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Stam R. New developments in cosmetic applications of electromagnetic fields: Client and occupational hazard assessment. Bioelectromagnetics 2024. [PMID: 38533721 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Energy-based devices are used to improve features of appearance for aesthetic reasons while avoiding more invasive methods. Examples of treatment targets are the reduction of wrinkles, sagging, unwanted skin lesions, body hair and excess fatty tissue, and the enhancement of muscle tissue. One treatment modality is the use of electromagnetic fields (EMF, 0‒300 GHz). The present work aims to give an up-to-date survey of cosmetic applications of EMF for professional use with an assessment of client and worker exposure and possible adverse effects. A systematic search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles (2007-2022), patents, premarket notifications, manufacturer data, and adverse effects reports. Five categories of cosmetic EMF device with increasing frequency were identified: sinusoid low frequency magnetic fields for lipolysis; pulsed low frequency magnetic fields for skin rejuvenation; pulsed low frequency magnetic fields for muscle building; radiofrequency EMF for lipolysis or skin rejuvenation; microwaves for hair removal or hyperhidrosis. In the vicinity of the last four device categories, there is a potential for exceeding the occupational exposure limits in the European Union EMF Directive, which could lead to nerve or muscle stimulation, burns or overheating. There are also potential hazards for clients or workers wearing active or passive medical devices. The severity of reported adverse effects increases with EMF frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stam
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Diedrich L, Kolhoff HI, Chakalov I, Vékony T, Németh D, Antal A. Prefrontal theta-gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation improves non-declarative visuomotor learning in older adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4955. [PMID: 38418511 PMCID: PMC10901881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise in the global population of older adults underscores the significance to investigate age-related cognitive disorders and develop early treatment modalities. Previous research suggests that non-invasive transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) can moderately improve cognitive decline in older adults. However, non-declarative cognition has received relatively less attention. This study investigates whether repeated (16-day) bilateral theta-gamma cross-frequency tACS targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) enhances non-declarative memory. Computerized cognitive training was applied alongside stimulation to control for the state-of-the-brain. The Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task was employed to assess non-declarative functions such as visuomotor skill and probabilistic sequence learning. Results from 35 participants aged 55-82 indicated that active tACS led to more substantial improvements in visuomotor skills immediately after treatment, which persisted 3 months later, compared to sham tACS. Treatment benefit was more pronounced in older adults of younger age and those with pre-existing cognitive decline. However, neither intervention group exhibited modulation of probabilistic sequence learning. These results suggest that repeated theta-gamma tACS can selectively improve distinct non-declarative cognitive aspects when targeting the DLPFC. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of tACS in addressing deficits in learning and retaining general skills, which could have a positive impact on the quality of life for cognitively impaired older individuals by preserving independence in daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Diedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannah I Kolhoff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Chakalov
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teodóra Vékony
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Dezső Németh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, INSERM, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
- BML-NAP Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Education and Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atlántico Medio, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Ociepka M, Chinta SR, Basoń P, Chuderski A. No effects of the theta-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation for recall, attention control, and relation integration in working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1354671. [PMID: 38439936 PMCID: PMC10910036 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1354671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies have suggested that transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and especially the theta-frequency tACS, can improve human performance on working memory tasks. However, evidence to date is mixed. Moreover, the two WM tasks applied most frequently, namely the n-back and change-detection tasks, might not constitute canonical measures of WM capacity. Method In a relatively large sample of young healthy participants (N = 62), we administered a more canonical WM task that required stimuli recall, as well as we applied two WM tasks tapping into other key WM functions: attention control (the antisaccade task) and relational integration (the graph mapping task). The participants performed these three tasks three times: during the left frontal 5.5-Hz and the left parietal 5.5-Hz tACS session as well as during the sham session, with a random order of sessions. Attentional vigilance and subjective experience were monitored. Results For each task administered, we observed significant gains in accuracy neither for the frontal tACS session nor for the parietal tACS session, as compared to the sham session. By contrast, the scores on each task positively inter-correlated across the three sessions. Discussion The results suggest that canonical measures of WM capacity are strongly stable in time and hardly affected by theta-frequency tACS. Either the tACS effects observed in the n-back and change detection tasks do not generalize onto other WM tasks, or the tACS method has limited effectiveness with regard to WM, and might require further methodological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ociepka
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Basoń
- Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Carmona-Barrón VG, Fernández del Campo IS, Delgado-García JM, De la Fuente AJ, Lopez IP, Merchán MA. Comparing the effects of transcranial alternating current and temporal interference (tTIS) electric stimulation through whole-brain mapping of c-Fos immunoreactivity. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1128193. [PMID: 36992795 PMCID: PMC10040600 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1128193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the topography of brain neuromodulation following transcranial alternating current (AC) stimulation is relevant for defining strategies directed to specific nuclei stimulation in patients. Among the different procedures of AC stimulation, temporal interference (tTIS) is a novel method for non-invasive neuromodulation of specific deep brain targets. However, little information is currently available about its tissue effects and its activation topography in in vivo animal models. After a single session (30 min, 0.12 mA) of transcranial alternate current (2,000 Hz; ES/AC group) or tTIS (2,000/2,010 Hz; Es/tTIS group) stimulation, rat brains were explored by whole-brain mapping analysis of c-Fos immunostained serial sections. For this analysis, we used two mapping methods, namely density-to-color processed channels (independent component analysis (ICA) and graphical representation (MATLAB) of morphometrical and densitometrical values obtained by density threshold segmentation. In addition, to assess tissue effects, alternate serial sections were stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and Nissl. AC stimulation induced a mild superficial increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity. However, tTIS stimulation globally decreased the number of c-Fos-positive neurons and increased blood brain barrier cell immunoreactivity. tTIS also had a stronger effect around the electrode placement area and preserved neuronal activation better in restricted areas of the deep brain (directional stimulation). The enhanced activation of intramural blood vessels’ cells and perivascular astrocytes suggests that low-frequency interference (10 Hz) may also have a trophic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonio J. De la Fuente
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Plaza Lopez
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Merchán
- Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Merchán
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Middag-van Spanje M, Schuhmann T, Nijboer T, van der Werf O, Sack AT, van Heugten C. Study protocol of transcranial electrical stimulation at alpha frequency applied during rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial in chronic stroke patients with visuospatial neglect. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:402. [PMID: 36324088 PMCID: PMC9628038 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A frequent post stroke disorder in lateralized attention is visuospatial neglect (VSN). As VSN has a strong negative impact on recovery in general and independence during daily life, optimal treatment is deemed urgent. Next to traditional stroke treatment, non-invasive brain stimulation offers the potential to facilitate stroke recovery as a complementary approach. In the present study, visual scanning training (VST; the current conventional treatment) will be combined with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to evaluate the additive effects of repeated sessions of tACS in combination with six-weeks VST rehabilitation. METHODS In this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled intervention study (RCT), we will compare the effects of active tACS plus VST to sham (placebo) tACS plus VST, both encompassing 18 VST training sessions, 40 minutes each, during 6 weeks. Chronic stroke patients with VSN (> 6 months post-stroke onset) are considered eligible for study participation. In total 22 patients are needed for the study. The primary outcome is change in performance on a cancellation task. Secondary outcomes are changes in performance on a visual detection task, two line bisection tasks, and three measures to assess changes in activities of daily living. Assessment is at baseline, directly after the first and ninth training session, after the last training session (post training), and 1 week and 3 months after termination of the training (follow-up). DISCUSSION If effective, a tACS-VST rehabilitation program could be implemented as a treatment option for VSN. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ; registration number: NCT05466487; registration date: July 18, 2022 retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05466487.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij Middag-van Spanje
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,InteraktContour, Nunspeet, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Nijboer
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olof van der Werf
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Sack
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Heugten
- Limburg Brain Injury Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,grid.412966.e0000 0004 0480 1382School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jeong WH, Kim WI, Lee JW, Park HK, Song MK, Choi IS, Han JY. Modulation of Long-Term Potentiation by Gamma Frequency Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1532. [PMID: 34827531 PMCID: PMC8615498 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulation procedure that is currently studied for the purpose of improving cognitive function in various diseases. A few studies have shown positive effects of tACS in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying tACS has not been established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of tACS in five familial AD mutation (5xFAD) mouse models. We prepared twenty 4-month-old mice and divided them into four groups: wild-type mice without stimulation (WT-NT group), wild-type mice with tACS (WT-T group), 5xFAD mice without stimulation (AD-NT group), and 5xFAD mice with tACS (AD-T group). The protocol implemented was as follows: gamma frequency 200 μA over the bilateral frontal lobe for 20 min over 2 weeks. The following tests were conducted: excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) recording, Western blot analysis (cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) proteins, phosphorylated CREB proteins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and parvalbumin) to examine the synaptic plasticity. The EPSP was remarkably increased in the AD-T group compared with in the AD-NT group. In the Western blot analysis, the differences among the groups were not significant. Hence, tACS can affect the long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission in mice models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hyeong Jeong
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea; (W.-H.J.); (W.-I.K.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-K.P.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Wang-In Kim
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea; (W.-H.J.); (W.-I.K.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-K.P.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Jin-Won Lee
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea; (W.-H.J.); (W.-I.K.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-K.P.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Hyeng-Kyu Park
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea; (W.-H.J.); (W.-I.K.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-K.P.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Min-Keun Song
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea;
| | - In-Sung Choi
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea; (W.-H.J.); (W.-I.K.); (J.-W.L.); (H.-K.P.); (I.-S.C.)
| | - Jae-Young Han
- Department of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Center for Aging and Geriatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hospital, Gwangju City 61469, Korea;
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Zhang M, Cheng I, Sasegbon A, Dou Z, Hamdy S. Exploring parameters of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and full-spectrum transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) on human pharyngeal cortical excitability. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14173. [PMID: 34081376 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) have been shown to have physiological and functional effects on brain excitability and motor behavior. Yet, little is known about their effects in the swallowing system. AIM To examine the effects and optimal stimulation parameters of tACS and tRNS for modulating excitability of human pharyngeal motor cortex. METHODS 10 Hz (alpha), 20 Hz (beta), 70 Hz (gamma) tACS, 0.1-640 Hz (full-spectrum) tRNS, and sham were applied over pharyngeal motor cortices at 1.5 mA current intensity for 10 min in 15 healthy participants. Pharyngeal motor-evoked and thenar motor-evoked potentials (PMEPs and TMEPs) were assessed before and up to 2 h after stimulation with single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Averaged MEP amplitude and latency changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (rmANOVA). KEY RESULTS Two-way rmANOVA across all active interventions demonstrated a significant MEP interaction both in the stimulated pharyngeal cortex (F (4, 56) = 1.731, p = 0.038) and in the ipsilateral thenar cortex (F (4, 56) = 1.506, p = 0.048). Compared to sham, subsequent post hoc tests showed site-specific and sustained (60-120 min) increases in PMEPs with gamma tACS and tRNS (p = 0.005, p = 0.027, respectively) and for TMEPs with beta tACS (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our findings suggest that the effects of tACS and tRNS are frequency-dependent and cortical (representation) site-specific with both gamma tACS and full-spectrum tRNS enhancing human pharyngeal cortical excitability. These techniques hold promise as potential treatments for neurological dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivy Cheng
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ayodele Sasegbon
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Boehler C, Carli S, Fadiga L, Stieglitz T, Asplund M. Tutorial: guidelines for standardized performance tests for electrodes intended for neural interfaces and bioelectronics. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3557-3578. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Latchoumane CFV, Barany DA, Karumbaiah L, Singh T. Neurostimulation and Reach-to-Grasp Function Recovery Following Acquired Brain Injury: Insight From Pre-clinical Rodent Models and Human Applications. Front Neurol 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 32849253 PMCID: PMC7396659 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reach-to-grasp is an evolutionarily conserved motor function that is adversely impacted following stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, are promising tools that could enhance functional recovery of reach-to-grasp post-brain injury. Though the rodent literature provides a causal understanding of post-injury recovery mechanisms, it has had a limited impact on NIBS protocols in human research. The high degree of homology in reach-to-grasp circuitry between humans and rodents further implies that the application of NIBS to brain injury could be better informed by findings from pre-clinical rodent models and neurorehabilitation research. Here, we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of using rodent models to advance our current understanding of human reach-to-grasp function, cortical circuitry, and reorganization. We propose that a cross-species comparison of reach-to-grasp recovery could provide a mechanistic framework for clinically efficacious NIBS treatments that could elicit better functional outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Francois V. Latchoumane
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Barany
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lohitash Karumbaiah
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tarkeshwar Singh
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Miyaguchi S, Inukai Y, Matsumoto Y, Miyashita M, Takahashi R, Otsuru N, Onishi H. Effects on motor learning of transcranial alternating current stimulation applied over the primary motor cortex and cerebellar hemisphere. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 78:296-300. [PMID: 32402616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation that modulates oscillatory neural activity in the cortical area under the electrodes. Gamma (γ)-tACS applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) and cerebellar hemisphere is known to improve motor performance; however, it is not yet known whether it affects motor learning. Thus, here we investigated whether γ-tACS applied over the M1 and cerebellar hemisphere affects motor learning. This study involved 30 healthy subjects (14 females, 16 males) performing a visuomotor control task (eight trials) during an administration of either γ-tACS or a sham stimulation (15 subjects per condition) over their right M1 and left cerebellar hemisphere. Each subject performed five trials after 24 h. The motor learning efficiency, motor learning retention and re-motor learning efficiency in each condition were compared. The motor learning retention in the γ-tACS condition was significantly higher than that in the sham condition (p = 0.031). Thus, subjects who were administered γ-tACS maintained their motor performance the next day better than sham-stimulated subjects. There was no significant difference between the conditions in the motor learning efficiency and those in the re-motor learning efficiency. Our results demonstrate that γ-tACS administered over the M1 and cerebellar hemisphere during a motor learning task can enhance motor learning retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Mai Miyashita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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Bland NS, Sale MV. Current challenges: the ups and downs of tACS. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3071-3088. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05666-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Development of wirelessly-powered, extracranial brain activator (ECBA) in a large animal model for the future non-invasive human neuromodulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10906. [PMID: 31358822 PMCID: PMC6662771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is an emerging and promising technique for neuromodulation, we developed a novel device; wirelessly-powered, extracranial brain activator (ECBA), which is mounted subcutaneously, and its neuromodulation effect was investigated. The oscillatory changes in electrocorticography (EcoG) were analyzed from two types of stimulation. Two weeks prior to the recording experiment, we underwent surgery for implantation of subdural strips and ECBA module over centroparietal regions of anesthetized beagles. Low-frequency stimulation (LFS) and subsequent high-frequency stimulation (HFS) protocols (600 pulses respectively) were applied. Then, the power changes before and after each stimulation in five different bands were compared. A significantly larger voltage difference with subcutaneous than transcutaneous stimulation measured at EcoG channels indicated a substantial current attenuation between the skin and skull. Compared with the baseline, all subjects showed consistently decreased delta power and increased gamma power after HFS. LFS also induced a similar, but opposite, pattern of power change in four beagles. The results from this study indicate that LFS and HFS with our novel ECBA can consistently and effectively modulate neural activity of the cortex, inducing neural inhibition and facilitation functions, respectively. Future studies are necessary to further ensuring a consistent efficacy and long-term safety.
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Abstract
The widespread use of conducting polymers, especially poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), within the space of bioelectronics has enabled improvements, both in terms of electrochemistry and functional versatility, of conventional metallic electrodes. This short review aims to provide an overview of how PEDOT coatings have contributed to functionalizing existing bioelectronics, the challenges which meet conducting polymer coatings from a regulatory and stability point of view and the possibilities to bring PEDOT-based coatings into large-scale clinical applications. Finally, their potential use for enabling new technologies for the field of bioelectronics as biodegradable, stretchable and slow-stimulation materials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Boehler
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zaid Aqrawe
- Department of Anatomy & Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maria Asplund
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Miyaguchi S, Otsuru N, Kojima S, Yokota H, Saito K, Inukai Y, Onishi H. The effect of gamma tACS over the M1 region and cerebellar hemisphere does not depend on current intensity. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 65:54-58. [PMID: 30954355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate neural connectivity in the cortical area under experimental electrodes. Although gamma tACS over the M1 region and the cerebellar hemisphere has been shown to improve motor performance, the optimal stimulation method has not been clarified. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether the effect of gamma tACS over M1 and the cerebellar hemisphere depends on current intensity. Twenty healthy adults performed a visuomotor control task using their right index finger for 30 s during tACS (70 Hz) over the left M1 and the right cerebellar hemisphere. Each subject participated in 10 trials, separated by intervals of 3 min. Three stimulation conditions were applied: (1) pseudo-stimulation (sham condition), (2) tACS with a current intensity of 1.0 mA and (3) tACS with a current intensity of 2.0 mA. Our results indicated that regardless of the current intensity, participants with the lower motor performance had better motor performance under both tACS conditions. Such a correlation was not observed under the sham condition. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the effect of gamma tACS over M1 and the cerebellar hemisphere does not depend on current intensity, and that motor performance slightly improved in both tACS conditions for participants with lower motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Sho Kojima
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hirotake Yokota
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Kei Saito
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Japan
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15
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Wittenberg MA, Morr M, Schnitzler A, Lange J. 10 Hz tACS Over Somatosensory Cortex Does Not Modulate Supra-Threshold Tactile Temporal Discrimination in Humans. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:311. [PMID: 31001078 PMCID: PMC6456678 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of physical identical stimuli can differ over time depending on the brain state. One marker of this brain state can be neuronal oscillations in the alpha band (8–12 Hz). A previous study showed that the power of prestimulus alpha oscillations in the contralateral somatosensory area negatively correlate with the ability to temporally discriminate between two subsequent tactile suprathreshold stimuli. That is, with high alpha power subjects were impaired in discriminating two stimuli and more frequently reported to perceive only one stimulus. While this previous study found correlative evidence for a role of alpha oscillations on tactile temporal discrimination, here, we aimed to study the causal influence of alpha power on tactile temporal discrimination by using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). We hypothesized that tACS in the alpha frequency should entrain alpha oscillations and thus modulate alpha power. This modulated alpha power should alter temporal discrimination ability compared to a control frequency or sham. To this end, 17 subjects received one or two electrical stimuli to their left index finger with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). They reported whether they perceived one or two stimuli. Subjects performed the paradigm before (pre), during (peri), and 25 min after tACS (post). tACS was applied to the contralateral somatosensory-parietal area with either 10, 5 Hz or sham on three different days. We found no significant difference in discrimination abilities between 10 Hz tACS and the control conditions, independent of SOAs. In addition to choosing all SOAs as the independent variable, we chose individually different SOAs, for which we expected the strongest effects of tACS. Again, we found no significant effects of 10 Hz tACS on temporal discrimination abilities. We discuss potential reasons for the inability to modulate tactile temporal discrimination abilities with tACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Wittenberg
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mitjan Morr
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Lange
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Gamma tACS over M1 and cerebellar hemisphere improves motor performance in a phase-specific manner. Neurosci Lett 2019; 694:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Boehler C, Asplund M. PEDOT as a high charge injection material for low-frequency stimulation. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:2202-2205. [PMID: 30440842 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alternating current stimulation (ACS) provides a versatile tool for modulating brain activity and presents a promising strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease or epilepsy. Stimulation of neural tissue at low-frequency however poses new challenges on conventional electrode materials which support limited charge transfer in the desired frequency range, from less than 0.1 Hz to several tens of Hz. In our study we address this challenge by investigating the charge transfer properties of PEDOT/PSS coatings for low-frequency applications, focusing on the impact of the polymer bulk. PEDOT films of various thicknesses were exposed to low-frequency as well as DC stimulation textbfin vitro and compared to Pt and IrOx electrodes as controls. The charge injection performance of the metallic substrates could be substantially improved already by a thin PEDOT coating. Additionally a linear dependency between charge injection and polymer thickness suggests that PEDOT coatings are promising as materials for future ACS applications.
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18
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Miyaguchi S, Otsuru N, Kojima S, Saito K, Inukai Y, Masaki M, Onishi H. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation With Gamma Oscillations Over the Primary Motor Cortex and Cerebellar Hemisphere Improved Visuomotor Performance. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:132. [PMID: 30034329 PMCID: PMC6043796 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can be used to modulate oscillatory brain activity. In this study, we investigated whether tACS applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) and cerebellar cortex region improved motor performance. We applied tACS (1.0 mA) to 20 healthy adults while they performed an isometric force task with some visuomotor control using their right index finger. Gamma (70 Hz) oscillations in the Experiment 1 or beta (20 Hz) oscillations in the Experiment 2 were applied for 30 s over the left M1, right cerebellar hemisphere or both regions ("M1-Cerebellum"), and errors performing the task were compared. Beta-oscillation tACS did not affect motor performance. With the gamma-oscillation tACS, a negative correlation was found between the difference of error in the M1-Cerebellum condition and the number of errors in the sham condition (P = 0.005, Pearson's r = -0.597), indicating that motor performance improved with M1-Cerebellum tACS for subjects with low motor performance in the sham condition. Those who performed poorly in the sham condition made significantly fewer errors with M1-Cerebellum tACS (P = 0.004). Thus, for subjects with poorer motor performance, tACS with gamma oscillations applied over the M1 and contralateral cerebellar hemisphere improved their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sho Kojima
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kei Saito
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Masaki
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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19
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Vosskuhl J, Strüber D, Herrmann CS. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: A Paradigm Shift in Understanding Brain Oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:211. [PMID: 29887799 PMCID: PMC5980979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience set out to understand the neural mechanisms underlying cognition. One central question is how oscillatory brain activity relates to cognitive processes. Up to now, most of the evidence supporting this relationship was correlative in nature. This situation changed dramatically with the recent development of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, which open up new vistas for neuroscience by allowing researchers for the first time to validate their correlational theories by manipulating brain functioning directly. In this review, we focus on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), an electrical brain stimulation method that applies sinusoidal currents to the intact scalp of human individuals to directly interfere with ongoing brain oscillations. We outline how tACS can impact human brain oscillations by employing different levels of observation from non-invasive tACS application in healthy volunteers and intracranial recordings in patients to animal studies demonstrating the effectiveness of alternating electric fields on neurons in vitro and in vivo. These findings likely translate to humans as comparable effects can be observed in human and animal studies. Neural entrainment and plasticity are suggested to mediate the behavioral effects of tACS. Furthermore, we focus on mechanistic theories about the relationship between certain cognitive functions and specific parameters of brain oscillaitons such as its amplitude, frequency, phase and phase coherence. For each of these parameters we present the current state of testing its functional relevance by means of tACS. Recent developments in the field of tACS are outlined which include the stimulation with physiologically inspired non-sinusoidal waveforms, stimulation protocols which allow for the observation of online-effects, and closed loop applications of tACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vosskuhl
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence “Hearing4all,” European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Strüber
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence “Hearing4all,” European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center for Excellence “Hearing4all,” European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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20
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Huang MX, Swan AR, Quinto AA, Matthews S, Harrington DL, Nichols S, Bruder BJ, Snook CC, Huang CW, Baker DG, Lee RR. A pilot treatment study for mild traumatic brain injury: Neuroimaging changes detected by MEG after low-intensity pulse-based transcranial electrical stimulation. Brain Inj 2017; 31:1951-1963. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1363409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiong Huang
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Robb Swan
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annemarie Angeles Quinto
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- ASPIRE Center, VASDHS Residential Rehabilitation Treatment Program, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah L. Harrington
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Nichols
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Charles W. Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dewleen G. Baker
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roland R. Lee
- Radiology, Research, and Psychiatry Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Electrical brain stimulation induces dendritic stripping but improves survival of silent neurons after optic nerve damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:627. [PMID: 28377608 PMCID: PMC5428431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS) improves vision in patients with chronic visual impairments and an acute treatment increased survival of retinal neurons after optic nerve crush (ONC) in rodent models of visual system injury. However, despite this protection no functional recovery could be detected in rats, which was interpreted as evidence of “silent survivor” cells. We now analysed the mechanisms underlying this “silent survival” effect. Using in vivo microscopy of the retina we investigated the survival and morphology of fluorescent neurons before and after ONC in animals receiving rtACS or sham treatment. One week after the crush, more neurons survived in the rtACS-treated group compared to sham-treated controls. In vivo imaging further revealed that in the initial post-ONC period, rtACS induced dendritic pruning in surviving neurons. In contrast, dendrites in untreated retinae degenerated slowly after the axonal trauma and neurons died. The complete loss of visual evoked potentials supports the hypothesis that cell signalling is abolished in the surviving neurons. Despite this evidence of “silencing”, intracellular free calcium imaging showed that the cells were still viable. We propose that early after trauma, complete dendritic stripping following rtACS protects neurons from excitotoxic cell death by silencing them.
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22
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A Neurophysiological Perspective on a Preventive Treatment against Schizophrenia Using Transcranial Electric Stimulation of the Corticothalamic Pathway. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7040034. [PMID: 28350371 PMCID: PMC5406691 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients are waiting for a treatment free of detrimental effects. Psychotic disorders are devastating mental illnesses associated with dysfunctional brain networks. Ongoing brain network gamma frequency (30–80 Hz) oscillations, naturally implicated in integrative function, are excessively amplified during hallucinations, in at-risk mental states for psychosis and first-episode psychosis. So, gamma oscillations represent a bioelectrical marker for cerebral network disorders with prognostic and therapeutic potential. They accompany sensorimotor and cognitive deficits already present in prodromal schizophrenia. Abnormally amplified gamma oscillations are reproduced in the corticothalamic systems of healthy humans and rodents after a single systemic administration, at a psychotomimetic dose, of the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine. These translational ketamine models of prodromal schizophrenia are thus promising to work out a preventive noninvasive treatment against first-episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. In the present essay, transcranial electric stimulation (TES) is considered an appropriate preventive therapeutic modality because it can influence cognitive performance and neural oscillations. Here, I highlight clinical and experimental findings showing that, together, the corticothalamic pathway, the thalamus, and the glutamatergic synaptic transmission form an etiopathophysiological backbone for schizophrenia and represent a potential therapeutic target for preventive TES of dysfunctional brain networks in at-risk mental state patients against psychotic disorders.
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23
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Henrich-Noack P, Sergeeva EG, Sabel BA. Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation: from acute to late-stage treatment of central nervous system damage. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1590-1594. [PMID: 29171414 PMCID: PMC5696830 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive brain current stimulation (NIBS) is a promising and versatile tool for inducing neuroplasticity, protection and functional rehabilitation of damaged neuronal systems. It is technically simple, requires no surgery, and has significant beneficial effects. However, there are various technical approaches for NIBS which influence neuronal networks in significantly different ways. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), alternating current stimulation (ACS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) all have been applied to modulate brain activity in animal experiments under normal and pathological conditions. Also clinical trials have shown that tDCS, rTMS and ACS induce significant behavioural effects and can – depending on the parameters chosen – enhance or decrease brain excitability and influence performance and learning as well as rehabilitation and protective mechanisms. The diverse phaenomena and partially opposing effects of NIBS are not yet fully understood and mechanisms of action need to be explored further in order to select appropriate parameters for a given task, such as current type and strength, timing, distribution of current densities and electrode position. In this review, we will discuss the various parameters which need to be considered when designing a NIBS protocol and will put them into context with the envisaged applications in experimental neurobiology and medicine such as vision restoration, motor rehabilitation and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena G Sergeeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernhard A Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y. Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: A review. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2016; 2:19-25. [PMID: 30214966 PMCID: PMC6123849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) have been applied to many research issues because these stimulation techniques can modulate neural activity in the human brain painlessly and non-invasively with weak electrical currents. However, there are no formal safety guidelines for the selection of stimulus parameters in either tDCS or tACS. As a means of gathering the information that is needed to produce safety guidelines, in this article, we summarize the adverse events of tDCS and tACS. In both stimulation techniques, most adverse effects are mild and disappear soon after stimulation. Nevertheless, several papers have reported that, in tDCS, some adverse events persist even after stimulation. The persistent events consist of skin lesions similar to burns, which can arise even in healthy subjects, and mania or hypomania in patients with depression. Recently, one paper reported a pediatric patient presenting with seizure after tDCS, although the causal relationship between stimulation and seizure is not clear. As this seizure is the only serious adverse events yet reported in connection with tDCS, tDCS is considered safe. In tACS, meanwhile, no persistent adverse events have been reported, but considerably fewer reports are available on the safety of tACS than on the safety of tDCS. Therefore, to establish the safety of tDCS and tACS, we need to scan the literature continuously for information on the adverse events of both stimulation techniques. Further safety investigations are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan.,Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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25
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San-Juan D, Sarmiento CI, Hernandez-Ruiz A, Elizondo-Zepeda E, Santos-Vázquez G, Reyes-Acevedo G, Zúñiga-Gazcón H, Zamora-Jarquín CM. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: A Potential Risk for Genetic Generalized Epilepsy Patients (Study Case). Front Neurol 2016; 7:213. [PMID: 27965623 PMCID: PMC5124785 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a re-emergent neuromodulation technique that consists in the external application of oscillating electrical currents that induces changes in cortical excitability. We present the case of a 16-year-old female with pharmaco-resistant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy to 3 antiepileptic’s drugs characterized by 4 myoclonic and 20 absence seizures monthly. She received tACS at 1 mA at 3 Hz pulse train during 60 min over Fp1–Fp2 (10–20 EEG international system position) during 4 consecutive days using an Endeavor™ IOM Systems device® (Natus Medical Incorporated, Middleton, WI, USA). At the 1-month follow-up, she reported a 75% increase in seizures frequency (only myoclonic and tonic–clonic events) and developed a 24-h myoclonic status epilepticus that resolved with oral clonazepam and intravenous valproate. At the 2-month follow-up, the patient reported a 15-day seizure-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel San-Juan
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Carlos Ignacio Sarmiento
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous Metropolitan University Campus Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Axel Hernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Reyes-Acevedo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Monterrey , San Pedro Garza-García , Mexico
| | | | - Carol Marina Zamora-Jarquín
- Department of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Neuropsychology and Neuropsychopedagogy, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Rahmatnejad K, Ahmed OM, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. Non-invasive electrical stimulation for vision restoration: dream or reality? EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2016.1221761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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