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Pethő G, Kántás B, Horváth Á, Pintér E. The Epigenetics of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17143. [PMID: 38138971 PMCID: PMC10743356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics deals with alterations to the gene expression that occur without change in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. Various covalent modifications of the DNA and/or the surrounding histone proteins have been revealed, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and methylation, which can either stimulate or inhibit protein expression at the transcriptional level. In the past decade, an exponentially increasing amount of data has been published on the association between epigenetic changes and the pathomechanism of pain, including its most challenging form, neuropathic pain. Epigenetic regulation of the chromatin by writer, reader, and eraser proteins has been revealed for diverse protein targets involved in the pathomechanism of neuropathic pain. They include receptors, ion channels, transporters, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, inflammasome proteins, etc. Most work has been invested in clarifying the epigenetic downregulation of mu opioid receptors and various K+ channels, two types of structures mediating neuronal inhibition. Conversely, epigenetic upregulation has been revealed for glutamate receptors, growth factors, and lymphokines involved in neuronal excitation. All these data cannot only help better understand the development of neuropathic pain but outline epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers whose pharmacological inhibition may represent a novel option in the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Pethő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pécs, Édesanyák Str. 17., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Str. 12., H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.K.); (E.P.)
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Kolli U, Roy S. The role of the gut microbiome and microbial metabolism in mediating opioid-induced changes in the epigenome. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1233194. [PMID: 37670983 PMCID: PMC10475585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1233194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current opioid pandemic is a major public health crisis in the United States, affecting millions of people and imposing significant health and socioeconomic burdens. Preclinical and clinical research over the past few decades has delineated certain molecular mechanisms and identified various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors responsible for the pathophysiology and comorbidities associated with opioid use. Opioid use-induced epigenetic modifications have been identified as one of the important factors that mediate genetic changes in brain regions that control reward and drug-seeking behavior and are also implicated in the development of tolerance. Recently, it has been shown that opioid use results in microbial dysbiosis, leading to gut barrier disruption, which drives systemic inflammation, impacting the perception of pain, the development of analgesic tolerance, and behavioral outcomes. In this review, we highlight the potential role of microbiota and microbial metabolites in mediating the epigenetic modifications induced by opioid use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Puig S, Gutstein HB. Chronic Morphine Modulates PDGFR-β and PDGF-B Expression and Distribution in Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord in Male Rats. Neuroscience 2023; 519:147-161. [PMID: 36997020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The analgesic effect of opioids decreases over time due to the development of analgesic tolerance. We have shown that inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor beta (PDGFR-β) signaling eliminates morphine analgesic tolerance in rats. Although the PDGFR-β and its ligand, the platelet-derived growth factor type B (PDGF-B), are expressed in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord (SG) and in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), their precise distribution within different cell types of these structures is unknown. Additionally, the impact of a tolerance-mediating chronic morphine treatment, on the expression and distribution of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β has not yet been studied. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we found that in the spinal cord, PDGFR-β and PDGF-B were expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes and co-localized with the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) in opioid naïve rats. PDGF-B was also found in microglia and astrocytes. Both PDGFR-β and PDGF-B were detected in DRG neurons but not in spinal primary afferent terminals. Chronic morphine exposure did not change the cellular distribution of PDGFR-β or PDGF-B. However, PDGFR-β expression was downregulated in the SG and upregulated in the DRG. Consistent with our previous finding that morphine caused tolerance by inducing PDGF-B release, PDGF-B was upregulated in the spinal cord. We also found that chronic morphine exposure caused a spinal proliferation of oligodendrocytes. The changes in PDGFR-β and PDGF-B expression induced by chronic morphine treatment suggest potential mechanistic substrates underlying opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Puig
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118 MA, USA
| | - Howard B Gutstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Connecticut Health Science Center, Farmington, 06030 CT, USA.
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Fu J, Xu M, Xu L, Ni H, Zhao B, Ni C, Huang M, Zhu J, Luo G, Yao M. Sulforaphane alleviates hyperalgesia and enhances analgesic potency of morphine in rats with cancer-induced bone pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174412. [PMID: 34375671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the efficacy and tolerability of the available drugs, the current treatment for cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is not considered ideal, and new drugs are required for better treatment results. This study investigated whether intrathecal injection of sulforaphane (SFN) can modulates the noxious behavior associated with CIBP and enhances the analgesic effects of morphine and the possible mechanisms related to these effects were investigated. Walker256 breast cancer cells were injected into the bone marrow cavity of rats to establish the CIBP model. When CIBP rats began to exhibit painful behavior (CIBP 6 days), SFN was injected intrathecally for 7 days. The results showed that SFN alleviated the painful behavioral hypersensitivity caused by cancer, accompanied by nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2), Haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition and inflammation-related factors (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) reduction. In addition, SFN treatment inhibited the proliferation of Walker 256 cells in a dose-dependent manner, promoted mu-opioid receptor (MOR) expression in SH-SY5Y cells and enhanced the antihyperalgesic effects of morphine on CIBP rats by restoring the downregulation of MOR expression in the spinal cord. Interestingly, the antihyperalgesic effects of SFN were partially blocked by opioid receptor antagonists. This study showed that SFN combined with morphine might be a new way to treat CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Longsheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Baoxia Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Mingde Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ge Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University & The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, China.
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Effect of histone acetylation on maintenance and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference and ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex of male rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113477. [PMID: 34302880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, epigenetic mechanisms are considered as the new potential targets for addiction treatment. This research was designed to explore the effect of histone acetylation on ΔFosB gene expression in morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in male rats. CPP was induced via morphine injection (5 mg/kg) for three consecutive days. Animals received low-dose theophylline (LDT) or Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic acid (SAHA), as an histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator or inhibitor, respectively, and a combination of both in subsequent extinction days. Following extinction, a priming dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) was administered to induce reinstatement. H4 acetylation and ΔFosB expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were assessed on the last day of extinction and the following CPP reinstatement. Our results demonstrated that daily administration of SAHA (25 mg/kg; i.p.), facilitated morphine-extinction and decreased CPP score in reinstatement of place preference. Conversely, injections of LDT (20 mg/kg; i.p.) prolonged extinction in animals. Co-administration of LDT and SAHA on extinction days counterbalanced each other, such that maintenance and reinstatement were no different than the control group. The gene expression of ΔFosB was increased by SAHA in NAc and mPFC compared to the control group. Administration of SAHA during extinction days, also altered histone acetylation in the NAc and mPFC on the last day of extinction, but not on reinstatement day. Collectively, administration of SAHA facilitated extinction and reduced reinstatement of morphine-induced CPP in rats. This study confirms the essential role of epigenetic mechanisms, specifically histone acetylation, in regulating drug-induced plasticity and seeking behaviors.
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Fu J, Ni C, Ni HD, Xu LS, He QL, Pan H, Huang DD, Sun YB, Luo G, Liu MJ, Yao M. Spinal Nrf2 translocation may inhibit neuronal NF-κB activation and alleviate allodynia in a rat model of bone cancer pain. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1110-1130. [PMID: 34254317 PMCID: PMC9292887 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a clinical pathology that urgently needs to be solved, but research on the mechanism of BCP has so far achieved limited success. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown to be involved in pain, but its involvement in BCP and the specific mechanism have yet to be examined. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that BCP induces the transfer of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and further promotes nuclear transcription to activate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling, ultimately regulating the neuroinflammatory response. Von-Frey was used for behavioural analysis in rats with BCP, whereas western blotting, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect molecular expression changes, and immunofluorescence was used to detect cellular localization. We demonstrated that BCP induced increased Nrf2 nuclear protein expression with decreased cytoplasmic protein expression in the spinal cord. Further increases in Nrf2 nuclear protein expression can alleviate hyperalgesia and activate HO-1 to inhibit the expression of NF-κB nuclear protein and inflammatory factors. Strikingly, intrathecal administration of the corresponding siRNA reversed the above effects. In addition, the results of double immune labelling revealed that Nrf2 and NF-κB were coexpressed in spinal cord neurons of rats with BCP. In summary, these findings suggest that the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus promotes the expression of HO-1, inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway, reducing neuroinflammation and ultimately exerting an anti-nociceptive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Hua-Dong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Long-Sheng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Qiu-Li He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Huan Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Dong-Dong Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yan-Bao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ge Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ming-Juan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, The First Hospital of Jiaxing or The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Gledhill LJ, Babey AM. Synthesis of the Mechanisms of Opioid Tolerance: Do We Still Say NO? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:927-948. [PMID: 33704603 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of morphine as a first-line agent for moderate-to-severe pain is limited by the development of analgesic tolerance. Initially opioid receptor desensitization in response to repeated stimulation, thought to underpin the establishment of tolerance, was linked to a compensatory increase in adenylate cyclase responsiveness. The subsequent demonstration of cross-talk between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and opioid receptors led to the recognition of a role for nitric oxide (NO), wherein blockade of NO synthesis could prevent tolerance developing. Investigations of the link between NO levels and opioid receptor desensitization implicated a number of events including kinase recruitment and peroxynitrite-mediated protein regulation. Recent experimental advances and the identification of new cellular constituents have expanded the potential signaling candidates to include unexpected, intermediary compounds not previously linked to this process such as zinc, histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1), micro-ribonucleic acid (mi-RNA) and regulator of G protein signaling Z (RGSZ). A further complication is a lack of consistency in the protocols used to create tolerance, with some using acute methods measured in minutes to hours and others using days. There is also an emphasis on the cellular changes that are extant only after tolerance has been established. Although a review of the literature demonstrates a lack of spatio-temporal detail, there still appears to be a pivotal role for nitric oxide, as well as both intracellular and intercellular cross-talk. The use of more consistent approaches to verify these underlying mechanism(s) could provide an avenue for targeted drug development to rescue opioid efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Gledhill
- CURA Pharmacy, St. John of God Hospital, Bendigo, VIC, 3550, Australia
| | - Anna-Marie Babey
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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Abstract
This paper is the forty-first consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2018 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (2), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (3) and humans (4), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (5), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (6), stress and social status (7), learning and memory (8), eating and drinking (9), drug abuse and alcohol (10), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (11), mental illness and mood (12), seizures and neurologic disorders (13), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (14), general activity and locomotion (15), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (16), cardiovascular responses (17), respiration and thermoregulation (18), and immunological responses (19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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He XT, Hu XF, Zhu C, Zhou KX, Zhao WJ, Zhang C, Han X, Wu CL, Wei YY, Wang W, Deng JP, Chen FM, Gu ZX, Dong YL. Suppression of histone deacetylases by SAHA relieves bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting activation of glial cells in spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:125. [PMID: 32321538 PMCID: PMC7175547 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust activation of glial cells has been reported to occur particularly during the pathogenesis of bone cancer pain (BCP). Researchers from our group and others have shown that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in modulating glia-mediated immune responses; however, it still remains unclear whether HDACs are involved in the activation of glial cells during the development of BCP. METHODS BCP model was established by intra-tibia tumor cell inoculation (TCI). The expression levels and distribution sites of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia were evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a clinically used HDAC inhibitor, was then intraperitoneally and intrathecally injected to rescue the increased expression levels of HDAC1 and HDAC2. The analgesic effects of SAHA administration on BCP were then evaluated by measuring the paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs). The effects of SAHA on activation of glial cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia of TCI rats were further evaluated by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. Subsequently, the effects of SAHA administration on tumor growth and cancer cell-induced bone destruction were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and micro-CT scanning. RESULTS TCI caused rapid and long-lasting increased expression of HDAC1/HDAC2 in glial cells of the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia. Inhibiting HDACs by SAHA not only reversed TCI-induced upregulation of HDACs but also inhibited the activation of glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, and relieved TCI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further, we found that SAHA administration could not prevent cancer infiltration or bone destruction in the tibia, which indicated that the analgesic effects of SAHA were not due to its anti-tumor effects. Moreover, we found that SAHA administration could inhibit GSK3β activity in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, which might contributed to the relief of BCP. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HDAC1 and HDAC2 are involved in the glia-mediated neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia underlying the pathogenesis of BCP, which indicated that inhibiting HDACs by SAHA might be a potential strategy for pain relief of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Le Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ze-Xu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou KX, He XT, Hu XF, Zhao WJ, Li CX, Zhang C, Zhang T, Gu ZX, Deng JP, Dong YL. XPro1595 ameliorates bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting p38-mediated glial cell activation and neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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