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Liu C, Kuang S, Huang T, Wu J, Zhang L, Gong X. Radiotherapy plus temozolomide with or without anlotinib in H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma: A retrospective cohort study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14730. [PMID: 38644565 PMCID: PMC11033330 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Besides the hallmark of H3K27M mutation, aberrant amplifications of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are commonly observed in diffuse midline glioma (DMG), a highly malignant brain tumor with dismal prognosis. Here, we intended to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a multitarget RTK inhibitor anlotinib in patients with H3K27M-DMG. METHODS A total of 40 newly diagnosed H3K27M-DMG patients including 15 with anlotinib and 25 without anlotinib treatment were retrospectively enrolled in this cohort. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicities were assessed and compared. RESULTS The median PFS and OS of all patients in this cohort were 8.5 months (95% CI, 6.5-11.3) and 15.5 months (95% CI, 12.6-17.1), respectively. According to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, the disease control rate in the anlotinib group [93.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI), 70.2-98.8] was significantly higher than those without anlotinib (64%, 95% CI: 40.5-79.8, p = 0.039). The median PFS of patients with and without anlotinib was 11.6 months (95% CI, 7.8-14.3) and 6.4 months (95% CI, 4.3-10.3), respectively. Both the median PFS and OS of DMG patients treated with anlotinib were longer than those without anlotinib in the infratentorial patients (PFS: 10.3 vs. 5.4 months, p = 0.006; OS: 16.6 vs. 8.7 months, p = 0.016). Multivariate analysis also indicated anlotinib (HR: 0.243, 95% CI: 0.066-0.896, p = 0.034) was an independent prognosticator for longer OS in the infratentorial subgroup. In addition, the adverse events of anlotinib administration were tolerable in the whole cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study first reported that anlotinib combined with Stupp regimen is a safe and feasible regimen for newly diagnosed patients with H3K27M-DMG. Further, anlotinib showed significant efficacy for H3K27M-DMG located in the infratentorial region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of OncologyXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Shuwen Kuang
- Department of OncologyXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Longbo Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xuan Gong
- Department of NeurosurgeryXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaChina
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Fernández EC, Tomassoni L, Zhang X, Wang J, Obradovic A, Laise P, Griffin AT, Vlahos L, Minns HE, Morales DV, Simmons C, Gallitto M, Wei HJ, Martins TJ, Becker PS, Crawford JR, Tzaridis T, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Garvin J, Gartrell RD, Szalontay L, Zacharoulis S, Wu CC, Zhang Z, Califano A, Pavisic J. Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies in Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma Subpopulations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.17.585370. [PMID: 38559080 PMCID: PMC10979998 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.17.585370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs) are universally fatal, primarily pediatric malignancies affecting the midline structures of the central nervous system. Despite decades of clinical trials, treatment remains limited to palliative radiation therapy. A major challenge is the coexistence of molecularly distinct malignant cell states with potentially orthogonal drug sensitivities. To address this challenge, we leveraged established network-based methodologies to elucidate Master Regulator (MR) proteins representing mechanistic, non-oncogene dependencies of seven coexisting subpopulations identified by single-cell analysis-whose enrichment in essential genes was validated by pooled CRISPR/Cas9 screens. Perturbational profiles of 372 clinically relevant drugs helped identify those able to invert the activity of subpopulation-specific MRs for follow-up in vivo validation. While individual drugs predicted to target individual subpopulations-including avapritinib, larotrectinib, and ruxolitinib-produced only modest tumor growth reduction in orthotopic models, systemic co-administration induced significant survival extension, making this approach a valuable contribution to the rational design of combination therapy.
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Stepien N, Mayr L, Schmook MT, Raimann A, Dorfer C, Peyrl A, Azizi AA, Schramm K, Haberler C, Gojo J. Feasibility and antitumour activity of the FGFR inhibitor erdafitnib in three paediatric CNS tumour patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30836. [PMID: 38177074 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Alterations of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway are increasingly recognized as frequent oncogenic drivers of paediatric brain tumours. We report on three patients treated with the selective FGFR1-4 inhibitor erdafitinib. Two patients were diagnosed with a posterior fossa ependymoma group A (PFA EPN) and one with a low-grade glioma (LGG), harbouring FGFR3/FGFR1 overexpression and an FGFR1 internal tandem duplication (ITD), respectively. While both EPN patients did not respond to erdafitinib treatment, the FGFR1-ITD-harbouring tumour showed a significant decrease in tumour volume and contrast enhancement throughout treatment. The tumour remained stable 6 months after treatment discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Stepien
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria T Schmook
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adalbert Raimann
- Clinical Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peyrl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amedeo A Azizi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schramm
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research (B360), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Haberler
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Gojo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ali RH, Almanabri M, Ali NY, Alsaber AR, Khalifa NM, Hussein R, Alateeqi M, Mohammed EMA, Jama H, Almarzooq A, Benobaid N, Alqallaf Z, Ahmed AA, Bahzad S, Almurshed M. Clinicopathological analysis of BRAF and non-BRAF MAPK pathway-altered gliomas in paediatric and adult patients: a single-institution study of 40 patients. J Clin Pathol 2024:jcp-2023-209318. [PMID: 38195220 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alteration is a major oncogenic driver in paediatric low-grade gliomas (LGG) and some adult gliomas, encompassing BRAF (most common) and non-BRAF alterations. The aim was to determine the frequency, molecular spectrum and clinicopathological features of MAPK-altered gliomas in paediatric and adult patients at our neuropathology site in Kuwait. METHODS We retrospectively searched the data of molecularly sequenced gliomas between 2018 and 2023 for MAPK alterations, revised the pathology in view of the 2021 WHO classification and evaluated the clinicopathological data for possible correlations. RESULTS Of 272 gliomas, 40 (15%) harboured a MAPK pathway alteration in 19 paediatric (median 9.6 years; 1.2-17.6) and 21 adult patients (median 37 years; 18.9-89.2), comprising 42% and 9% of paediatric and adult cases, respectively. Pilocytic astrocytoma and glioblastoma were the most frequent diagnoses in children (47%) and adults (43%), respectively. BRAF V600E (n=17, 43%) showed a wide distribution across age groups, locations and pathological diagnoses while KIAA1549::BRAF fusion (n=8, 20%) was spatially and histologically restricted to cerebellar paediatric LGGs. Non-V600E variants and BRAF amplifications accompanied other molecular aberrations in high-grade tumours. Non-BRAF MAPK alterations (n=8) included mutations and gene fusions involving FGFR1, NTRK2, NF1, ROS1 and MYB. Fusions included KANK1::NTRK2, GOPC::ROS1 (both infant hemispheric gliomas), FGFR1::TACC1 (diffuse LGG), MYB::QKI (angiocentric glioma) and BCR::NTRK2 (glioblastoma). Paradoxical H3 K27M/MAPK co-mutations were observed in two LGGs. CONCLUSION The study provided insights into MAPK-altered gliomas in Kuwait highlighting the differences among paediatric and adult patients and providing a framework for planning therapeutic polices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola H Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Hawalli, Kuwait
- Department of Histopathology, Al Sabah Hospital, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Mohamad Almanabri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ibn Sina Hospital, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Nawal Y Ali
- Department of Radiology, Ibn Sina Hospital, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad R Alsaber
- Department of Management, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, Salmiya, Hawalli, Kuwait
| | - Nisreen M Khalifa
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, NBK Children's Hospital, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Rania Hussein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Mona Alateeqi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Eiman M A Mohammed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Hiba Jama
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Ammar Almarzooq
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Noelle Benobaid
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Zainab Alqallaf
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Amir A Ahmed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Shakir Bahzad
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
| | - Maryam Almurshed
- Department of Histopathology, Al Sabah Hospital, Shuwaikh, Al Asimah, Kuwait
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Nafe R, Hattingen E. The Spectrum of Molecular Pathways in Gliomas-An Up-to-Date Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2281. [PMID: 37626776 PMCID: PMC10452344 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, molecular alterations have gained increasing significance in the diagnosis and biological assessment of tumors. Gliomas represent the largest group of tumors of the central nervous system, and the main aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on molecular pathways and their alterations in gliomas. A wide range of new insights has been gained, including evidence for the involvement of the WNT pathway or the hippo pathway in the pathobiology of gliomas, indicating a broad involvement of different pathways formerly not considered to play a central role in gliomas. Even new aspects of angiogenic, apoptotic, and metabolic pathways are presented, as well as the rapidly growing field of epigenetic processes, including non-coding RNAs. The two major conclusions drawn from the present review are the distinct interconnectivity of the whole spectrum of molecular pathways and the prominent role of non-coding RNAs, especially circular RNAs, in the regulation of specific targets. All these new insights are discussed, even considering the topic of the resistance to therapy of gliomas, along with aspects that are still incompletely understood, like the role of hydroxymethylation, or even ferroptosis, in the pathobiology of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Nafe
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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Reyes Medina B, Wrede A, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. [Neuropathology of pediatric brain tumors : Implications of the 5th edition of the WHO classification of central nervous system tumors]. RADIOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023:10.1007/s00117-023-01171-2. [PMID: 37477671 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-023-01171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Already with the update of the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system, it was pointed out that pediatric diffuse glioma do not follow the same molecular mechanisms used to characterize adult diffuse glioma. OBJECTIVES What changes result from the update of the classification of tumors of the central nervous system? METHODS With the 5th edition of the WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system, a second level of information containing molecular changes besides the histological characterization and grading of tumors was established. RESULTS A new classification of diffuse pediatric brain tumors based on molecular tumor pathways was established. The most important tumor pathways, considered for the new classification, were the activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and histone H3 alterations that cause epigenetic changes. CONCLUSIONS Increasingly better understanding of mechanisms in the development of pediatric brain tumors gives hope for more specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Reyes Medina
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes und Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str. 100, Gebäude 90.3, 66421, Homburg, Deutschland
| | - Arne Wrede
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes und Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str. 100, Gebäude 90.3, 66421, Homburg, Deutschland
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität des Saarlandes und Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Str. 100, Gebäude 90.3, 66421, Homburg, Deutschland.
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Varela ML, Comba A, Faisal SM, Argento A, Franson A, Barissi MN, Sachdev S, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Gene Therapy for High Grade Glioma: The Clinical Experience. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:145-161. [PMID: 36510843 PMCID: PMC9998375 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2157718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade gliomas (HGG) are the most common malignant primary brain tumors in adults, with a median survival of ~18 months. The standard of care (SOC) is maximal safe surgical resection, and radiation therapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. This protocol remains unchanged since 2005, even though HGG median survival has marginally improved. AREAS COVERED Gene therapy was developed as a promising approach to treat HGG. Here, we review completed and ongoing clinical trials employing viral and non-viral vectors for adult and pediatric HGG, as well as the key supporting preclinical data. EXPERT OPINION These therapies have proven safe, and pre- and post-treatment tissue analyses demonstrated tumor cell lysis, increased immune cell infiltration, and increased systemic immune function. Although viral therapy in clinical trials has not yet significantly extended the survival of HGG, promising strategies are being tested. Oncolytic HSV vectors have shown promising results for both adult and pediatric HGG. A recently published study demonstrated that HG47Δ improved survival in recurrent HGG. Likewise, PVSRIPO has shown survival improvement compared to historical controls. It is likely that further analysis of these trials will stimulate the development of new administration protocols, and new therapeutic combinations that will improve HGG prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Varela
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Syed M Faisal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Anna Argento
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Franson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marcus N Barissi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sean Sachdev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Yang W, Wang S, Zhang X, Sun H, Zhang M, Chen H, Cui J, Li J, Peng F, Zhu M, Yu B, Li Y, Yang L, Min W, Xue M, Pan L, Zhu H, Wu B, Gu Y. New natural compound inhibitors of PDGFRA (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α) based on computational study for high-grade glioma therapy. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1060012. [PMID: 36685223 PMCID: PMC9845622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1060012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma (HGG) is a malignant brain tumor that is common and aggressive in children and adults. In the current medical paradigm, surgery and radiotherapy are the standard treatments for HGG patients. Despite this, the overall prognosis is still very bleak. Studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) is an essential target to treat tumors and inhibiting the activity of PDGFRA can improve the prognosis of HGG. Thus, PDGFRA inhibitors are critical to developing drugs and cancer treatment. Objective The purpose of this study was to screen lead compounds and candidate drugs with potential inhibitors against platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) from the drug library (ZINC database) in order to improve the prognosis of patients with high-grade glioma (HGG). Materials and methods In our study, we selected Imatinib as the reference drug. A series of computer-aided technologies, such as Discovery Studio 2019 and Schrodinger, were used to screen and assess potential inhibitors of PDGFRA. The first step was to calculate the LibDock scores and then analyze the pharmacological and toxicological properties. Following this, we docked the small molecules selected in the previous steps with PDGFRA to study their docking mechanism and affinity. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation was used to determine whether the ligand-PDGFRA complex was stable in nature. Results Two novel natural compounds 1 and 2 (ZINC000008829785 and ZINC000013377891) from the ZINC database were found binding to PDGFRA with more favorable interaction energy. Also, they were predicted with less Ames mutagenicity, rodent carcinogenicity, non-developmental toxic potential, and tolerant with cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). The dynamic simulation analysis demonstrated that ZINC000008829785-PDGFRA and ZINC000013377891-PDGFRA dimer complex had more favorable potential energy compared with Imatinib, and they can exist in natural environments stably. Conclusion ZINC000008829785 and ZINC000013377891 might provide a solid foundation for drugs that inhibit PDGFRA in HGG. In addition to being safe drug candidates, these compounds had important implications for improving drugs targeting PDGFRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangmao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Menghan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junxiang Cui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mingqin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingcheng Yu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanwan Min
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Pan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinghao Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China,*Correspondence: Yinghao Gu,
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