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Zhang S, Wilmut K, Zhang K, Wang S. Age-related changes in motor planning for prior intentions: a mouse tracking reach-to-click task. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1323798. [PMID: 38562237 PMCID: PMC10983849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
When we complete sequential movements with different intentions, we plan our movements and adjust ahead. Such a phenomenon is called anticipatory planning for prior intentions and is known to decline with age. In daily life activities, we often need to consider and plan for multiple demands in one movement sequence. However, previous studies only considered one dimension of prior intentions, either different types of onward actions or different precisions of fit or placement. Therefore, in this study, we investigated anticipatory planning for both extrinsic (movement direction) and intrinsic (fit precision) target-related properties in a computer-based movement task and analyzed the computer cursor movement kinematics of both young and older adults. We found that older people consider and adjust for different properties step-by-step, with movement direction being considered as a prior intention during reach movement and fit precision as a motor constraint during drop movement. The age-related changes in the completion of onward actions are constrained by one's general cognitive ability, sensorimotor performance and effective motor planning for prior intentions. Age-related decline in motor planning can manifest as counterproductive movement profiles, resulting in suboptimal performance of intended actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Zhang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Kate Wilmut
- Department of Psychology, Health and Professional Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Department of Psychology, Health and Professional Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Tsay JS, Asmerian H, Germine LT, Wilmer J, Ivry RB, Nakayama K. Large-scale citizen science reveals predictors of sensorimotor adaptation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:510-525. [PMID: 38291127 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation is essential for keeping our movements well calibrated in response to changes in the body and environment. For over a century, researchers have studied sensorimotor adaptation in laboratory settings that typically involve small sample sizes. While this approach has proved useful for characterizing different learning processes, laboratory studies are not well suited for exploring the myriad of factors that may modulate human performance. Here, using a citizen science website, we collected over 2,000 sessions of data on a visuomotor rotation task. This unique dataset has allowed us to replicate, reconcile and challenge classic findings in the learning and memory literature, as well as discover unappreciated demographic constraints associated with implicit and explicit processes that support sensorimotor adaptation. More generally, this study exemplifies how a large-scale exploratory approach can complement traditional hypothesis-driven laboratory research in advancing sensorimotor neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Tsay
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Hrach Asmerian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Laura T Germine
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Wilmer
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ken Nakayama
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Rogers EJ, Trotter MG, Johnson D, Desbrow B, King N. KovaaK's aim trainer as a reliable metrics platform for assessing shooting proficiency in esports players: a pilot study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1309991. [PMID: 38469227 PMCID: PMC10925653 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1309991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Esports research lacks game-based metrics platforms appropriate for adequately capturing esports performance. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the reliability of the KovaaK's first-person shooter (FPS) aim trainer as a metrics platform for assessing shooting proficiency in esports players. Ten FPS esports players completed two identical experimental trials (T) separated by three to five days. Each trial included four rounds (R) of testing, evaluating four shooting tasks: Micro Flicking, Macro Flicking, Strafe Tracking, and Wall Peeking. Reliability of performance outcomes (e.g., accuracy, headshot accuracy, hits per second, and total shots hit) were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI), and significant differences were identified using repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). Results indicated excellent, or good to excellent reliability for all outcome variables with the ICC estimates ranging between 0.947-0.995, with lower and upper bound 95% CIs ranging between 0.876-0.988, and 0.984-0.999, respectively. Significant improvements were seen between experimental trials in the Macro Flicking task for accuracy (p = .005) and hits per second (p = .009) only. Significant interactions between trial and round were identified in the Micro Flicking task for accuracy (p = .006), with post hoc analysis showing accuracy was significantly higher in T1R1 compared to T2R1 (87.74 ± 3.13 vs. 85.99 ± 3.05, respectively, p = .02), and in T2R4 compared to T2R2 (87.99 ± 2.89 vs. 84.70 ± 4.25, respectively, p = .049). Significant interactions were also identified in the Strafe Tracking task for headshot accuracy (p = .002), with post hoc analysis showing headshot accuracy was significantly higher in T1R2 compared to T2R2 (78.48 ± 8.15 vs. 76.79 ± 12.16, respectively, p = .003), and in T1R2 compared to T1R1 (78.48 ± 8.15 vs. 73.68 ± 17.94, respectively, p = .023). In summary, this study demonstrates that KovaaK's provides a reliable metrics platform for assessing shooting proficiency in esports, however, some variability in performance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J. Rogers
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnson
- Faculty of Science, School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil King
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Warburton M, Campagnoli C, Mon-Williams M, Mushtaq F, Morehead JR. Kinematic markers of skill in first-person shooter video games. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad249. [PMID: 37564360 PMCID: PMC10411933 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Video games present a unique opportunity to study motor skill. First-person shooter (FPS) games have particular utility because they require visually guided hand movements that are similar to widely studied planar reaching tasks. However, there is a need to ensure the tasks are equivalent if FPS games are to yield their potential as a powerful scientific tool for investigating sensorimotor control. Specifically, research is needed to ensure that differences in visual feedback of a movement do not affect motor learning between the two contexts. In traditional tasks, a movement will translate a cursor across a static background, whereas FPS games use movements to pan and tilt the view of the environment. To this end, we designed an online experiment where participants used their mouse or trackpad to shoot targets in both visual contexts. Kinematic analysis showed player movements were nearly identical between contexts, with highly correlated spatial and temporal metrics. This similarity suggests a shared internal model based on comparing predicted and observed displacement vectors rather than primary sensory feedback. A second experiment, modeled on FPS-style aim-trainer games, found movements exhibited classic invariant features described within the sensorimotor literature. We found the spatial metrics tested were significant predictors of overall task performance. More broadly, these results show that FPS games offer a novel, engaging, and compelling environment to study sensorimotor skill, providing the same precise kinematic metrics as traditional planar reaching tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Warburton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carlo Campagnoli
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg 3616, Viken, Norway
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Ryan Morehead
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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