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Delgado H, Lipina S, Pastor MC, Muniz-Terrera G, Menéndez Ñ, Rodríguez R, Carboni A. Differential psychophysiological responses associated with decision-making in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Child Dev 2024. [PMID: 38436462 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how socioeconomic status (SES) influences on decision-making processing. The roles of anticipatory/outcome-related cardiac activity and awareness of task contingencies were also assessed. One hundred twelve children (Mage = 5.83, SDage = 0.32; 52.7% female, 51.8% low-SES; data collected October-December 2018 and April-December 2019) performed the Children's Gambling Task, while heart rate activity was recorded. Awareness of gain/loss contingencies was assessed after completing the task. Distinct decision-making strategies emerged among low and middle/high-SES children. Despite similar awareness levels between SES groups, future-oriented decision-making was linked solely to the middle/high-SES group. Somatic markers did not manifest unequivocally. However, contrasting cardiac patterns were evident concerning feedback processing and the association between anticipatory activity and awareness (low: acceleration vs. middle/high: deceleration). Results are interpreted from an evolutionary-developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Delgado
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Cognición para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje, Espacio Interdisciplinario, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (UNA, CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Universitario CEMIC (IUC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Carmen Pastor
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castello de la Plana, Spain
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ñeranei Menéndez
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Richard Rodríguez
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Carboni
- Facultad de Psicología, Centro de Investigación Básica en Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Cognición para la Enseñanza y el Aprendizaje, Espacio Interdisciplinario, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Dorigoni A, Rajsic J, Bonini N. Does cognitive reflection predict attentional control in visual tasks? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103562. [PMID: 35339923 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive reflection test (CRT) measures the ability to suppress an intuitive, but incorrect, answer that easily comes to mind. The relationship between the CRT and different cognitive biases has been widely studied. However, whether cognitive reflection is related to attentional control is less well studied. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the inhibitory component of the CRT, measured by the number of non-intuitive answers of the CRT (Inhibitory Control Score), is related to the control of visual attention in visual tasks that involve overriding a bias in what to attend: an anti-saccade task and a visual search task. To test this possibility, we analyzed whether the CRT-Inhibitory Control Score (CRT-ICS) predicted attention allocation in each task. We compared the relationship between the CRT-ICS to two other potential predictors of attentional control: numeracy and visual working memory (VWM). Participants who scored lower on the CRT-ICS made more errors in the "look-away" trials in the anti-saccade task. Participants who scored higher on the CRT-ICS looked more often towards more informative color subsets in the visual search task. However, when controlling for numeracy and visual working memory, CRT-ICS scores were only related to the control of visual attention in the anti-saccade task.
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Flouri E, Papachristou E, Joshi H. Flocking together and thinking apart: Gendered friendships and decision-making in adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1903865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Flouri
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Heather Joshi
- UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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Lensing N, Elsner B. Development of hot and cool executive functions in middle childhood: Three-year growth curves of decision making and working memory updating. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 173:187-204. [PMID: 29734050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although middle childhood is an important period for the development of hot and cool executive functions (EFs), longitudinal studies investigating trajectories of childhood EF development are still limited and little is known about predictors for individual developmental trajectories. The current study examined the development of two typical facets of cool and hot EFs over a 3-year period during middle childhood, comparing a younger cohort (6- and 7-year-olds at the first wave [T1]; n = 621) and an older cohort (8- and 9-year-olds at T1; n = 975) of children. "Cool" working memory updating (WM) was assessed using a backward digit span task, and "hot" decision making (DM) was assessed using a child variant of the Iowa Gambling Task. Linear latent growth curve analyses revealed evidence for developmental growth as well as interindividual variance in the initial level and rate of change in both EF facets. Initial level of WM was positively associated with age (both between and within cohorts), socioeconomic status, verbal ability, and processing speed, whereas initial levels of DM were, in addition to a (potentially age-related) cohort effect, exclusively predicted by gender, with boys outperforming girls. None of the variables predicted the rate of change, that is, the developmental trajectories. However, younger children, as compared with older children, had slightly steeper WM growth curves over time, hinting at a leveling off in the development of WM during middle childhood. In sum, these data add important evidence to the understanding of hot and cool EF development during middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Lensing
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Birgit Elsner
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Segretin MS, Hermida MJ, Prats LM, Fracchia CS, Ruetti E, Lipina SJ. Childhood Poverty and Cognitive Development in Latin America in the 21st Century. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2016; 2016:9-29. [PMID: 27254824 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For at least eight decades, researchers have analyzed the association between childhood poverty and cognitive development in different societies worldwide, but few of such studies have been carried out in Latin America. The aim of the present paper is to systematically review the empirical studies that have analyzed the associations between poverty and cognitive development in children under 18 years of age from Latin American and Caribbean countries between 2000 and 2015. This analysis takes into consideration the country where the work was conducted, the experimental and analytical design, sample size and composition, cognitive and poverty paradigms implemented, levels of analysis, and the inclusion of mediation analyses. Through these, we identify common patterns in the negative impact of poverty that have been repeatedly verified in the literature in other continents; we also call attention to a set of issues regarding sample, design, paradigms, impact, and mediation analyses that should be considered in future studies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Segretin
- The National Council of Scientific and Technical Research.,Unit of Applied Neurobiology
| | | | - Lucía M Prats
- The National Council of Scientific and Technical Research.,National University of San Martín
| | | | - Eliana Ruetti
- The National Council of Scientific and Technical Research.,University of Buenos Aires
| | - Sebastián J Lipina
- The National Council of Scientific and Technical Research.,Unit of Applied Neurobiology.,National University of San Martín.,Ethical Committee at CEMIC and the SRCD Committee.,UNICEF, UNDP, and WHO
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Improving children’s affective decision making in the Children’s Gambling Task. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 139:18-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cui JF, Wang Y, Shi HS, Liu LL, Chen XJ, Chen YH. Effects of working memory load on uncertain decision-making: evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2015; 6:162. [PMID: 25745409 PMCID: PMC4333774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) simulates uncertain gains and losses in real life situations and thus is a good measure of uncertain decision-making. The role of working memory (WM) in IGT performance still remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine the effect of WM on IGT performance. Three groups of participants matched on gender ratio were randomly assigned to no WM load, low WM load, and high WM load conditions. Initially the three groups did not show significant difference in WM capacity. They finished a modified version of IGT and then their implicit learning effect and explicit cognition on IGT were assessed. Results indicated a linear increasing trend of IGT performance among high WM load, low WM load and no WM load groups; participants in the no WM load and low WM load groups revealed implicit learning effect, while participants in the high WM load group did not; all participants showed explicit cognition on IGT to the same level. These results suggested that participants in the high WM load group showed good explicit cognition to IGT but showed poor performance. This pattern is similar to frontal patients. Further studies should be conducted to explore this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Cui
- National Institute of Education SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hai-Song Shi
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- North China Electric Power UniversityBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ying-He Chen
- Institute of Developmental Psychology and School of Psychology, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, China
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Sallum I, Mata F, Miranda DM, Malloy-Diniz LF. Staying and shifting patterns across IGT trials distinguish children with externalizing disorders from controls. Front Psychol 2013; 4:899. [PMID: 24348449 PMCID: PMC3845255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is the most widely instrument used in the assessment of affective decision-making in several populations with frontal impairment. The standard performance measure on the IGT is obtained by calculating the difference between the advantageous and the disadvantageous choices. This standard score does not allows the assessment of the use of different strategies to deal with contingencies of gain and losses across the task. This study aims to compare the standard score method used in IGT with a method that analyses the patterns of staying and shifting among different decks across the 100 choices, considering contingencies of choices with and without losses. We compared the IGT performance of 24 children with externalizing disorders (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder) and 24 healthy age-matched children. The analyses of the standard score across all blocks failed to show differences among children with externalizing disorders and control children. However, healthy children showed a pattern of shifting more from disadvantageous decks to advantageous decks and choosing more consecutive cards from the advantageous decks across all blocks, independently of the contingency of losses. On the other hand, children with externalizing disorders presented a pattern of shifting more from advantageous decks to disadvantageous ones in comparison to healthy children and repeatedly chose cards from the B deck across all blocks. This findings show that even though differences among groups might not be found when using the standard analyses, a different type of analysis might be able to show distinct strategies on the execution of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Sallum
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Mata
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Débora M Miranda
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Malloy-Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações Neuropsicológicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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