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Wang Z, Zhu H, Xiong W. Advances in mass spectrometry-based multi-scale metabolomic methodologies and their applications in biological and clinical investigations. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2268-2284. [PMID: 37666722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a nascent field of inquiry that emerged in the late 20th century. It encompasses the comprehensive profiling of metabolites across a spectrum of organisms, ranging from bacteria and cells to tissues. The rapid evolution of analytical methods and data analysis has greatly accelerated progress in this dynamic discipline over recent decades. Sophisticated techniques such as liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatograph MS, capillary electrophoresis MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance serve as the cornerstone of metabolomic analysis. Building upon these methods, a plethora of modifications and combinations have emerged to propel the advancement of metabolomics. Despite this progress, scrutinizing metabolism at the single-cell or single-organelle level remains an arduous task over the decades. Some of the most thrilling advancements, such as single-cell and single-organelle metabolic profiling techniques, offer profound insights into the intricate mechanisms within cells and organelles. This allows for a comprehensive study of metabolic heterogeneity and its pivotal role in multiple biological processes. The progress made in MS imaging has enabled high-resolution in situ metabolic profiling of tissue sections and even individual cells. Spatial reconstruction techniques enable the direct representation of metabolic distribution and alteration in three-dimensional space. The application of novel metabolomic techniques has led to significant breakthroughs in biological and clinical studies, including the discovery of novel metabolic pathways, determination of cell fate in differentiation, anti-aging intervention through modulating metabolism, metabolomics-based clinicopathologic analysis, and surgical decision-making based on on-site intraoperative metabolic analysis. This review presents a comprehensive overview of both conventional and innovative metabolomic techniques, highlighting their applications in groundbreaking biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Intelligent Processing, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, Hefei 230026, China.
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Xu C, Kim A, Corbin JM, Wang GG. Onco-condensates: formation, multi-component organization, and biological functions. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:738-751. [PMID: 37349246 PMCID: PMC10524369 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous cellular processes occur in the context of condensates, a type of large, membrane-less biomolecular assembly generated through phase separation. These condensates function as a hub of diversified cellular events by concentrating the required components. Cancer frequently coopts biomolecular condensation mechanisms to promote survival and/or proliferation. Onco-condensates, which refer to those that have causal roles or are critically involved in tumorigenicity, operate to abnormally elevate biological output of a proliferative process, or to suppress a tumor-suppressive pathway, thereby promoting oncogenesis. Here, we summarize advances regarding how multi-component onco-condensates are established and organized to promote oncogenesis, with those related to chromatin and transcription deregulation used as showcases. A better understanding should enable development of new means of targeting onco-condensates as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arum Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua M Corbin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Holland SM, Gallo G. Actin cytoskeletal dynamics do not impose an energy drain on growth cone bioenergetics. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261356. [PMID: 37534394 PMCID: PMC10445737 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the intracellular level of ATP is a fundamental aspect of bioenergetics. Actin cytoskeletal dynamics have been reported to be an energetic drain in developing neurons and platelets. We addressed the role of actin dynamics in primary embryonic chicken neurons using luciferase assays, and by measurement of the ATP/ADP ratio using the ratiometric reporter PercevalHR and the ATP level using the ratiometric reporter mRuby-iATPSnFR. None of the methods revealed an effect of suppressing actin dynamics on the decline in the neuronal ATP level or the ATP/ADP ratio following shutdown of ATP production. Similarly, we find that treatments that elevate or suppress actin dynamics do not alter the ATP/ADP ratio in growth cones, the subcellular domain with the highest actin dynamics in developing neurons. Collectively, the data indicate that actin cytoskeletal dynamics are not a significant energy drain in developing neurons and that the ATP/ADP ratio is maintained when energy utilization varies. Discrepancies between prior work and the current data are discussed with emphasis on methodology and interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M. Holland
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Pediatric Research Center, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Gianluca Gallo
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Neural Sciences, Shriners Pediatric Research Center, 3500 North Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Guan X, Wang B, Zhang Y, Qi G, Chen L, Jin Y. Monitoring Stress Response Difference in Nucleolus Morphology and ATP Content Changes during Hyperthermia Cell Apoptosis with Plasmonic Fluorescent Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13842-13851. [PMID: 36174112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus, as a main "cellular stress receptor", is the hub of the stress response driving cancer development and has great research value in the field of organelle-targeting photothermal therapy. However, there are few studies focused on monitoring nucleolar stress response and revealing how the energy metabolism of cells regulates the nucleolar stress response during photothermal therapy. Herein, by designing a nucleolus-targeting and ATP- and photothermal-responsive plasmonic fluorescent nanoprobe (AuNRs-CDs) based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) and fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CDs), we achieved real-time fluorescence imaging of nucleus morphology while monitoring changes of ATP content at the subcellular level. We found that the green fluorescence diminished at 5 min of photothermal therapy, and the nucleolus morphology began to shrink and became smaller in cancerous HepG2 cells. In contrast, there is no significant change of green fluorescence in the nucleolar region of normal HL-7702 cells. ATP content monitoring also showed similar results. Apparently, in response to photothermal stimuli, cancerous cells produce more ATP (energy) along with obvious change in nucleolus morphology and state compared to normal cells under the hyperthermia-induced cell apoptosis. The developed AuNRs-CDs as a nucleolus imaging nanoprobe and effective photothermal agent present promising applications for nucleolar stress studies and targeted photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, Jilin P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Limei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, Jilin P.R. China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
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Qiu T, Chen Y, Meng L, Xu T, Zhang H. Identification of a metabolism-related gene signature predicting overall survival for bladder cancer. Genomics 2022; 114:110402. [PMID: 35714826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolism is becoming a novel hallmark of cancer. This study aims to perform bioinformatics analysis of metabolism-related genes in bladder cancer, and to construct a signature of metabolism-related genes for predicting the prognosis. A total of 373 differentially expressed metabolism-related genes were identified from TCGA database. Taking survival time and clinical information into consideration, we constructed a risk score to predict clinical prognosis. Low-risk patients had a better prognosis than high-risk patients. Multivariate analysis showed that risk score was an independent prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. ROC curve also proved that risk score had better ability to predict prognosis than other individual indicators. Nomogram also showed a clinical net benefit to evaluate the prognosis of bladder cancer patients. GSEA revealed several metabolism-related pathways that were differentially enriched in the high-risk and low-risk groups, which might help to explain the underlying mechanisms. This signature was confirmed to be an effective prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Qiu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Meng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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More TH, Hiller K. Complexity of subcellular metabolism: strategies for compartment-specific profiling. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 75:102711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Tao JH, Wang XT, Yuan W, Chen JN, Wang ZJ, Ma YB, Zhao FQ, Zhang LY, Ma J, Liu Q. Reduced serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and aberrantly expressed cholesterol metabolism genes in colorectal cancer. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4446-4459. [PMID: 35663062 PMCID: PMC9125299 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Lipid metabolism, as an important part of material and energy circulation, is well known to play a crucial role in CRC.
AIM To explore the relationship between serum lipids and CRC development and identify aberrantly expressed cholesterol metabolism genes in CRC.
METHODS We retrospectively collected 843 patients who had confirmed CRC and received surgical resection from 2013 to 2015 at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences as our research subjects. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C/HDL-C and clinical features were collected and statistically analyzed by SPSS. Then, we used the data from Oncomine to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the cholesterol metabolism pathway in CRC and used Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis to confirm the candidate DEGs. PrognoScan was used to analyze the prognostic value of the DEGs, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes was used to construct the protein–protein interaction network of DEGs.
RESULTS The serum HDL-C level in CRC patients was significantly correlated with tumor size, and patients whose tumor size was more than 5 cm had a lower serum HDL-C level (1.18 ± 0.41 mmol/L vs 1.25 ± 0.35 mmol/L, P < 0.01) than their counterparts. In addition, TC/HDL (4.19 ± 1.33 vs 3.93 ± 1.26, P < 0.01) and LDL-C/HDL-C (2.83 ± 1.10 vs 2.61 ± 0.96, P < 0.01) were higher in patients with larger tumors. The levels of HDL-C (P < 0.05), TC/HDL-C (P < 0.01) and LDL-C/HDL-C (P < 0.05) varied in different stages of CRC patients, and the differences were significant. We screened 14 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the cholesterol metabolism pathway in CRC and confirmed that lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8 (LRP8), PCSK9, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), MBTPS2 and FDXR are upregulated, while ABCA1 and OSBPL1A are downregulated in cancer tissue. Higher expression of LDLR (HR = 3.12, 95%CI: 1.77-5.49, P < 0.001), ABCA1 (HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.11-2.48, P = 0.012) and OSBPL1A (HR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.01-1.89, P = 0.041) all yielded significantly poorer DFS outcomes. Higher expression of FDXR (HR = 0.7, 95%CI: 0.47-1.05, P = 0.002) was correlated with longer DFS. LDLR, ABCA1, OSBPL1A and FDXR were involved in many important cellular function pathways.
CONCLUSION Serum HDL-C levels are associated with tumor size and stage in CRC patients. LRP8, PCSK9, LDLR, MBTPS2 and FDXR are upregulated, while ABCA1 and OSBPL1A are downregulated in CRC. Among them, LDLR, ABCA1, OSBPL1A and FDXR were valuable prognostic factors of DFS and were involved in important cellular function pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Tao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Immunology Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Immunology Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jia-Nan Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yun-Bin Ma
- Department of Abodominal Surgery, Beijing Sanhuan Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100122, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Liu-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Immunology Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Immunology Center, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Ikeda Y, Hirayama A, Kofuji S, Hirota Y, Kamata R, Osaka N, Fujii Y, Sasaki M, Ikeda S, Smith EP, Bachoo R, Soga T, Sasaki AT. SI-MOIRAI: A new method to identify and quantify the metabolic fate of nucleotides. J Biochem 2021; 170:699-711. [PMID: 34244779 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of nucleotides over 100 years ago, extensive studies have revealed the importance of nucleotides for homeostasis, health, and disease. However, there remains no established method to investigate quantitively and accurately intact nucleotide incorporation into RNA and DNA. Herein, we report a new method, Stable-Isotope Measure Of Influxed Ribonucleic Acid Index (SI-MOIRAI), for the identification and quantification of the metabolic fate of ribonucleotides and their precursors. SI-MOIRAI, named after Greek goddesses of fate, combines a stable isotope-labeling flux assay with mass spectrometry to enable quantification of the newly synthesized ribonucleotides into r/m/tRNA under a metabolic stationary state. Using glioblastoma U87MG cells and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) glioblastoma mouse model, SI-MOIRAI analyses showed that newly synthesized GTP was particularly and disproportionally highly utilized for rRNA and tRNA synthesis but not for mRNA synthesis in glioblastoma (GBM) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, newly synthesized pyrimidine nucleotides exhibited a significantly lower utilization rate for RNA synthesis than newly synthesized purine nucleotides. The results reveal the existence of discrete pathways and compartmentalization of purine and pyrimidine metabolism designated for RNA synthesis, demonstrating the capacity of SI-MOIRAI to reveal previously unknown aspects of nucleotide biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ikeda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Natsuki Osaka
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Satsuki Ikeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Eric P Smith
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Internal Medicine; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center; Annette G. Strauss Center for Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Atsuo T Sasaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, 997-0052, Japan.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, 45267, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center at UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
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