Can Tai Chi and Qigong Postures Shape Our Mood? Toward an Embodied Cognition Framework for Mind-Body Research

The effects of traditional Chinese exercises on anxiety and depression in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Objective

To systematically evaluate the comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese exercises (TCEs) and other interventions for managing anxiety and depression in adults using a network meta-analysis approach.

Design

Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Methods

Literature search was conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to December 31, 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving TCEs for adults with anxiety or depression were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the ROB2 tool. Bayesian network meta-analyses were performed to compare the effectiveness of interventions. The surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) was used to rank the interventions.

Data sources

Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

RCTs involving adults aged 18 years and older, intervention groups engaging in TCEs, comparator groups with no intervention, routine treatment, or distinct interventions, reported outcomes related to anxiety or depression assessed using validated tools, and studies published in English or Chinese.

Results

A total of 82 RCTs were included, with 4,501 participants. For anxiety, Liu Zi Jue (SUCRA = 99.5%), Tai Chi (SUCRA = 87.6%), and CBT (SUCRA = 75.3%) were the most effective interventions. For depression, Tai Chi (SUCRA = 95.5%), Yijinjing (SUCRA = 89.2%), and CBT (SUCRA = 83.6%) ranked as the most effective. TCEs demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to well-established interventions like CBT. The study also found that TCEs have high adherence rates, low costs, and the potential for large-scale promotion and value.

Conclusion

This systematic review and network meta-analysis provides evidence for the efficacy of TCEs, particularly Tai Chi, Liu Zi Jue, and Yijinjing, in managing anxiety and depression in adults. Despite limitations such as heterogeneity in intervention protocols and study populations, the findings suggest that these exercises offer therapeutic benefits and may serve as accessible, cost-effective, and culturally-relevant treatment options. Further research is needed to establish optimal dosages, assess long-term effects, and evaluate generalizability across diverse contexts.

Systematic review registration

CRD42025637146.

The Science of Tai Chi and Qigong and Whole Person Health Part I: Rationale and State of the Science

The emerging paradigm of whole person health shares many core principles with traditional complementary and integrative health frameworks, including Tai Chi and qigong (TCQ). In the Fall of 2023, the Harvard Medical School Osher Center for Integrative Health hosted the inaugural international conference on The Science of Tai Chi for Whole Person Health: Advancing the Integration of Mind-Body Practices into Contemporary Health Care held at Harvard Medical School. A two-part white paper was written to summarize key conference topics, findings, and issues. Part I presented here summarizes the rationale for the conference and synthesizes the state of evidence for TCQ as rehabilitative and preventive tools for a range of clinical conditions, including falls and balance, cognition, mental health, sleep, cardiorespiratory health, musculoskeletal health, cancer, as well as translational evidence related to the neurophysiology, brain and immune function, and biomarkers of inflammation. The state of science of TCQ, viewed through the lens of traditional East Asian health constructs, is also discussed. Part II of this white paper outlines evidence gaps and opportunities and discusses strategies to address challenges in TCQ research, dissemination, and implementation.

The effects of an acute Tai Chi on emotional memory and prefrontal cortex activation: a fNIRS study

Objective

Acute exercise has the potential to influence emotional memory and cortical hemodynamics, but the specific effects depend on the type of exercise. This study aimed to determine whether acute Tai Chi practice enhances emotional memory and prefrontal cortex activation compared to cycling and a control condition.

Methods

Using a within-subjects crossover design, 36 healthy university students completed three interventions: Tai Chi, cycling, and a resting control condition. Emotional memory performance was assessed before and after each intervention, and cortical hemodynamics were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The correlation between oxyhemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration in the prefrontal cortex and emotional memory accuracy was analyzed.

Results

Compared to cycling and the control group, the Tai Chi intervention showed: (1) a significantly higher accuracy of positive emotional memory; (2) a greater increase in Oxy-Hb concentration in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) during positive emotional memory tasks; (3) a stronger positive correlation between Oxy-Hb concentration in the L-DLPFC and emotional memory accuracy. In contrast, cycling improved positive emotional memory accuracy to a lesser extent, while the control group showed no significant changes.

Conclusion

Tai Chi, compared to cycling and rest, significantly enhanced positive emotional memory and L-DLPFC activation. These findings highlight the unique potential of Tai Chi to improve emotional memory through increased cortical activation, suggesting its effectiveness as a cognitive-emotional intervention.

Effects of Tai Chi and Qigong on physical function and psychiatric symptoms among individuals with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Tai Chi and Qigong (TCQ) can be a non-pharmacological intervention for individuals with mental illness, improving physical function and mental health.

PURPOSE

This meta-analysis investigated the effects of TCQ on physical function and psychiatric symptoms in adults with schizophrenia or mood disorders.

METHODS

Randomized clinical trials on the effect of TCQ on physical function or psychiatric symptoms in individuals with mental illness, published in English, Korean, or Chinese, were included. A systematic search of 17 electronic databases up to September 2024 was conducted. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0. Data were analyzed through meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression.

RESULTS

Nineteen randomized studies (n = 1243, mean age 53 years) reported outcomes on physical function (k = 11) and psychiatric symptoms (k = 18). The risk of bias assessment showed that 21.1% of studies had a low risk, 73.7% had some concerns, and 5.3% had a high risk. TCQ significantly improved physical function (Hedges' g = 0.53, 95% CI, 0.26-0.81) and psychiatric symptoms (Hedges' g = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.41-0.85) in individuals with serious mental illness (SMI), regardless of intervention duration and comparison type. TCQ showed no significant effect on physical function in individuals with schizophrenia but demonstrated a significant moderate effect in those with mood disorders (Hedges' g = 0.56, 95% CI, 0.32-0.80). TCQ significantly improved psychiatric symptoms in both groups (schizophrenia: Hedges' g = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.26-1.02; mood disorders: Hedges' g = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.33-0.96). Meta-regression indicated that the effects of TCQ on physical function covaries with those on psychiatric symptoms among individuals with SMI (Q = 21.43, df = 9, P = .011).

CONCLUSIONS

TCQ effectively enhances physical function and psychiatric symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia or mood disorders. These findings support TCQ as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for individuals with SMI. Further studies should explore the underlying mechanisms by which TCQ improves psychiatric symptoms through physical function, leading to the development of targeted intervention strategies in this population.*PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews, registration ID CRD42024581253.

Central mechanisms of muscle tone regulation: implications for pain and performance

Muscle tone represents a foundational property of the motor system with the potential to impact musculoskeletal pain and motor performance. Muscle tone is involuntary, dynamically adaptive, interconnected across the body, sensitive to postural demands, and distinct from voluntary control. Research has historically focused on pathological tone, peripheral regulation, and contributions from passive tissues, without consideration of the neural regulation of active tone and its consequences, particularly for neurologically healthy individuals. Indeed, simplistic models based on the stretch reflex, which neglect the central regulation of tone, are still perpetuated today. Recent advances regarding tone are dispersed across different literatures, including animal physiology, pain science, motor control, neurology, and child development. This paper brings together diverse areas of research to construct a conceptual model of the neuroscience underlying active muscle tone. It highlights how multiple tonic drive networks tune the excitability of complex spinal feedback circuits in concert with various sources of sensory feedback and in relation to postural demands, gravity, and arousal levels. The paper also reveals how tonic muscle activity and excitability are disrupted in people with musculoskeletal pain and how tone disorders can lead to marked pain and motor impairment. The paper presents evidence that integrative somatic methods address the central regulation of tone and discusses potential mechanisms and implications for tone rehabilitation to improve pain and performance.

Embodied cognition driven Qigong: a cross-sectional study and a pilot randomized controlled trial on managing depression and preventing relapse in substance dependence

Objective

Substance use disorders (SUDs) pose a significant challenge to public health systems worldwide, with persistent high relapse rates underscoring the urgency for innovative intervention strategies. This study embarked on a systematic exploration of the factors influencing relapse among individuals with SUDs, alongside the implementation of targeted Health Qigong intervention to mitigate these effects based on the embodied cognition.

Methods

In the cross-sectional survey, a total of 398 male substance users were recruited to complete the questionnaires assessing depression, self-esteem, resilience, and relapse inclination. Subsequently, 60 participants diagnosed with depression were selected for a Pilot RCT, randomly divided into an intervention group, which underwent a 12-week Health Qigong program designed to combat depression through embodied cognition principles, and a control group, which maintained their daily routines.

Results

Structural equation modeling demonstrated that depression not only had a direct effect on substance users' relapse, but also exerted an indirect effect through three paths: firstly, via the mediating role of self-esteem; secondly, via the mediating role of resilience; and thirdly, via the chain-mediated role of self-esteem and resilience. Two-factor mixed-design ANOVA showed that the 12-week targeted Health Qigong training not only mitigated depression in individuals with SUDs, but also enhanced self-esteem and mental resilience, and reducing the propensity for relapse.

Conclusion

This research identifies critical factors influencing relapse in individuals with SUDs and introduces a novel, non-pharmacological intervention that significantly diminishes relapse rates and enhances recovery outcomes. It highlights the importance of physical activity in promoting mental health improvement and integrates traditional Chinese exercises with contemporary psychological insights, offering a comprehensive approach to drug rehabilitation and the integration of cultural practices in holistic health interventions.

A Content Analysis of African Americans' Experience of Engaging in Qigong Exercise Intervention in a Community Setting

Introduction: Although an increasing number of African Americans 50 years of age and older practice qigong, a mind-body exercise, to manage their health conditions, little is known about their perceptions and experiences of engaging in and learning qigong exercise. This study aimed to explore the subjective perceptions of the health benefits, engagement, adherence, and learning of qigong exercise in African Americans 45-85 years of age as a foundation for promoting this approach for African Americans' physical and psychological health. Methods: Fifteen African Americans were enrolled in a 1-h qigong exercise program twice a week for 8 weeks (a total of 16 sessions) in the activity center of a local church. Participants were interviewed after the intervention to explore their perceptions of learning and practicing qigong exercise. Interviews were conducted in person, audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Five themes emerged: (1) Perceived benefits of practicing qigong, (2) helpful strategies for qigong learning, (3) facilitators for home qigong practice, (4) motivators for qigong exercise adherence, and (5) recommending qigong to others. qigong exercise was perceived to be effective for balance, flexibility, muscle strength, sleep quality, emotion regulation, and stress management. Nearly 75% of participants reported home qigong practice at least twice a week. Conclusions: Middle-age and older African Americans' responses provide insights on health benefits associated with practicing qigong exercise, adherence, home practice, and learning, which may serve as the first step to promoting the use of qigong exercise in this population and may be adopted to similar exercise interventions with minority older adults in the future.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on depression, PTSD, and mindfulness among military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Thirteen studies were included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis with 1131 participants. Both within- and between-group comparisons demonstrated reductions in depressive and PTSD symptoms with medium effect sizes post MBSR intervention. Additionally, MBSR demonstrated small effects in improving mindfulness in veterans at post-intervention. Maintenance of treatment effects were observed at follow-up for the three outcomes during within-group comparisons. Treatment effects were maintained at follow-up between-groups for depression and mindfulness, but not for PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between MBSR and cognitive behavioural therapy/person-centred group therapy intervention groups in the three outcomes.

The use of Qigong and Tai Chi in the management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction: A systematic review

Background and Aims

Qigong and Tai Chi (QTC) are mind-body exercises involving a sequence of graceful movements, which promote self-healing, meditation, and self-cultivation. There is growing evidence that Qigong and/or Tai Chi therapy may improve the physical and psychological health among adults with multiple health conditions including joint movement. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the type and effectiveness of QTC therapies used in the management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.

Methods

This systematic review followed the AMSTAR-2 guideline, and it was reported based on guidelines in the PRISMA checklist. The review involved a systematic search of nine electronic databases. After deduplication and screening of the literature retrieved from the search, only one article was included based on the review's inclusion criteria. Data was extracted from this article and synthesized.

Results

The only included article was on a non-randomized control trial which investigated the role of Tai Chi Qigong (a form of Qigong) therapy in improving joint mobility and alleviating trismus among 52 survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma who had TMJ disorders. The study reported, at different time intervals (at pretest; at mid-intervention; at posttest; and at follow-up posttest), that no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed concerning mouth opening capacity between the intervention group and the control group. However, over time, less severe deterioration in mouth-opening was noted among the participants in the intervention group (p = 0.181) as compared to the control group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The role of QTC therapies in improving joint mobility and alleviating trismus is not yet fully understood, but it seems promising. The available evidence is inadequate to categorically conclude on the efficacy of these therapies. Further studies will be required to fully assess the effectiveness of QTC therapies in the management of TMJ dysfunction.

Investigating Inter- and Intra-individual Differences in Tai Chi Practice Time, Pain, and Mood Among Participants with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Tai Chi is emerging as a promising treatment for a variety of pain conditions, including chronic nonspecific neck pain. Given this trend, it is important to better understand the dose-response relationship and how pain, anxiety, and depression impact this relationship. Method: This secondary analysis used data from the Tai Chi arm (age = 52.03 ± 10.92 years; 73.68% female; n = 38) of a randomized controlled trial for chronic nonspecific neck pain. The authors tested whether (1) greater home practice time or cumulative practice time during the intervention predicted greater post-treatment reductions in neck pain intensity and (2) reporting greater neck pain intensity during the current week relative to other weeks was associated with lower home practice time during the current week. Post hoc analyses were conducted to evaluate whether baseline anxiety and depression levels moderated the association between weekly pain intensity and weekly home practice time. Results: While cumulative Tai Chi practice time (i.e., home practice + class time) was associated with post-treatment reductions in neck pain intensity, home practice time alone was not associated with post-treatment reductions in neck pain. Participants with low and moderate baseline anxiety were found to practice less than usual on weeks when pain intensity was worse, while participants with high baseline anxiety were found to practice more than usual on weeks when pain intensity was worse. Baseline depression levels did not moderate the effect of weekly pain intensity on weekly home practice time. Conclusions: Combined class and at-home exposure to Tai Chi appears to be critical to reductions in chronic nonspecific neck pain. In addition, anxiety may be an important characteristic that partially governs the dose-response relationship in participants with chronic nonspecific neck pain. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02222051.

Using remotely delivered Spring Forest Qigong™ to reduce neuropathic pain in adults with spinal cord injury: A non-randomized controlled trial

Importance

The manuscript proposes the feasibility and potential of a remote Qigong intervention to reduce neuropathic pain in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI)-related neuropathic pain.

Objective

We determined the feasibility and estimates of efficacy of a remotely delivered Qigong intervention in adults with SCI-related neuropathic pain.

Design

This is a non-randomized controlled trial with outcomes assessed at baseline-, 6- and 12-weeks of Qigong practice, and at 6-weeks and 1-year follow-up.

Setting

Completely remote clinical trial.

Participants

Adults with SCI-related neuropathic pain, with SCI ≥3 months, with complete or incomplete SCI, and highest neuropathic pain level of >3 on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). We used nationwide volunteer sampling.We recruited 23 adults with chronic SCI (7/2021-2/2022). Eighteen participants started the study and completed all study components, including the 6-week follow-up. Twelve participants completed the 1-year follow-up assessment.

Intervention

Participants practiced the Spring Forest Qigong™ "Five Element Healing Movements" with an online video by combining movement with kinesthetic imagery, at least 3x/week for 12 weeks.

Main Outcomes and Measures

To address the feasibility outcome and track adherence, the website automatically monitored the days and duration that the Qigong video was played. Self-report neuropathic pain intensity and SCI-related symptoms such as spasms, functional performance, mood, and body appreciation were also collected.

Results

Eighteen participants, 60±12 years of age, 15±11 years post-SCI had a highest baseline neuropathic pain of 7.94±2.33 on the NPRS, which was reduced to 4.17±3.07 after 12 weeks of Qigong practice (Cohen's d =1.75). This pain relief remained at 6-week and 1-year follow-ups. Participants reported reduced spasm frequency (change score 1.17±1.20, d =0.98) and severity (0.72±1.02, d =0.71), and reduced interference of neuropathic pain on mood (3.44±2.53, d =1.36), sleep (3.39±2.40, d =1.41), and daily activities (3.17±2.77, d =1.14). They had a greater ability to perform functional activities (Patient Specific Functional Scale, 6.68±3.07, d =2.18) and had improved mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, 2.33±3.31, d =0.70).

Conclusions and Relevance

Our preliminary data demonstrate the feasibility of Qigong practice in adults with SCI-related neuropathic pain and promising results of neuropathic pain relief and improvement in SCI-related symptoms after Qigong practice.

Trial Registration this manuscript refers to the quasi-experimental substudy

CREATION: A Clinical Trial of Qigong for Neuropathic Pain Relief in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury, NCT04917107 , https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04917107 .

The Value of Mind-Body Connection in Physical Activity for Older People

Exercise that targets balance and strength is proven to prevent falls in older age. The Successful AGEing yoga trial is the first large randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of yoga on falls in people aged ≥60 years. We conducted a realist process evaluation to explain the strong participant engagement observed using interviews (21 participants and three yoga instructors) and focus groups (12 participants and four yoga instructors). Results showed that relaxation, breathing, and yoga's mind-body connection created a satisfying internal focus on bodily sensation which was valued by participants. The mechanisms of mindfulness and embodiment appeared to facilitate this. Mindfulness and embodiment are also linked to, and enhance engagement with, other forms of physical activity. By focusing creatively on these mechanisms, we can develop a range of programs that target improvements in physical and mental health (including reducing falls and fear of falls) and appeal to older people.

A Tai Chi Class Collaboratively Developed for Persons With Interstitial and Other Lung Diseases: An Ethnographic Investigation

Background

Participating in physical activity (PA) can be challenging for persons with chronic and significant lung disease due to the multifaceted disruptive effects of their symptoms and variable disease course.

Objectives

Our study investigates a novel approach to increasing PA by collaboratively and adaptively developing a Tai Chi (TC) class for and by persons with lung diseases and explores participants' perceptions of their experiences in the co-developed TC class.

Methods

We initiated a collaboration between the Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) Collaborative and the Tai Chi Foundation to develop a TC class appropriate for persons with ILD and other lung diseases. The TC class was offered online, during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, when pulmonary patients were isolated socially. TC class sessions were held twice weekly for 12 weeks with 12 participants. Ethnographic field methods were used to collect observations and conduct interviews with teachers and students. The Social Ecological Model (SEM) for understanding factors in intrapersonal, interpersonal, social, and organizational contexts was used to explore ways in which wellness practices, particularly those involving changes in health behaviors, can be collaboratively conceived, and developed by persons with the lived experience of illness and community organizations that are sensitive to their personal and social contexts. The constant comparative method was used for data analysis.

Results

Our findings include the importance of (1) creating a supportive class environment, characterized by interactive and reciprocal relationships among students and teachers; (2) alternating segments of movement and meditation to avoid fatigue and breathlessness; (3) cultivating sensory awareness and body trust, resting when needed and rejoining the movements when ready; (4) increasing the capacity to meditate through deepening presence and renewing the vital connection with inner and outer sources of energy; (5) reducing, through meditative movement, the persistent anxiety, isolation, and sense of loss that accompany chronic disease diagnosis and progression.

Conclusion

We documented a collaboration between the TC and pulmonary communities to design a TC class for persons with chronic and significant lung disease. We employed the SEM to provide insights into how teachers, informed by their students, can use effective pedagogical skills to create core curricula with modifications appropriate for a specific population.

The effects of an integrated mindfulness-based tai chi chuan programme on sleep disturbance among community-dwelling elderly people: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background

Many elderly individuals who experience sleep disturbances would consider complementary and alternative medicine as an alternative therapeutic option in light of the limitations of traditional treatments. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) are two alternative forms of complementary and alternative medicine. They both share the common feature of a focus on breathing but represent distinct approaches with different mechanisms and philosophical orientations. The trial described in this protocol aims to evaluate the effects of an integrated form of mindfulness-based Tai Chi Chuan (MBTCC) programme and the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects over a 12-month follow-up.

Methods

The planned study is a four-armed randomized controlled trial with repeated measures. A total of 256 community-dwelling older adults with sleep problems will be recruited and randomized into four groups: (1) an MBTCC group, (2) an MBI group, (3) a TCC group, and (4) a sleep hygiene education (SHE) control group. The outcome measures in terms of insomnia severity, interoception, sleep-wake pattern, health status, rumination, and hyperarousal level will be collected at four time points: at baseline (T1), after the 8-week intervention (T2), 6 months after the intervention (T3), and 1 year after the intervention (T4). In addition, qualitative evaluation through focus group interviews will be conducted at the end of the 12-month assessment period (T4).

Discussion

This trial will illuminate the synergetic effect of combining both MBIs and TCC on optimizing improvements in sleep disturbance. The findings from this study can provide empirical support for this integrated treatment, which provides an alternative for healthcare professionals in elderly service to select appropriate practices to treat elderly people with sleep disturbance. It can further help to lessen the growing public health burden of sleep disturbances among the elderly living in the community.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05396092. Published on 24 May 2022

Quality of Life Outcomes With Creative Arts Therapy in Children With Cancer

Introduction: Children with cancer experience distress and decreased quality of life (QOL). Creative arts therapy (CAT) is a therapeutic modality which may improve QOL. This study examined the relationship between CAT and QOL in children and adolescents with cancer. Secondary aims explored relationships between CAT and emotional reactions, resilience, and posture (to investigate future potential as an objective biomarker of QOL). Methods: Children aged 3-18 years undergoing cancer treatments and a parent proxy completed the PedsQL3.0 Cancer Module, Faces Scale for emotional reactions, Resilience Scale in adolescents (>12 years), and an inclinometer to measure thoracic kyphosis before and after CAT. CAT exposure (number of sessions) was recorded. Results: Ninety-eight children with cancer (mean age 7.8 years, range 3-17) and parent proxy were enrolled. Of the 83 participants included in the final analysis, 18 received no CAT, 32 received low dose, and 33 received high dose CAT. A significant improvement in QOL was seen with high dose CAT in (slope change, p  =  .015), but the overall time by group interaction was not significant. Slope change response patterns suggested that CAT led to improved posture as compared to no CAT (time by group interaction, p  =  .044). Discussion: CAT may be an effective intervention to improve QOL in this population. Because initial evidence suggests that posture also improves with CAT, further investigation of posture as a potential objective biomarker of QOL is supported. Further study with a randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Sociability, Social Isolation, and Social Interaction During the First Months of COVID-19 Pandemic: a Qualitative Analysis of Brazilian, Finnish, and American Adults

The social distancing imposed by the pandemic transformed how people interact with others, and little is known about how it has impacted new ways of sociability and if culture influences this process. This is a qualitative study exploring changes in the configurations of social interactions and the resources for sociability that adults in Brazil, the USA, and Finland have developed during the initial stage of quarantine. A total of 95 participants (ages between 20 and 60) experiencing social isolation either living alone or with their partners (without children) completed online questionnaires about their interactive experiences. The questionnaire was composed of multiple choices, addressing the frequency, types, and length of social interactions before and during the pandemic, and open questions focusing on the participants’ experiences on online interactions during the pandemic. Frequencies were analyzed through a paired-sample t-test, and open-ended responses were thematically analyzed. Results revealed, first, that social isolation did not represent a significant change in the composition of the participants’ social network, but family bonds became the main connection during the period, and other sources of social interaction were kept due to the possibility of interaction through virtual means. Although the frequency of social interactions reduced, their significance increased. Second, virtual environments reframed social interactions, influencing individual’s bodily perceptions such as differences in attentional demands, communication processes, and awareness of their own image, and the interaction itself. Third, cultural values seemed to influence the way participants signified their interactive experiences. This study suggests that although virtual environments changed the ways interactions happen, virtual encounters were essential for maintaining participants’ social networks.

Qigong Training Positively Impacts Both Posture and Mood in Breast Cancer Survivors With Persistent Post-surgical Pain: Support for an Embodied Cognition Paradigm

Theories of embodied cognition hypothesize interdependencies between psychological well-being and physical posture. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of objectively measuring posture, and to explore the relationship between posture and affect and other patient centered outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCS) with persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) over a 12-week course of therapeutic Qigong mind-body training. Twenty-one BCS with PPSP attended group Qigong training. Clinical outcomes were pain, fatigue, self-esteem, anxiety, depression, stress and exercise self-efficacy. Posture outcomes were vertical spine and vertical head angles in the sagittal plane, measured with a 3D motion capture system in three conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes open relaxed (EOR) and eyes closed (EC). Assessments were made before and after the Qigong training. The association between categorical variables (angle and mood) was measured by Cramer's V. In the EO condition, most participants who improved in fatigue and anxiety scales also had better vertical head values. For the EOR condition, a moderate correlation was observed between changes in vertical head angle and changes in fatigue scale. In the EC condition, most of the participants who improved in measures of fatigue also improved vertical head angle. Additionally, pain severity decreased while vertical spine angle improved. These preliminary findings support that emotion and other patient centered outcomes should be considered within an embodied framework, and that Qigong may be a promising intervention for addressing biopsychosocially complex interventions such as PPSP in BCSs.

Managing the experience of breathlessness with Tai Chi: A qualitative analysis from a randomized controlled trial in COPD

PURPOSE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with dyspnea, decreased physical activity, and reduced quality-of-life. While pulmonary rehabilitation is helpful, maintenance of physical activity afterwards is problematic. We sought to explore qualitatively the multi-dimensional, biopsychosocial experience of patients with COPD who participated in Tai Chi (TC) vs. group walking to facilitate physical activity after pulmonary rehabilitation).

METHODS

We analyzed semi-structured qualitative exit interviews (N = 81) from a randomized controlled trial comparing 6-months TC with a time-matched group walking intervention and usual care control (UC). Transcripts were reviewed by at least 2 independent reviewers utilizing a social constructivist framework and theoretical sampling approach. An in-depth analysis of an exemplar subset was performed to thematic saturation and captured emergent themes within and between groups.

RESULTS

Focused analysis was conducted on 54 transcripts (N = 21 TC, N = 16 Walking, N = 17 UC). Participants were characterized by mean age 68.5 (±8.3) years, GOLD Stage = 3.0 (IQR 2.0-3.0), baseline FEV1 percent predicted 48.8% (±16.4), and 48.2% female. We identified predominant themes of breathlessness, and associated fear and embarrassment that limited physical activity across all groups. In both TC and walking, participants reported improvements in energy and endurance. Those in TC additionally shared improvements in breathing, mobility, and capacity for daily activities facilitated by body and breath awareness, emotional control and regulation of breathing, and an adaptive reframing of breathlessness.

CONCLUSION

TC promoted physical and mental wellbeing by diminishing fear and embarrassment associated with breathlessness. Results highlight the multimodal characteristics of TC that may facilitate continued physical activity and improvement in quality of life.

COVID-19: Reflections on the Crisis, Transformation, and Interactive Processes Under Development

With a global extent, the pandemic of the new coronavirus and the resulting measures to contain the contagion imposed immediate changes in the routine of people and societies. In view of this historical event, the first part of this theoretical study discussed its relationship with the concept of crisis, while circumscribing human development processes, mobilizing reorganizations in life trajectories. In the second part, the intensification of the use of digital tools to support communication during social isolation was highlighted, particularly reflecting on new interactive arrangements and inter-corporeal experiences. The paper reflects on the proximal processes in the new interactive and contextual configurations through the bioecological theory of human development and, based on concepts of the enactive theory, discusses possible implications of the new perceptual fields and the production of meanings with the repositioning of the body and new modes of engagement. The study highlights that the changes, events, relationships, and effects that we are experiencing (trans)form our forms of sociability and bases of psyche.

The Effect of Tai Chi Chuan on Emotional Health: Potential Mechanisms and Prefrontal Cortex Hypothesis

Deep involvement in the negative mood over long periods of time likely results in emotional disturbances/disorders and poor mental health. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is regarded as a typical mind-body practice combining aerobic exercise and meditation to prevent and treat negative mood. Although there are an increasing number of TCC studies examining anxiety, depression, and mental stress, the mechanisms underlying these negative emotions are not fully understood. This review study examined TCC studies related to emotional health from both clinical patients and healthy individuals. Next, several potential mechanisms from physiological, psychological, and neurological perspectives were evaluated based on direct and indirect research evidence. We reviewed recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, which demonstrated changes in brain anatomy and function, mainly in the prefrontal cortex, following TCC practice. Finally, the effects of TCC on emotion/mental health is depicted with a prefrontal cortex hypothesis that proposed “an immune system of the mind” indicating the role of the prefrontal cortex as a flexible hub in regulating an individual's mental health. The prefrontal cortex is likely a key biomarker among the multiple complex neural correlates to help an individual manage negative emotions/mental health. Future research is needed to examine TCC effects on mental health by examining the relationship between the executive control system (mainly prefrontal cortex) and limbic network (including amygdala, insula, and hippocampal gyrus).

The impact of Tai Chi and mind-body breathing in COPD: Insights from a qualitative sub-study of a randomized controlled trial

PURPOSE

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with multiple psychosocial and behavioral factors. Prior research suggests that mind-body interventions may support the development and maintenance of healthy behaviors and improve health-related quality-of-life in such patients. We sought to qualitatively explore cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioral changes in patients with COPD who participated in two different mind-body interventions compared to an education control.

METHODS

We analyzed semi-structured qualitative exit interviews from a prospective, randomized pilot trial (N = 123) investigating 12-weeks of Tai Chi (TC) vs. mind-body breathing (MBB) vs. education (EDU) control in patients with moderate-severe COPD. TC involved traditional movements, that integrate meditative breathing, while MBB focused mainly on meditative breathing techniques alone. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis of randomly selected transcripts was performed by two independent reviewers using an iterative process to identify emergent themes informed by grounded theory methods until thematic saturation was reached.

RESULTS

A total of 66 transcripts were reviewed (N = 22 TC, N = 22 MBB, N = 22 EDU). Participants were mean age = 68.1 years, GOLD Stage = 2.3, baseline FEV11 percent predicted mean (SD): 58% (13.4), 42.4% female. We identified six frequently mentioned themes: 1) overall awareness and understanding, 2) self-care knowledge, skills and behaviors, 3) behavior-related neurocognitive concepts, 4) physical function, 5) psychological well-being, and 6) social support/social function. Compared to EDU, more participants in TC and MBB noted improvements in awareness of self and the mind-body connection (e.g., body and breath awareness), knowledge of breathing techniques and integration of self-care skills with daily activities, self-efficacy for symptom management (particularly managing anxiety and dyspnea), acceptance of disease, physical function improvements (e.g., endurance, dyspnea, fatigue), and psychological well-being (particularly relaxation, emotion regulation and decreased reactivity). Compared to MBB, those in TC shared more intention to continue with self-care behaviors, physical activity self-efficacy, and improved flexibility. All three groups, including EDU, noted increased social support and knowledge of disease. Those in EDU, however, had fewer mentions of processes related to behavior change, and less concrete changes in neurocognitive, psychological, and physical function domains.

CONCLUSIONS

Mind-body interventions including meditative breathing may impact behavior-related neurocognitive and emotional factors that improve self-care management and support positive behavioral changes in patients with COPD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial is registered in Clinical Trials.gov, ID number NCT01551953.

What If We Look at the Body? An Embodied Perspective of Collaborative Learning

The bodily experiences and implications of understanding the functioning of the human brain–body mechanism has been a center of attention in the field of cognitive neurosciences for over two decades. Research in this field has enlarged the theories of learning and development, and contributed to changes in educational practices involving language processing, mathematics, and spatial thinking; however, these changes have not yet been applied to the analysis of transversal competencies such as collaborative learning. The aim of this paper is to bridge the theoretical and applied advances in the field of embodied cognition, specifically collaborative learning. The definitions, theoretical frameworks, and current methodological approaches in the field of collaborative learning are reviewed, with a particular focus on those studies that have investigated interactive dynamics in collaborative situations. The need to take the field further by exploring the theoretical perspective of embodied cognition as a possibility that can open the field is also presented. The relevance of investigating learning in groups by analyzing bodily engagements and intersubjectivity is demonstrated and methodological considerations are raised.

Exploring correlates of improved depression symptoms and quality of life following tai chi exercise for patients with heart failure

AIMS

Tai chi exercise has been shown in a prior randomized controlled trial to improve depression symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in patients with heart failure (HF), but correlates of these improvements are not well known. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore whether tai chi is associated with improvements in biopsychosocial and behavioural measures and whether such improvements are correlated with improved depression and QoL.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Participants were n = 100 adults with chronic systolic HF (mean age = 67.4, SD = 12.0; 64% male; 96% White; New York Heart Association class = 1-3) randomized to a 12 week tai chi exercise intervention or health education control. Constructs of interest included social support, exercise self-efficacy, activity engagement, sense of coherence, and inflammatory biomarkers. Tai chi was associated with increased everyday activity engagement compared with the health education group (P < 0.05), but there were no group differences in social support or sense of coherence. Among tai chi participants, improved self-efficacy was correlated with QoL (r = 31, P = 0.05), and there was a trend toward improved depression symptoms and social support (r = -0.22, P = 0.13). Among all participants, controlling for intervention group, improved sense of coherence, and inflammation (C-reactive protein) were associated with improved depression symptoms, and improved self-efficacy, sense of coherence, and frequency of activity engagement were associated with improved QoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Tai chi exercise promotes inter-related psychosocial improvements for patients with HF. A range of biopsychosocial and behavioural variables are relevant to mood management in patients with HF.

Effects of a Modified Tai Chi Program on Older People with Mild Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Tai Chi exercise is a non-pharmacological therapy that has received increased attention in recent years. A Tai Chi program has been specifically modified for older people with cognitive impairments by the research team.

OBJECTIVE

We aim to assess the effects of this Tai Chi program on mild dementia.

METHODS

Eighty older people with mild dementia were recruited and randomly assigned to a Tai Chi group or a control group. The Tai Chi group practiced the Tai Chi program three times a week for 10 months, while the control group continued receiving routine treatments. All participants were assessed for cognitive function, behavior/mood, and activities of daily living at baseline, 5 months, and 10 months.

RESULTS

The Tai Chi group performed better than the control group. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant group×time interaction in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Further analysis of sub-items of the MoCA showed a significant time effect in naming and abstraction. It was statistically significant in both main effect of time and group×time interaction in the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Paired sample t test showed the Tai Chi group scored lower at 5 and 10 months in the NPI and at 10 months in the GDS compared with baseline. The Tai Chi group scored lower than the control group at 10 months in the NPI and GDS.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest this Tai Chi program may help improve cognitive function and mental well-being for older adults with mild dementia.

Nature-Based Interventions and Mind-Body Interventions: Saving Public Health Costs Whilst Increasing Life Satisfaction and Happiness

A number of countries have begun to adopt prevention pays policies and practices to reduce pressure on health and social care systems. Most affluent countries have seen substantial increases in the incidence and costs of non-communicable diseases. The interest in social models for health has led to the growth in use of social prescribing and psychological therapies. At the same time, there has been growth in application of a variety of nature-based and mind-body interventions (NBIs and MBIs) aimed at improving health and longevity. We assess four NBI/MBI programmes (woodland therapy, therapeutic horticulture, ecotherapy/green care, and tai chi) on life satisfaction/happiness and costs of use of public services. These interventions produce rises in life satisfaction/happiness of 1.00 pts to 7.29 (n = 644; p < 0.001) (for courses or participation >50 h). These increases are greater than many positive life events (e.g., marriage or a new child); few countries or cities see +1 pt increases over a decade. The net present economic benefits per person from reduced public service use are £830-£31,520 (after 1 year) and £6450-£11,980 (after 10 years). We conclude that NBIs and MBIs can play a role in helping to reduce the costs on health systems, while increasing the well-being of participants.

Individual Stress Prevention through Qigong

Owing to work intensification and an accelerated pace of life in general, individuals in many Western countries are often overactivated and find it difficult to switch off. However, recovery from physiological and mental activation is critical to prevent stress symptoms and maintain one’s physiological and mental well-being. Extensive research evidence indicates that Qigong, a traditional Chinese movement practice for promoting health, provides an effective means to recover from work and off-work demands. The main objective of this paper is to offer a comprehensive, narrative review of the effects of Qigong and its core components. Attention is first paid to the outcomes of work and off-work demands and stress, and the role of recovery for individuals’ well-being. Then, Qigong and its components are explained, followed by the results of scientific research. Finally, limitations and implications for research and practiced are discussed.

Effects of Mind-Body Interventions Involving Meditative Movements on Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Fear of Falling and Sleep Quality in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Background: The aim of the present systematic meta-analytical review was to quantify the effects of different mind–body interventions (MBI) involving meditative movements on relevant psychological health outcomes (i.e., quality of life (QoL), depressive symptoms, fear of falling (FoF) and sleep quality) in older adults without mental disorders. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in five databases (Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science). Inclusion criteria were: (i) the study was a (cluster) randomized controlled trial, (ii) the subjects were aged ≥59 years without mental illnesses, (iii) an intervention arm performing MBI compared to a non-exercise control group (e.g., wait-list or usual care), (iv) psychological health outcomes related to QoL, depressive symptoms, FoF or sleep quality were assessed and (v) a PEDro score of ≥5. The interventions of the included studies were sub-grouped into Tai Chi/Qigong (TCQ) and Yoga/Pilates (YP). Statistical analyses were conducted using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Results: Thirty-seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (comprising 3224 participants) were included. Small to moderate-but-significant overall effect sizes favoring experimental groups (Hedges’ g: 0.25 to 0.71) compared to non-exercise control groups were observed in all outcomes (all p values ≤ 0.007), apart from one subdomain of quality of life (i.e., social functioning, p = 0.15). Interestingly, a significant larger effect on QoL and depressive symptoms with increasing training frequency was found for TCQ (p = 0.03; p = 0.004). Conclusions: MBI involving meditative movements may serve as a promising opportunity to improve psychological health domains such as QoL, depressive symptoms, FoF and sleep quality in older adults. Hence, these forms of exercise may represent potential preventive measures regarding the increase of late-life mental disorders, which need to be further confirmed by future research.

The efficacy of Qigong exercises for post-stroke mental disorders and sleep disorders: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Post-stroke mental disorders (PSMDs) and post-stroke sleep disorders (PSSDs) are quite common condition in stroke's patients. Qigong has been widely applied as a replaced and useful treatment for PSMDs and PSSDs. However, the exact effects and safety of Qigong have yet be systematically investigated. Our study focused on summary of efficacy and safety of Qigong for the treatment of advanced PSMDs and PSSDs through the systematic analysis and meta-analysis, in order to provide scientific reference for the clinical.

METHODS

The protocol followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Relevant randomized controlled trials were only considered. Search strategy will be performed in 4 English database including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpt Medical Database, 4 Chinese Database including Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Scientific Journal Database, Wanfang Database, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Papers in English or Chinese published from their inception to 30 June 2020. Study selection and data extraction will be performed independently by 2 investigators. The clinical outcomes including overall Hamilton depression scale, Hamilton anxiety scale, the mental health part of the MOS item short from health survey, Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Based on the Cochrane Assessment tool and Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, a modified assessment form should be used to evaluate the methodological quality. Review Manager 5.3 was used for data analysis and risk of bias.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

We provide some more practical and targeted results examine the effect of Qigong exercises for PSMDs and PSSDs in the relative meta-analysis. We find out defects or inadequacies of Qigong in previous studies. The findings of this research will provide more evidence-based guidance in clinical practice and more rigorous study.International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) registration number: INPLASY202070051.

Distinct Insular Functional Connectivity Changes Related to Mood and Fatigue Improvements in Major Depressive Disorder Following Tai Chi Training: A Pilot Study

Objective: Tai chi (TC), a contemplative practice combining slow movements and deep breathing, has been shown to be clinically effective in alleviating depressive symptoms. Feelings of fatigue or low vitality often accompany major depressive disorder (MDD) though they are commonly overlooked and not well understood neurologically. By using resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) using the insula as the seed, this study examines the relationship between mood and vitality symptoms in MDD and how they are impacted by TC training.

Methods: Patients (N = 16) with MDD participated in a 10-week TC intervention. Self-report scores of vitality (using the SF-36 scale) and depressed mood (using the Beck Depression Inventory) as well as rs-fMRI were collected pre- and post-intervention. A seed-to-voxel approach was used to test whether changes in insular rs-FC were related to therapeutic improvement in MDD-related symptoms resulting from TC practice.

Results: We found decreased self-reported depressed mood and increased vitality following the TC intervention. Furthermore, decreases in depressed mood were associated with increased rs-FC between the right anterior insula (AIC) and superior temporal gyrus and caudate (cluster-corrected p < 0.05). Increased vitality was associated with increased rs-FC between the right posterior insula (PIC) and regions associated with sensorimotor processes (cluster-corrected p < 0.05).

Conclusion: These results provide support for differential changes in insula connectivity as neural correlates of symptom improvement in MDD.

Lighten Up! Postural Instructions Affect Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Older Adults

Background and Objectives

Increased fall risk in older adults is associated with declining balance. Previous work showed that brief postural instructions can affect balance control in older adults with Parkinson's disease. Here, we assessed the effects of brief instructions on static and dynamic balance in healthy older adults.

Research Design and Methods

Nineteen participants practiced three sets of instructions, then attempted to implement each instructional set during: (1) quiet standing on foam for 30 s with eyes open; (2) a 3-s foot lift. "Light" instructions relied on principles of reducing excess tension while encouraging length. "Effortful" instructions relied on popular concepts of effortful posture correction. "Relax" instructions encouraged minimization of effort. We measured kinematics and muscle activity.

Results

During quiet stance, Effortful instructions increased mediolateral jerk and path length. In the foot lift task, Light instructions led to the longest foot-in-air duration and the smallest anteroposterior variability of the center of mass, Relax instructions led to the farthest forward head position, and Effortful instructions led to the highest activity in torso muscles.

Discussion and Implications

Thinking of upright posture as effortless may reduce excessive co-contractions and improve static and dynamic balance, while thinking of upright posture as inherently effortful may make balance worse. This may partly account for the benefits of embodied mindfulness practices such as tai chi and Alexander technique for balance in older adults. Pending larger-scale replication, this discovery may enable physiotherapists and teachers of dance, exercise, and martial arts to improve balance and reduce fall risk in their older students and clients simply by modifying how they talk about posture.

Effect of Meditative Movement on Affect and Flow in Qigong Practitioners

Qigong is a Meditative Movement exercise that consists of mindful movements, regulation of breathing and attentional control. In this study we investigated whether Qigong practice might be associated with the affect and flow of its practitioners during the exercise. Although practitioners of Meditative Movement anecdotally describe flow-like experiences and strong effects on affect there are only a few empirical studies that focus on acute effects of Qigong practice on affect, and to our knowledge none on flow. Understanding these phenomena could shed new light on the interrelationship between body movement and the embodied mind. Self-reported affect and flow of qigong practitioners (N = 19) was probed in four qigong sessions, 1 week apart, each lasting about an hour. We used the PANAS (Positive And Negative Affect Schedule) to measure self-reported affect pre- and post-session. Additionally, open-ended questions were used to further inquire the specific quality of the post-session affect. Flow was measured using the Flow Short Scale, twice during each Qigong session and once after it. Our results confirm previous studies that Qigong practice shifts affect toward positive valence. Content analysis of the open-ended questions further revealed that the resulting experience can be described as restful, relaxed, happy, balanced, and clear. Although the lack of a control group/condition preclude drawing firm causal conclusions, our results indicate that Qigong practice produced flow already 20 min into the session, and that flow state intensified at 40 and 60 min. Future directions for studying affect and flow in meditative exercise are discussed.

Effect of Qigong on self-rating depression and anxiety scale scores of COPD patients: A meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To explore the clinical efficacy and safety of Qigong in reducing the self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

METHODS

We searched CNKI, Wan fang, Chongqing VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for studies published as of Dec 31, 2018. All randomized controlled trials of Qigong in COPD patients, which met the inclusion criteria were included. The Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used for literature evaluation. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Six studies (combined n = 415 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Compared with conventional therapy alone, Qigong in combination with conventional therapy significantly improved the following outcome measures: SDS score [mean difference (MD) -3.99, 95% CI (-6.17, -1.82), P < .001, I = 69%]; SAS score[MD -4.57, 95% CI (-5.67, -3.48), P < .001, I = 15%]; forced expiratory volume in one second/prediction (FEV1% pred) [MD 3.77, 95% CI (0.97,6.58), P < .01, I = 0]; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) [MD 0.21, 95% CI (0.13, 0.30), P < .001, I = 0%]; forced vital capacity (FVC) [MD 0.28, 95% CI (0.16, 0.40), P < .001, I = 0]; 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance [MD 39.31, 95% CI (18.27, 60.34), P < .001, I = 32%]; and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score [MD -11.42, 95% CI (-21.80, -1.03), P < .05, I = 72%].

CONCLUSION

Qigong can improve the SDS and SAS scores of COPD patients, and has auxiliary effects on improving lung function, 6MWT distance, and SGRQ score.

Safety of Qigong: Protocol for an overview of systematic reviews

BACKGROUND

Qigong, as one of the essential elements of Traditional Chinese exercises, has been used to improve physical and psychological health and combat diseases in China for thousands of years. In recent years, the beneficial effects of Qigong on different medical conditions are becoming more accepted by both patients and health care providers. Although it is a common impression that Qigong and related therapies are generally safe procedures, but the current understanding of its adverse events is fragmented. Thus, we conducted this overview to synthesize comprehensively existing systematic reviews on adverse events associated with Qigong and related therapies, and our findings can be used to informing clinicians, Qigong practitioner, and patients alike on applying such treatments or interventions in clinical treatment and daily life training mindful manner, and provide a guideline for researchers in future.

METHODS

A systematic review of reviews will be performed. A literature search strategy designed by a number of specialists in the fields of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), sports medicine, health information, and Qigong training will be carried out in relevant English and Chinese electronic database. The date range of search will start from inception to the search date. Two reviewers will identify relevant studies, extract data information, and then assess the methodical quality by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool. Any types of systematic review that summarized adverse effects related to Qigong and related therapies in human will be included. Any safety-related outcomes will be considered as the primary outcomes of this overview. Where objectives from 2 or more reviews overlap, we will assess the causes of any noted discrepancies between reviews. An overall summary of results will be performed using tabular and graphical approaches and will be supplemented by narrative description.

RESULTS

This overview will identify any adverse events associated with nonstandardized Qigong and related therapies procedures based on current relevant literature evidence of safety for Qigong.

CONCLUSION

Our overview will provide evidence to help synthesize the broad degree of information available on furthering the knowledge, safety, and application of Qigong.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Formal ethical approval is not required, as this study is an overview based on the published systematic reviews. The result of this overview of systematic reviews will be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated at national and international conferences.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

PROSPERO CRD42018109409.