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Li S, Song H, Sun Y, Sun Y, Zhang H, Gao Z. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic approach for blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Biochimie 2024; 223:13-22. [PMID: 38531484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective semi-permeable structure that regulates the exchange of biomolecules between the peripheral blood and the central nervous system (CNS). Due to its specialized tight junctions and low vesicle trafficking, the BBB strictly limits the paracellular passage and transcellular transport of molecules to maintain the physiological condition of brain tissues. BBB breakdown is associated with many CNS disorders. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a hydrolase enzyme that converts epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs) to their corresponding diols and is involved in the onset and progression of multiple diseases. EpFAs play a protective role in the central nervous system via preventing neuroinflammation, making sEH a potential therapeutic target for CNS diseases. Recent studies showed that sEH inhibition prevented BBB impairment caused by stroke, hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, hyperglycemia and sepsis via regulating the expression of tight junctions. In this review, the protective actions of sEH inhibition on BBB and potential mechanisms are summarized, and some important questions that remain to be resolved are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Wei X, Xing Z, Huang T, Zhang M, Song J, Zhao Y. Hyperglycemia disrupted the integrity of the blood-brain barrier following diffuse axonal injury through the sEH/NF-κB pathway. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1105. [PMID: 38156378 PMCID: PMC10698817 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase for hyperglycemia induced-disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity after diffuse axonal injury (DAI). METHODS Rat DAI hyperglycemia model was established by a lateral head rotation device and intraperitoneal injection of 50% glucose. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1, β-amyloid precursor protein, neurofilament light chain, and neurofilament heavy chain was detected by immunohistochemistry. Cell apoptosis was examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was assessed by expression of tight junction proteins, leakage of Evans blue and brain water content. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) pathway was inhibited by 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) and the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was inhibited by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and activated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in vivo and/or vitro, respectively. The inflammatory factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Hyperglycemia could exacerbate axonal injury, aggravate cell apoptosis and glial activation, worsen the loss of BBB integrity, increase the release of inflammatory factors, and upregulate the expression of sEH and NF-κB. Inhibition of sEH could reverse all these damages and protect BBB integrity by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins and downregulating the levels of inflammatory factors in vivo and vitro, while the agonist of NF-κB pathway abrogated the protective effects of TPPU on BBB integrity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS sEH was involved in mediating axonal injury induced by hyperglycemia after DAI by disrupting BBB integrity through inducing inflammation via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Department of Gynaecology and ObstetricsThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zhiguo Xing
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Tingqin Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yonglin Zhao
- Department of OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Shan J, Hashimoto K. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase as a Therapeutic Target for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094951. [PMID: 35563342 PMCID: PMC9099663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been found that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; encoded by the EPHX2 gene) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) plays a key role in inflammation, which, in turn, plays a part in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Meanwhile, epoxy fatty acids such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), and epoxyeicosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) have been found to exert neuroprotective effects in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders through potent anti-inflammatory actions. Soluble expoxide hydrolase, an enzyme present in all living organisms, metabolizes epoxy fatty acids into the corresponding dihydroxy fatty acids, which are less active than the precursors. In this regard, preclinical findings using sEH inhibitors or Ephx2 knock-out (KO) mice have indicated that the inhibition or deficiency of sEH can have beneficial effects in several models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, this review discusses the current findings of the role of sEH in neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and stroke, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of sEH inhibitors.
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Xu J, Qiu X, Yu G, Ly M, Yang J, Silva RM, Zhang X, Yu M, Wang Y, Hammock B, Pinkerton KE, Zhao D. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor can protect the femoral head against tobacco smoke exposure-induced osteonecrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Toxicology 2022; 465:153045. [PMID: 34801612 PMCID: PMC9484547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke (TS) has been considered a risk factor for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEHIs) have been found to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in a variety of pathologies. This study was designed to assess the effect of sEHI on the development of ONFH phenotypes induced by TS exposure in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. SH and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to filtered air (FA) or TS (80 mg/m3 particulate concentration) 6 h/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. During this period, sEHI was delivered through drinking water at a concentration of 6 mg/L. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and micro-CT morphometry were performed for phenotypic evaluation. As results, TS exposure induced significant increases in adipocyte area, bone specific surface (BS/BV), and trabecular separation (Tb.SP), as well as significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD), percent trabecular area (Tb.Ar), HIF-1a expression, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular numbers (Tb.N), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) in both SH and WKY rats. However, the protective effects of sEHI were mainly observed in TS-exposed SH rats, specifically in the density of osteocytes, BMD, Tb.Ar, HIF-1a expression, BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.N, and Tb.SP. Our study confirms that TS exposure can induce ONFH especially in SH rats, and suggests that sEHI therapy may protect against TS exposure-induced osteonecrotic changes in the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xu
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xing Qiu
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Gary Yu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Ly
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rona M Silva
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mang Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yinong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China.
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Yi X, Fan D, Yi T, Chen H, Qing T, Han Z, Bao S. 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) Urea Exerts Neuro-Protective Effects Against Ischemic Injury via Suppressing JNK/p38 MAPK-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105957. [PMID: 34217066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1- propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) is a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor which can protect against cerebral ischemic injury in middle cerebral artery occlusion rat model. However, the effects and potential mechanisms of TPPU on mitochondrial dysfunction are poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS In oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced cortical neurons, the effect of TPPU on cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL assay. Mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy and Mitotracker green staining assay, mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by JC-1 staining assay, activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (MRCC) I-IV and ATPase were measured by MRCC Activity Assay Kits and spectrophotometer. Western blot was used to investigate the effects of TPPU on apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS TPPU treatment demonstrated significant protective effect on the OGD/R-induced cortical neurons by reducing cell death and number of apoptotic cells, stabilizing mitochondrial ultrastructure and morphology, increasing mitochondrial membrane potential and activities of MRCC I-IV and ATPase. Furthermore, TPPU treatment might effectively reverse the upregulation of caspase-3, Bax, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), alleviate the inhibition of Bcl-2 in OGD/R-induced cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS TPPU exerts a marked neuroprotective effect against mitochondrial dysfunction after cerebral ischemia potentially via suppressing JNK/p38 MAPK-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis signal pathway, it may be a promising neuroprotective agent for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Yi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Daofeng Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Longyan first Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Tong Yi
- Department of Neurology, the Second People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Ting Qing
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaozhi Bao
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
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A (4,12)-connected coordination polymer: photocatalytic degradation of dyes and effects on cerebral edema care by regulating superoxide dismutase activity. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yao Y, Zhang Y, Liao X, Yang R, Lei Y, Luo J. Potential Therapies for Cerebral Edema After Ischemic Stroke: A Mini Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:618819. [PMID: 33613264 PMCID: PMC7890111 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.618819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of global mortality and disability. Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension are common complications of cerebral infarction and the major causes of mortality. The formation of cerebral edema includes three stages (cytotoxic edema, ionic edema, and vasogenic edema), which involve multiple proteins and ion channels. A range of therapeutic agents that successfully target cerebral edema have been developed in animal studies, some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Herein, we review the mechanisms of cerebral edema and the research progress of anti-edema therapies for use after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- International Medical Center, Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Periodical Press and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- International Medical Center, Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Yang
- International Medical Center, Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lei
- International Medical Center, Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhao Luo
- International Medical Center, Ward of General Practice and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gao Z, Zhang J, Wu Y. TFAP2A inhibits microRNA-126 expression at the transcriptional level and aggravates ischemic neuronal injury. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:403-413. [PMID: 33264079 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia poses a serious health risk globally, and there is no effective clinical therapy. This study was performed to investigate the role of transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) in cerebral ischemia, and the underlying mechanisms, using an in-vitro model (PC-12 cells) of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and an in-vivo model (rat) of transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). The results for CCK-8 and Hoechst staining showed that silencing of TFAP2A enhanced the viability and decreased the rate of apoptosis of PC12 cells subjected to OGD. ChIP assays were performed to evaluate the binding of TFAP2A to the promoter region of microRNA (miR)-126, and we found that TFAP2A inhibits the expression of miR-126. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that miR-126 targets polo like kinase 2 (PLK2), and that overexpression of PLK2 activates the IκBα-NF-κB signaling pathway and suppresses the growth of PC12 cells subjected to OGD. For our in-vivo assay, we used TTC staining to analyze the infarction area in the brain tissues of rats, and Nissl staining to evaluate the number of surviving brain neurons. The pathological conditions associated with neuronal injury in rat brain tissues were assessed by staining the tissues with hematoxylin-eosin. Our results indicate that TFAP2A downregulates miR-126, and thereby upregulates PLK2 and activates the IκBα-NF-κB pathway, which increased neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276400, P.R. China
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O'Brien CE, Santos PT, Kulikowicz E, Lee JK, Koehler RC, Martin LJ. Neurologic effects of short-term treatment with a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor after cardiac arrest in pediatric swine. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:43. [PMID: 33129262 PMCID: PMC7603774 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac arrest (CA) is the most common cause of acute neurologic insult in children. Many survivors have significant neurocognitive deficits at 1 year of recovery. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are multifunctional endogenous lipid signaling molecules that are involved in brain pathobiology and may be therapeutically relevant. However, EETs are rapidly metabolized to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), limiting their bioavailability. We hypothesized that sEH inhibition would improve outcomes after CA in an infant swine model. Male piglets (3-4 kg, 2 weeks old) underwent hypoxic-asphyxic CA. After resuscitation, they were randomized to intravenous treatment with an sEH inhibitor (TPPU, 1 mg/kg; n = 8) or vehicle (10% poly(ethylene glycol); n = 9) administered at 30 min and 24 h after return of spontaneous circulation. Two sham-operated groups received either TPPU (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 8). Neurons were counted in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections from putamen and motor cortex in 4-day survivors. RESULTS Piglets in the CA + vehicle groups had fewer neurons than sham animals in both putamen and motor cortex. However, the number of neurons after CA did not differ between vehicle- and TPPU-treated groups in either anatomic area. Further, 20% of putamen neurons in the Sham + TPPU group had abnormal morphology, with cell body attrition and nuclear condensation. TPPU treatment also did not reduce neurologic deficits. CONCLUSION Treatment with an sEH inhibitor at 30 min and 24 h after resuscitation from asphyxic CA does not protect neurons or improve acute neurologic outcomes in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E O'Brien
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Polan T Santos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ewa Kulikowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Raymond C Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Bloomberg Children's Center Suite 6302, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Yi X, Xu C, Huang P, Zhang L, Qing T, Li J, Wang C, Zeng T, Lu J, Han Z. 1-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl) Urea Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier Against Ischemic Injury by Upregulating Tight Junction Protein Expression, Mitigating Apoptosis and Inflammation In Vivo and In Vitro Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1197. [PMID: 32848796 PMCID: PMC7427473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously have revealed that 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1- propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), as a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor can reduce infarct volume, protect blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain against ischemic injury in rats. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms of TPPU on BBB integrity in both in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) rat model and in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) model. In pMCAO rat, TPPU administration decreased brain edema and Evans blue content, increased tight junction proteins (TJs) expression of claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). In OGD/R model, OGD/R significantly increased permeability and cell apoptosis, downregulated the expression of claudin-5, ZO-1, occludin, and lymphoma (Bcl)-2. Notably, TPPU pretreatment effectively protected the BBB integrity by reducing the permeability, promoting expression of claudin-5, ZO-1, occluding and Bcl-2, mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS) injury and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), downregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), IL-1β, IL-6β, and TNF-α. Moreover, OGD/R induced the up-regulation of p-p65, p-IκB, and p-p38, which were effectively decreased after TPPU pretreatment in comparison with that of the OGD/R group. Furthermore, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, a selective inhibitor of NF-κB p65) not only alleviated the OGD/R-induced HBMVECs injury and permeability, but also reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, p-p65, and p-IκB, and the protective effect of PDTC was equivalent to that of TPPU. These results indicate that TPPU protects BBB integrity against ischemic injury by multiple protective mechanisms, at least in part, by reducing ROS, inflammation, apoptosis, and suppressing the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Yi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chongxi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chendu, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Linlei Zhang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Qing
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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