain functional organization as continuous, distributive, and overlapping gradients of neural substrates related to different sensory modalities. Preliminary findings suggest sICA can be applied to the study of the parental brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J.V. Rutherford
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Patrick D. Worhunsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Rubin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Sarah W. Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Kristen P. Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
- Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, United States
| | - Sohye Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
- Center for Reproductive Psychiatry, Pavilion for Women, Texas Children’s Hospital
| | - Lane Strathearn
- Department of Pediatrics and Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- The Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, United States
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
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14
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Blazejewska AI, Fischl B, Wald LL, Polimeni JR. Intracortical smoothing of small-voxel fMRI data can provide increased detection power without spatial resolution losses compared to conventional large-voxel fMRI data. Neuroimage 2019; 189:601-614. [PMID: 30690157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued improvement in MRI acquisition technology has made functional MRI (fMRI) with small isotropic voxel sizes down to 1 mm and below more commonly available. Although many conventional fMRI studies seek to investigate regional patterns of cortical activation for which conventional voxel sizes of 3 mm and larger provide sufficient spatial resolution, smaller voxels can help avoid contamination from adjacent white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and thereby increase the specificity of fMRI to signal changes within the gray matter. Unfortunately, temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR), a metric of fMRI sensitivity, is reduced in high-resolution acquisitions, which offsets the benefits of small voxels. Here we introduce a framework that combines small, isotropic fMRI voxels acquired at 7 T field strength with a novel anatomically-informed, surface mesh-navigated spatial smoothing that can provide both higher detection power and higher resolution than conventional voxel sizes. Our smoothing approach uses a family of intracortical surface meshes and allows for kernels of various shapes and sizes, including curved 3D kernels that adapt to and track the cortical folding pattern. Our goal is to restrict smoothing to the cortical gray matter ribbon and avoid noise contamination from CSF and signal dilution from WM via partial volume effects. We found that the intracortical kernel that maximizes tSNR does not maximize percent signal change (ΔS/S), and therefore the kernel configuration that optimizes detection power cannot be determined from tSNR considerations alone. However, several kernel configurations provided a favorable balance between boosting tSNR and ΔS/S, and allowed a 1.1-mm isotropic fMRI acquisition to have higher performance after smoothing (in terms of both detection power and spatial resolution) compared to an unsmoothed 3.0-mm isotropic fMRI acquisition. Overall, the results of this study support the strategy of acquiring voxels smaller than the cortical thickness, even for studies not requiring high spatial resolution, and smoothing them down within the cortical ribbon with a kernel of an appropriate shape to achieve the best performance-thus decoupling the choice of fMRI voxel size from the spatial resolution requirements of the particular study. The improvement of this new intracortical smoothing approach over conventional surface-based smoothing is expected to be modest for conventional resolutions, however the improvement is expected to increase with higher resolutions. This framework can also be applied to anatomically-informed intracortical smoothing of higher-resolution data (e.g. along columns and layers) in studies with prior information about the spatial structure of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Blazejewska
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Polimeni
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Aquino KM, Sokoliuk R, Pakenham DO, Sanchez-Panchuelo RM, Hanslmayr S, Mayhew SD, Mullinger KJ, Francis ST. Addressing challenges of high spatial resolution UHF fMRI for group analysis of higher-order cognitive tasks: An inter-sensory task directing attention between visual and somatosensory domains. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1298-1316. [PMID: 30430706 PMCID: PMC6865556 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI at ultra‐high field (UHF, ≥7 T) provides significant increases in BOLD contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) compared with conventional field strength (3 T), and has been exploited for reduced field‐of‐view, high spatial resolution mapping of primary sensory areas. Applying these high spatial resolution methods to investigate whole brain functional responses to higher‐order cognitive tasks leads to a number of challenges, in particular how to perform robust group‐level statistical analyses. This study addresses these challenges using an inter‐sensory cognitive task which modulates top‐down attention at graded levels between the visual and somatosensory domains. At the individual level, highly focal functional activation to the task and task difficulty (modulated by attention levels) were detectable due to the high CNR at UHF. However, to assess group level effects, both anatomical and functional variability must be considered during analysis. We demonstrate the importance of surface over volume normalisation and the requirement of no spatial smoothing when assessing highly focal activity. Using novel group analysis on anatomically parcellated brain regions, we show that in higher cognitive areas (parietal and dorsal‐lateral‐prefrontal cortex) fMRI responses to graded attention levels were modulated quadratically, whilst in visual cortex and VIP, responses were modulated linearly. These group fMRI responses were not seen clearly using conventional second‐level GLM analyses, illustrating the limitations of a conventional approach when investigating such focal responses in higher cognitive regions which are more anatomically variable. The approaches demonstrated here complement other advanced analysis methods such as multivariate pattern analysis, allowing UHF to be fully exploited in cognitive neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Aquino
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rodika Sokoliuk
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisie O Pakenham
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Maria Sanchez-Panchuelo
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hanslmayr
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J Mullinger
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan T Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Keuken MC, van Maanen L, Boswijk M, Forstmann BU, Steyvers M. Large scale structure-function mappings of the human subcortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15854. [PMID: 30367080 PMCID: PMC6203787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently little is known about structure-function mappings in the human subcortex. Here we present a large-scale automated meta-analysis on the literature to understand the structure-function mapping in the human subcortex. The results provide converging evidence into unique large scale structure-function mappings of the human subcortex based on their functional and anatomical similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Keuken
- University of Amsterdam, Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Leiden, Cognitive Psychology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert van Maanen
- University of Amsterdam, Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychological Methods, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Boswijk
- University of Amsterdam, Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birte U Forstmann
- University of Amsterdam, Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark Steyvers
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
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17
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Lohmann G, Stelzer J, Lacosse E, Kumar VJ, Mueller K, Kuehn E, Grodd W, Scheffler K. LISA improves statistical analysis for fMRI. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4014. [PMID: 30275541 PMCID: PMC6167367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the principal goals in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the detection of local activation in the human brain. However, lack of statistical power and inflated false positive rates have recently been identified as major problems in this regard. Here, we propose a non-parametric and threshold-free framework called LISA to address this demand. It uses a non-linear filter for incorporating spatial context without sacrificing spatial precision. Multiple comparison correction is achieved by controlling the false discovery rate in the filtered maps. Compared to widely used other methods, it shows a boost in statistical power and allows to find small activation areas that have previously evaded detection. The spatial sensitivity of LISA makes it especially suitable for the analysis of high-resolution fMRI data acquired at ultrahigh field (≥7 Tesla).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lohmann
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Stelzer
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Lacosse
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Max-Planck-Ring 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vinod J Kumar
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Methods & Development Group Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esther Kuehn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 30120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1A, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Grodd
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Rizzolatti G, Fabbri-Destro M, Caruana F, Avanzini P. System neuroscience: Past, present, and future. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:685-693. [PMID: 29924477 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss first the anatomical and lesion studies that allowed the localization of fundamental functions in the cerebral cortex of primates including humans. Subsequently, we argue that the years from the end of the Second World War until the end of the last century represented the "golden age" of system neuroscience. In this period, the mechanisms-not only the localization-underlying sensory, and in particular visual functions were described, followed by those underlying cognitive functions and housed in temporal, parietal, and premotor areas. At the end of the last century, brain imaging techniques were developed that allowed the assessment of the functions of different cortical areas in a more precise and sophisticated way. However, brain imaging tells little about the neural mechanisms underlying functions. Furthermore, the brain imaging suffers from 3 major problems: time is absent, the data are merely correlative and the testing is often not ecological. We conclude our review discussing the possibility that these pitfalls might be overcome by using intracortical recordings (eg stereo-EEG), which have millisecond time resolution, allow direct electrical stimulation of specific sites, and finally enable to study patients while freely moving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Fausto Caruana
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
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19
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Somatosensory BOLD fMRI reveals close link between salient blood pressure changes and the murine neuromatrix. Neuroimage 2018; 172:562-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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20
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Frégnac Y. Big data and the industrialization of neuroscience: A safe roadmap for understanding the brain? Science 2018; 358:470-477. [PMID: 29074766 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New technologies in neuroscience generate reams of data at an exponentially increasing rate, spurring the design of very-large-scale data-mining initiatives. Several supranational ventures are contemplating the possibility of achieving, within the next decade(s), full simulation of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Frégnac
- Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité (UNIC-CNRS), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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21
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Seghier ML, Price CJ. Interpreting and Utilising Intersubject Variability in Brain Function. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:517-530. [PMID: 29609894 PMCID: PMC5962820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We consider between-subject variance in brain function as data rather than noise. We describe variability as a natural output of a noisy plastic system (the brain) where each subject embodies a particular parameterisation of that system. In this context, variability becomes an opportunity to: (i) better characterise typical versus atypical brain functions; (ii) reveal the different cognitive strategies and processing networks that can sustain similar tasks; and (iii) predict recovery capacity after brain damage by taking into account both damaged and spared processing pathways. This has many ramifications for understanding individual learning preferences and explaining the wide differences in human abilities and disabilities. Understanding variability boosts the translational potential of neuroimaging findings, in particular in clinical and educational neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Seghier
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Emirates College for Advanced Education, PO Box 126662, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Cathy J Price
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, London, UK.
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22
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Polimeni JR, Renvall V, Zaretskaya N, Fischl B. Analysis strategies for high-resolution UHF-fMRI data. Neuroimage 2018; 168:296-320. [PMID: 28461062 PMCID: PMC5664177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) benefits from both increased sensitivity and specificity with increasing magnetic field strength, making it a key application for Ultra-High Field (UHF) MRI scanners. Most UHF-fMRI studies utilize the dramatic increases in sensitivity and specificity to acquire high-resolution data reaching sub-millimeter scales, which enable new classes of experiments to probe the functional organization of the human brain. This review article surveys advanced data analysis strategies developed for high-resolution fMRI at UHF. These include strategies designed to mitigate distortion and artifacts associated with higher fields in ways that attempt to preserve spatial resolution of the fMRI data, as well as recently introduced analysis techniques that are enabled by these extremely high-resolution data. Particular focus is placed on anatomically-informed analyses, including cortical surface-based analysis, which are powerful techniques that can guide each step of the analysis from preprocessing to statistical analysis to interpretation and visualization. New intracortical analysis techniques for laminar and columnar fMRI are also reviewed and discussed. Prospects for single-subject individualized analyses are also presented and discussed. Altogether, there are both specific challenges and opportunities presented by UHF-fMRI, and the use of proper analysis strategies can help these valuable data reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Polimeni
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| | - Ville Renvall
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Natalia Zaretskaya
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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23
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Tillman RM, Stockbridge MD, Nacewicz BM, Torrisi S, Fox AS, Smith JF, Shackman AJ. Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1291-1312. [PMID: 29235190 PMCID: PMC5807241 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central extended amygdala (EAc)-including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce)-plays a critical role in triggering fear and anxiety and is implicated in the development of a range of debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Although it is widely believed that these disorders reflect the coordinated activity of distributed neural circuits, the functional architecture of the EAc network and the degree to which the BST and the Ce show distinct patterns of functional connectivity is unclear. Here, we used a novel combination of imaging approaches to trace the connectivity of the BST and the Ce in 130 healthy, racially diverse, community-dwelling adults. Multiband imaging, high-precision registration techniques, and spatially unsmoothed data maximized anatomical specificity. Using newly developed seed regions, whole-brain regression analyses revealed robust functional connectivity between the BST and Ce via the sublenticular extended amygdala, the ribbon of subcortical gray matter encompassing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway. Both regions displayed coupling with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), insula, and anterior hippocampus. The BST showed stronger connectivity with the thalamus, striatum, periaqueductal gray, and several prefrontal territories. The only regions showing stronger functional connectivity with the Ce were neighboring regions of the dorsal amygdala, amygdalohippocampal area, and anterior hippocampus. These observations provide a baseline against which to compare a range of special populations, inform our understanding of the role of the EAc in normal and pathological fear and anxiety, and showcase image registration techniques that are likely to be useful for researchers working with "deidentified" neuroimaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Brendon M. Nacewicz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Wisconsin—Madison, 6001 Research Park BoulevardMadisonWisconsin53719
| | - Salvatore Torrisi
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and AnxietyNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
- California National Primate Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616
| | - Jason F. Smith
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
| | - Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science ProgramUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
- Maryland Neuroimaging CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland20742
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24
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Bayati A, Berman T. Localized vs. Systematic Neurodegeneration: A Paradigm Shift in Understanding Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:62. [PMID: 28878634 PMCID: PMC5572257 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bayati
- Department of Neuroscience, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Taryn Berman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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25
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Bayati A. Commentary: Deficient approaches to human neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:372. [PMID: 28769777 PMCID: PMC5513906 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Bayati
- Department of Biology and Psychology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
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de Hollander G, Keuken MC, van der Zwaag W, Forstmann BU, Trampel R. Comparing functional MRI protocols for small, iron-rich basal ganglia nuclei such as the subthalamic nucleus at 7 T and 3 T. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3226-3248. [PMID: 28345164 PMCID: PMC6867009 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) form a network of subcortical nuclei. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the BG could provide insight in its functioning and the underlying mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). However, fMRI of the BG with high specificity is challenging, because the nuclei are small and variable in their anatomical location. High resolution fMRI at field strengths of 7 Tesla (T) could help resolve these challenges to some extent. A set of MR protocols was developed for functional imaging of the BG nuclei at 3 T and 7 T. The protocols were validated using a stop-signal reaction task (Logan et al. []: J Exp Psychol: Human Percept Perform 10:276-291). Compared with sub-millimeter 7 T fMRI protocols aimed at cortex, a reduction of echo time and spatial resolution was strictly necessary to obtain robust Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) sensitivity in the BG. An fMRI protocol at 3 T with identical resolution to the 7 T showed no robust BOLD sensitivity in any of the BG nuclei. The results suggest that the subthalamic nucleus, as well as the substantia nigra, red nucleus, and the internal and external parts of the globus pallidus show increased activation in failed stop trials compared with successful stop and go trials. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3226-3248, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles de Hollander
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain & Cognition CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Max C. Keuken
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain & Cognition CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Birte U. Forstmann
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Brain & Cognition CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PsychologyUniversiteit LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Trampel
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
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Ranzi P, Thiel CM, Herrmann CS. EEG Source Reconstruction in Male Nonsmokers after Nicotine Administration during the Resting State. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 73:191-200. [PMID: 27225622 DOI: 10.1159/000445481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern psychopharmacological research in humans focuses on how specific psychoactive molecules modulate oscillatory brain activity. We present state-of-the-art EEG methods applied in a resting-state drug study. Thirty healthy male nonsmokers were randomly allocated either to a nicotine group (14 subjects, 7 mg transdermal nicotine) or a placebo group (16 subjects). EEG activity was recorded in eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions before and after drug administration. A source reconstruction (minimum norm algorithm) analysis was conducted within a frequency range of 8.5-18.4 Hz subdivided into three different frequency bands. During EO, nicotine reduced the power of oscillatory activity in the 12.5- to 18.4-Hz frequency band in the left middle frontal gyrus. In contrast, in the EC condition, nicotine reduced the power in the 8.5- to 10.4-Hz frequency band in the superior frontal gyri and in the 10.5- to 12.4-Hz and 12.5- to 18.4-Hz frequency bands in the supplementary motor areas. In summary, nicotine reduced the power of the 12.5- to 18.4-Hz band in the left middle frontal gyrus during EO, and it reduced power from 8.5 to 18.4 Hz in a brain area spanning from the superior frontal gyri to the supplementary motor areas during EC. In conclusion, the results suggest that nicotine counteracts the phenomenon of anteriorization of α activity, hence potentially increasing the level of vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ranzi
- Experimental Psychology Group, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence x2018;Hearing4all', European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
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Di Bono MG, Priftis K, Umiltà C. Bridging the Gap between Brain Activity and Cognition: Beyond the Different Tales of fMRI Data Analysis. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 28197069 PMCID: PMC5281568 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Di Bono
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Umiltà
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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Turner R, De Haan D. Bridging the gap between system and cell: The role of ultra-high field MRI in human neuroscience. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 233:179-220. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shackman AJ, Tromp DPM, Stockbridge MD, Kaplan CM, Tillman RM, Fox AS. Dispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective. Psychol Bull 2016; 142:1275-1314. [PMID: 27732016 PMCID: PMC5118170 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dispositional negativity-the propensity to experience and express more frequent, intense, or enduring negative affect-is a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality. Elevated levels of dispositional negativity can have profound consequences for health, wealth, and happiness, drawing the attention of clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the psychological and neurobiological processes linking stable individual differences in dispositional negativity to momentary emotional states. Self-report data suggest that 3 key pathways-increased stressor reactivity, tonic increases in negative affect, and increased stressor exposure-explain most of the heightened negative affect that characterizes individuals with a more negative disposition. Of these 3 pathways, tonically elevated, indiscriminate negative affect appears to be most central to daily life and most relevant to the development of psychopathology. New behavioral and biological data provide insights into the neural systems underlying these 3 pathways and motivate the hypothesis that seemingly "tonic" increases in negative affect may actually reflect increased reactivity to stressors that are remote, uncertain, or diffuse. Research focused on humans, monkeys, and rodents suggests that this indiscriminate negative affect reflects trait-like variation in the activity and connectivity of several key brain regions, including the central extended amygdala and parts of the prefrontal cortex. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative psychobiological framework for understanding the dynamic cascade of processes that bind emotional traits to emotional states and, ultimately, to emotional disorders and other kinds of adverse outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Do P. M. Tromp
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Claire M. Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Rachael M. Tillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Andrew S. Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Techniques for blood volume fMRI with VASO: From low-resolution mapping towards sub-millimeter layer-dependent applications. Neuroimage 2016; 164:131-143. [PMID: 27867088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative cerebral blood volume (CBV) fMRI has the potential to overcome several specific limitations of BOLD fMRI. It provides direct physiological interpretability and promises superior localization specificity in applications of sub-millimeter resolution fMRI applications at ultra-high magnetic fields (7T and higher). Non-invasive CBV fMRI using VASO (vascular space occupancy), however, is inherently limited with respect to its data acquisition efficiency, restricting its imaging coverage and achievable spatial and temporal resolution. This limitation may be reduced with recent advanced acceleration and reconstruction strategies that allow two-dimensional acceleration, such as in simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) 2D-EPI or 3D-EPI in combination with CAIPIRINHA field-of-view shifting. In this study, we sought to determine the functional sensitivity and specificity of these readout strategies with VASO over a broad range of spatial resolutions; spanning from low spatial resolution (3mm) whole-cortex to sub-millimeter (0.75mm) slab-of-cortex (for cortical layer-dependent applications). In the thermal-noise-dominated regime of sub-millimeter resolutions, 3D-EPI-VASO provides higher temporal stability and sensitivity to detect changes in CBV compared to 2D-EPI-VASO. In this regime, 3D-EPI-VASO unveils task activation located in the cortical laminae with little contamination from surface veins, in contrast to the cortical surface weighting of GE-BOLD fMRI. In the physiological-noise-dominated regime of lower resolutions, however, 2D-SMS-VASO shows superior performance compared to 3D-EPI-VASO. Due to its superior sensitivity at a layer-dependent level, 3D-EPI VASO promises to play an important role in future neuroscientific applications of layer-dependent fMRI.
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Ponsoda V, Martínez K, Pineda-Pardo JA, Abad FJ, Olea J, Román FJ, Barbey AK, Colom R. Structural brain connectivity and cognitive ability differences: A multivariate distance matrix regression analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:803-816. [PMID: 27726264 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging research involves analyses of huge amounts of biological data that might or might not be related with cognition. This relationship is usually approached using univariate methods, and, therefore, correction methods are mandatory for reducing false positives. Nevertheless, the probability of false negatives is also increased. Multivariate frameworks have been proposed for helping to alleviate this balance. Here we apply multivariate distance matrix regression for the simultaneous analysis of biological and cognitive data, namely, structural connections among 82 brain regions and several latent factors estimating cognitive performance. We tested whether cognitive differences predict distances among individuals regarding their connectivity pattern. Beginning with 3,321 connections among regions, the 36 edges better predicted by the individuals' cognitive scores were selected. Cognitive scores were related to connectivity distances in both the full (3,321) and reduced (36) connectivity patterns. The selected edges connect regions distributed across the entire brain and the network defined by these edges supports high-order cognitive processes such as (a) (fluid) executive control, (b) (crystallized) recognition, learning, and language processing, and (c) visuospatial processing. This multivariate study suggests that one widespread, but limited number, of regions in the human brain, supports high-level cognitive ability differences. Hum Brain Mapp 38:803-816, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ponsoda
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Madrid, Spain) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM) (Madrid, Spain) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (Madrid, Spain) and Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Pineda-Pardo
- CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias AC), HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid (Móstoles, Madrid, Spain) and CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Abad
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Olea
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Román
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Roberto Colom
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Turner R. Uses, misuses, new uses and fundamental limitations of magnetic resonance imaging in cognitive science. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150349. [PMID: 27574303 PMCID: PMC5003851 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was discovered in the early 1990s, it provoked an explosion of interest in exploring human cognition, using brain mapping techniques based on MRI. Standards for data acquisition and analysis were rapidly put in place, in order to assist comparison of results across laboratories. Recently, MRI data acquisition capabilities have improved dramatically, inviting a rethink of strategies for relating functional brain activity at the systems level with its neuronal substrates and functional connections. This paper reviews the established capabilities of BOLD contrast fMRI, the perceived weaknesses of major methods of analysis, and current results that may provide insights into improved brain modelling. These results have inspired the use of in vivo myeloarchitecture for localizing brain activity, individual subject analysis without spatial smoothing and mapping of changes in cerebral blood volume instead of BOLD activation changes. The apparent fundamental limitations of all methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance are also discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turner
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstraße 1A, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Task-Related Edge Density (TED)-A New Method for Revealing Dynamic Network Formation in fMRI Data of the Human Brain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158185. [PMID: 27341204 PMCID: PMC4920409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of transient networks in response to external stimuli or as a reflection of internal cognitive processes is a hallmark of human brain function. However, its identification in fMRI data of the human brain is notoriously difficult. Here we propose a new method of fMRI data analysis that tackles this problem by considering large-scale, task-related synchronisation networks. Networks consist of nodes and edges connecting them, where nodes correspond to voxels in fMRI data, and the weight of an edge is determined via task-related changes in dynamic synchronisation between their respective times series. Based on these definitions, we developed a new data analysis algorithm that identifies edges that show differing levels of synchrony between two distinct task conditions and that occur in dense packs with similar characteristics. Hence, we call this approach "Task-related Edge Density" (TED). TED proved to be a very strong marker for dynamic network formation that easily lends itself to statistical analysis using large scale statistical inference. A major advantage of TED compared to other methods is that it does not depend on any specific hemodynamic response model, and it also does not require a presegmentation of the data for dimensionality reduction as it can handle large networks consisting of tens of thousands of voxels. We applied TED to fMRI data of a fingertapping and an emotion processing task provided by the Human Connectome Project. TED revealed network-based involvement of a large number of brain areas that evaded detection using traditional GLM-based analysis. We show that our proposed method provides an entirely new window into the immense complexity of human brain function.
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Automatic cortical surface reconstruction of high-resolution T1 echo planar imaging data. Neuroimage 2016; 134:338-354. [PMID: 27079529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo planar imaging (EPI) is the method of choice for the majority of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), yet EPI is prone to geometric distortions and thus misaligns with conventional anatomical reference data. The poor geometric correspondence between functional and anatomical data can lead to severe misplacements and corruption of detected activation patterns. However, recent advances in imaging technology have provided EPI data with increasing quality and resolution. Here we present a framework for deriving cortical surface reconstructions directly from high-resolution EPI-based reference images that provide anatomical models exactly geometric distortion-matched to the functional data. Anatomical EPI data with 1mm isotropic voxel size were acquired using a fast multiple inversion recovery time EPI sequence (MI-EPI) at 7T, from which quantitative T1 maps were calculated. Using these T1 maps, volumetric data mimicking the tissue contrast of standard anatomical data were synthesized using the Bloch equations, and these T1-weighted data were automatically processed using FreeSurfer. The spatial alignment between T2(⁎)-weighted EPI data and the synthetic T1-weighted anatomical MI-EPI-based images was improved compared to the conventional anatomical reference. In particular, the alignment near the regions vulnerable to distortion due to magnetic susceptibility differences was improved, and sampling of the adjacent tissue classes outside of the cortex was reduced when using cortical surface reconstructions derived directly from the MI-EPI reference. The MI-EPI method therefore produces high-quality anatomical data that can be automatically segmented with standard software, providing cortical surface reconstructions that are geometrically matched to the BOLD fMRI data.
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Huber L, Ivanov D, Guidi M, Turner R, Uludağ K, Möller HE, Poser BA. Functional cerebral blood volume mapping with simultaneous multi-slice acquisition. Neuroimage 2016; 125:1159-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Di Bono MG, Begliomini C, Castiello U, Zorzi M. Probing the reaching-grasping network in humans through multivoxel pattern decoding. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00412. [PMID: 26664793 PMCID: PMC4666323 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quest for a putative human homolog of the reaching-grasping network identified in monkeys has been the focus of many neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in recent years. These studies have shown that the network underlying reaching-only and reach-to-grasp movements includes the superior parieto-occipital cortex (SPOC), the anterior part of the human intraparietal sulcus (hAIP), the ventral and the dorsal portion of the premotor cortex, and the primary motor cortex (M1). Recent evidence for a wider frontoparietal network coding for different aspects of reaching-only and reach-to-grasp actions calls for a more fine-grained assessment of the reaching-grasping network in humans by exploiting pattern decoding methods (multivoxel pattern analysis--MVPA). METHODS Here, we used MPVA on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to assess whether regions of the frontoparietal network discriminate between reaching-only and reach-to-grasp actions, natural and constrained grasping, different grasp types, and object sizes. Participants were required to perform either reaching-only movements or two reach-to-grasp types (precision or whole hand grasp) upon spherical objects of different sizes. RESULTS Multivoxel pattern analysis highlighted that, independently from the object size, all the selected regions of both hemispheres contribute in coding for grasp type, with the exception of SPOC and the right hAIP. Consistent with recent neurophysiological findings on monkeys, there was no evidence for a clear-cut distinction between a dorsomedial and a dorsolateral pathway that would be specialized for reaching-only and reach-to-grasp actions, respectively. Nevertheless, the comparison of decoding accuracy across brain areas highlighted their different contributions to reaching-only and grasping actions. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings enrich the current knowledge regarding the functional role of key brain areas involved in the cortical control of reaching-only and reach-to-grasp actions in humans, by revealing novel fine-grained distinctions among action types within a wide frontoparietal network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Begliomini
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Umberto Castiello
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center University of Padova Padova Italy ; Centro Interdisciplinare Beniamino Segre Accademia dei Lincei Roma Italy
| | - Marco Zorzi
- Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy ; Cognitive Neuroscience Center University of Padova Padova Italy ; IRCCS San Camillo Hospital Venice-Lido Italy
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Abstract
This programmatic theory paper sketches a conceptual framework that might inspire work in critical Medical Humanities. For this purpose, Kaushik Sunder Rajan's account of biocapital is revisited and discussed in relation to the perspective of a critical neuroscience. Critical neuroscience is an encompassing positioning towards the recent public prominence of the brain and brain-related practices, tools and discourses. The proposed analytical scheme has five focal nodes: capital, life, technoscience, (neoliberal) politics and subjectivity. A special emphasis will be placed on contemporary framings of subjectivity, as it is here where deep-reaching entanglements of personhood with scientific practice and discourse, medical and informational technologies, and economic formations are most evident. Notably, the emerging subject position of the 'prospective health consumer' will be discussed as it figures prominently in the terrain between neuroscience and other medico-scientific disciplines.
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de Hollander G, Keuken MC, Forstmann BU. The subcortical cocktail problem; mixed signals from the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120572. [PMID: 25793883 PMCID: PMC4368736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus and the directly adjacent substantia nigra are small and important structures in the basal ganglia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra are selectively involved in response inhibition, conflict processing, and adjusting global and selective response thresholds. However, imaging these nuclei is complex, because they are in such close proximity, they can vary in location, and are very small relative to the resolution of most fMRI sequences. Here, we investigated the consistency in localization of these nuclei in BOLD fMRI studies, comparing reported coordinates with probabilistic atlas maps of young human participants derived from ultra-high resolution 7T MRI scanning. We show that the fMRI signal reported in previous studies is likely not unequivocally arising from the subthalamic nucleus but represents a mixture of subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and surrounding tissue. Using a simulation study, we also tested to what extent spatial smoothing, often used in fMRI preprocessing pipelines, influences the mixture of BOLD signals. We propose concrete steps how to analyze fMRI BOLD data to allow inferences about the functional role of small subcortical nuclei like the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles de Hollander
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Max C. Keuken
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birte U. Forstmann
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Varnet L, Knoblauch K, Serniclaes W, Meunier F, Hoen M. A psychophysical imaging method evidencing auditory cue extraction during speech perception: a group analysis of auditory classification images. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118009. [PMID: 25781470 PMCID: PMC4364617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a large consensus regarding the involvement of specific acoustic cues in speech perception, the precise mechanisms underlying the transformation from continuous acoustical properties into discrete perceptual units remains undetermined. This gap in knowledge is partially due to the lack of a turnkey solution for isolating critical speech cues from natural stimuli. In this paper, we describe a psychoacoustic imaging method known as the Auditory Classification Image technique that allows experimenters to estimate the relative importance of time-frequency regions in categorizing natural speech utterances in noise. Importantly, this technique enables the testing of hypotheses on the listening strategies of participants at the group level. We exemplify this approach by identifying the acoustic cues involved in da/ga categorization with two phonetic contexts, Al- or Ar-. The application of Auditory Classification Images to our group of 16 participants revealed significant critical regions on the second and third formant onsets, as predicted by the literature, as well as an unexpected temporal cue on the first formant. Finally, through a cluster-based nonparametric test, we demonstrate that this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect fine modifications of the classification strategies between different utterances of the same phoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Varnet
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Auditory Language Processing (ALP) research group, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire sur le Langage le Cerveau et la Cognition, CNRS UMR 5304, Auditory Language Processing (ALP) research group, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U 846, Integrative Neuroscience Department, Bron, France
| | - Willy Serniclaes
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, UNESCOG, CP191, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Fanny Meunier
- Laboratoire sur le Langage le Cerveau et la Cognition, CNRS UMR 5304, Auditory Language Processing (ALP) research group, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Hoen
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292, Auditory Language Processing (ALP) research group, Lyon, France
- INSERM U1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Brain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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