Analysis of reactive aldehydes in urine and plasma of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: Reactive aldehydes as potential markers of diabetic nephropathy

Renal expression and clinical significance of Bach1-related oxidative stress indicators in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis

Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and diabetic kidney disease are the primary causes of chronic kidney disease in China. Oxidative stress participates in both the glomerular damage and tubular injury of glomerular diseases. In this study, we evaluated the renal expression and clinical significance of Bach1-associated oxidative stress markers in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) using immunohistochemical staining. Our study demonstrated that there was significantly increased expression of Bach1 in the renal tubular injury of all the patients with chronic glomerulonephritis yet with faint expression in glomerular endothelial cells. However, the expression levels of SLC25A39 and Grx2 were significantly decreased in the renal tubular lesions. The renal expression levels of 4-HNE were significantly elevated in the renal tubular injury of all the patients. While the expression levels of MDA were significantly higher in the renal lesions of patients with IgAN and DN compared to the patients with MN. The semi-quantitative scores of renal Bach1 and 4-HNE expression were positively correlated with the renal injury indicators. Whereas the semi-quantitative scores of renal SLC25A39 and Grx2 expression demonstrated a negative correlation with the renal injury indicators. Bach1-associated oxidative stress indicators may be the promising pathologic biomarkers of oxidative stress injury in the tubular injury of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, which proposed potential therapeutic target.

Expression, purification and characterization of a dual function α-dioxygenase/peroxidase from Mycolicibacterium smegmatis

An open reading frame from the actinobacterium Mycolicibacterium smegmatis annotated as a Prostaglandin H Synthase (PGHS) was expressed with an N-terminal (his)6 tag and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a monomeric molecular weight of 68.3 kD and exists as a dimer in the presence of nonionic detergent. The enzyme uses saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as substrates and catalyzes two reactions: the addition of molecular oxygen alpha to the carboxylate group to form the 2-hydroperoxy fatty acid, followed by reduction to the 2-hydroxy fatty acid. The initial reduction reaction does not require a source of electrons, but electrons must be provided from an appropriate donor such as epinephrine for the reduction reaction to go to completion. Minor reaction products one carbon atom shorter than the original fatty acid substrate are also observed; These most likely arise from the spontaneous decarboxylation of the 2-hydroperoxy fatty acid product to form an aldehyde. This dual function dioxygenase/peroxidase is unusual among the lipid dioxygenases and may represent a bacterial precursor to mammalian PGHS.

Glyoxal in Foods: Formation, Metabolism, Health Hazards, and Its Control Strategies

Glyoxal is a highly reactive aldehyde widely present in common diet and environment and inevitably generated through various metabolic pathways in vivo. Glyoxal is easily produced in diets high in carbohydrates and fats via the Maillard reaction, carbohydrate autoxidation, and lipid peroxidation, etc. This leads to dietary intake being a major source of exogenous exposure. Exposure to glyoxal has been positively associated with a number of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. It has been demonstrated that polyphenols, probiotics, hydrocolloids, and amino acids can reduce the content of glyoxal in foods via different mechanisms, thus reducing the risk of exogenous exposure to glyoxal and alleviating carbonyl stresses in the human body. This review discussed the formation and metabolism of glyoxal, its health hazards, and the strategies to reduce such health hazards. Future investigation of glyoxal from different perspectives is also discussed.

TRPA1 channel mediates methylglyoxal-induced mouse bladder dysfunction

Introduction: The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (TRPA1) is expressed in urothelial cells and bladder nerve endings. Hyperglycemia in diabetic individuals induces accumulation of the highly reactive dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal (MGO), which modulates TRPA1 activity. Long-term oral intake of MGO causes mouse bladder dysfunction. We hypothesized that TRPA1 takes part in the machinery that leads to MGO-induced bladder dysfunction. Therefore, we evaluated TRPA1 expression in the bladder and the effects of 1 h-intravesical infusion of the selective TRPA1 blocker HC-030031 (1 nmol/min) on MGO-induced cystometric alterations. Methods: Five-week-old female C57BL/6 mice received 0.5% MGO in their drinking water for 12 weeks, whereas control mice received tap water alone. Results: Compared to the control group, the protein levels and immunostaining for the MGO-derived hydroimidazolone isomer MG-H1 was increased in bladders of the MGO group, as observed in urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle. TRPA1 protein expression was significantly higher in bladder tissues of MGO compared to control group with TRPA1 immunostaining both lamina propria and urothelium, but not the detrusor smooth muscle. Void spot assays in conscious mice revealed an overactive bladder phenotype in MGO-treated mice characterized by increased number of voids and reduced volume per void. Filling cystometry in anaesthetized animals revealed an increased voiding frequency, reduced bladder capacity, and reduced voided volume in MGO compared to vehicle group, which were all reversed by HC-030031 infusion. Conclusion: TRPA1 activation is implicated in MGO-induced mouse overactive bladder. TRPA1 blockers may be useful to treat diabetic bladder dysfunction in individuals with high MGO levels.

The association of the serum levels of aldehydes with diabetes-related eye diseases: a cross-sectional population-based study

Diabetes could impact many ocular tissues. However, the association of the serum aldehydes with diabetes-related eye diseases (DED) remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to examine the above relationship from the general US population of 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The multivariable logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to analyze the effect of serum aldehydes on the risk of DED. Pearson's correlation analysis, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) model, and the linear regression were performed to explore the association between the serum aldehydes and other parameters. The multivariable linear regression was conducted to further underlie the relationship between the serum aldehydes and the glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in DED participants. Although no significant association was observed between the serum aldehydes and the risk of DED by the multivariable logistic regression and BKMR, the Pearson correlation revealed a positive association between the HbA1c level and the serum level of heptanaldehyde and isopentanaldehyde in DED participants. The RCS model confirmed the above linear correlation. After adjusting for the cofounding factor of smoking, the multivariable linear regression revealed a significant association between the serum level of heptanaldehyde and the HbA1c level in DED participants. Our results suggest that aldehyde exposure did not significantly increase the risk of DED, while heptanaldehyde was the risk factor for increased HbA1c in DED population.

Isotope-coded derivatization with designed Girard-type reagent as charged isobaric mass tags for non-targeted profiling and discovery of natural aldehydes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aldehyde-containing metabolites are reactive electrophiles that have attracted extensive attention due to their widespread occurrence in organisms and natural foods. Herein we described a newly-designed Girard's reagent, 1-(4-hydrazinyl-4-oxobutyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide (HBP), as charged tandem mass (MS/MS) tags to facilitate selective capture, sensitive detection and semi-targeted discovery of aldehyde metabolites via hydrazone formation. After HBP labeling, the detection signals of the test aldehydes were increased by 21-2856 times, with the limits of detection were 2.5-7 nM. Upon isotope-coded derivatization with a pair of labeling reagents, HBP-d₀ and its deuterium-labeled counterpart HBP-d₅, the aldehyde analytes were converted to hydrazone derivatives, which generated characteristic neutral fragments of 79 Da and 84 Da, respectively. The isobaric HBP-d₀/HBP-d₅ labeling based LC-MS/MS method was validated by relative quantification of human urinary aldehydes (slope=0.999, R² > 0.99, RSDs ≤ 8.5%) and discrimination analysis between diabetic and control samples. The unique isotopic doubles (Δm/z = 5 Da) by dual neutral loss scanning (dNLS) provided a generic reactivity-based screening strategy that allowed non-targeted profiling and identification of endogenous aldehydes even amidst noisy data. The LC-dNLS-MS/MS screening of cinnamon extracts led to finding 61 possible natural aldehydes and guided discovery of 10 previously undetected congeners in this medicinal plant.