The Cellular and Molecular Landscape of Synchronous Pediatric Sialoblastoma and Hepatoblastoma

Sialoblastomas With Solid Pattern Have FGFR2 Mutations and an Unfavorable Prognosis

Although sialoblastoma (SBL) is defined as a low-grade malignant salivary gland anlage neoplasm in the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Head and Neck Tumors, its histology, genetics, and behavior remain controversial due to the rarity of the tumor. Here, we performed the first comprehensive clinical, histologic, and molecular analyses of 8 SBLs to better understand their pathogenesis and prognosis. This cohort consisted of 5 boys and 3 girls, with ages ranging from birth to 9 years at diagnosis. Tumors occurred in the parotid (4), cheek (3), and submandibular glands (1). Histologically, 5 tumors primarily presented as a solid pattern consisting of primitive basaloid epithelial cells, often with necrosis. Three tumors exhibited a non-solid pattern, with 1 tumor mainly showing epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC)-like histology, whereas the other 2 tumors exhibited basal cell adenoma (BCA)-like histology. All 5 solid SBLs harbored FGFR2 mutations, and 1 also harbored mutations in PALB2, AR, and MAP2K1. In contrast, non-solid pattern tumors were characterized by HRAS mutations or significant β-catenin nuclear positivity. All 5 solid tumors recurred, 3 of them developed distant metastases, and 2 died 40 and 44 months after diagnosis. Three non-solid tumors showed no evidence of disease recurrence at 49, 144, and 132 months, suggesting a relatively favorable prognosis. Overall, SBLs can be stratified into solid and non-solid patterns, with solid pattern tumors usually having FGFR2 mutations, increasing the risk of recurrence and metastasis. This stratification underscores the importance of genetic and morphologic profiling for predicting the prognosis of SBLs.

Immunogenic cell death-related cancer-associated fibroblast clusters and prognostic risk model in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of female cancer mortality globally. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) influences the tumor microenvironment (TME) and adaptive immune responses. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) within the TME suppress anti-tumor immunity and contribute to CC progression. This study identified three ICD-related CAF clusters linked to patient survival, including IL6+CAF and ILR1+CAF, which were associated with clinical outcomes. Using a nine-gene risk model, patients were stratified into risk groups, with high-risk individuals showing worse survival and correlations with pathways such as hypoxia and TGFβ. The model also predicted immunotherapy responses, highlighting immune infiltration differences across risk groups. These findings provide insights into the role of CAF clusters in CC and present a risk model that supports prognosis prediction and personalized therapy.

Infant with Parotid Sialoblastoma and Nevus Sebaceous, Treated with Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Sialoblastoma is an extremely rare embryonal tumor derived from salivary gland primordial cells. Treatment usually consists of surgery alone; however, in some cases, chemotherapy is required and is administered with good response. We present a case of a 5-week-old girl diagnosed with a parotid gland tumor and co-existing nevus sebaceous on the face. Initial tumorectomy was microscopically non-radical and histopathology revealed sialoblastoma. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide. Due to imaging studies being inconclusive regarding response and possible residual disease, a second surgery (total parotidectomy) was performed. The histopathology results showed fields of necrosis in the parotid gland but no neoplastic cells in the material. The patient remains under watchful observation and there is no evidence of relapse 12 months after the second surgery. The adjuvant chemotherapy regimen with vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide is a viable option of treatment in children with sialoblastoma.

Primary immature teratoma in the liver with growing teratoma syndrome and gliomatosis peritonei: a rare case report

Background

Primary liver immature teratoma is extremely rare and only 4 cases have been reported, let alone with growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) and/or gliomatosis peritonei (GP).

Case presentation

Here, we report a case of a 44-year-old female presenting with progressive abdominal distension and elevated serum alpha fetal protein (AFP) level. CT/MRI scans revealed a large cystic-solid mass in the right lobe of the liver, accompanied with implant or metastasis in the abdominal cavity. Pathologic examination at biopsy suggested immature teratoma. After 4 cycles of chemotherapy, an MRI showed a slight increase in tumor size. Therefore, surgical resection of the right lobe of the liver was performed. The final histological diagnosis was a mature teratoma (tumor size 28 cm × 14 cm × 13 cm), with no residual immature component, and the diagnosis of GTS was considered. The patient continued to receive 2 courses of postoperative chemotherapy. An abdominal CT scan revealed innumerable miliary nodules in bilateral adnexal areas 2 months after surgery. Histologically, large numbers of mature glia were observed, supporting the diagnosis of GP.

Conclusions

We report for the first time a case of primary liver immature teratoma with GTS and GP in an adult. Longer follow-up is needed to assess definitive efficacy.