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Kuo A, Imam MZ, Li R, Lin L, Raboczyj A, Bohmer AE, Nicholson JR, Corradini L, Smith MT. J-2156, a small molecule somatostatin type 4 receptor agonist, alleviated hindpaw hypersensitivity in the streptozotocin-induced rat model of painful diabetic neuropathy but with a 2-fold decrease in potency at an advanced stage in the model, mimicking morphine. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1346801. [PMID: 38318132 PMCID: PMC10839067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1346801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for novel pain-killers to improve relief of painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Herein, we assessed the efficacy of the somatostatin type 4 (SST4) receptor agonist, J-2156, for relief of PDN in rats. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ; 70 mg/kg) and bilateral hindpaw hypersensitivity was fully developed by 8-week post-STZ. In the intervals, 8-12-weeks (morphine-sensitive phase; Phase 1) and 16-18-weeks (morphine-hyposensitive phase; Phase 2) post-STZ, rats received a single dose of intraperitoneal (i.p.) J-2156 (10, 20, 30 mg/kg), gabapentin (100 mg/kg i.p.), subcutaneous morphine (1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Hindpaw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were assessed using von Frey filaments pre-dose and at regular intervals over 3-h post-dose. In Phase 1, J-2156 at 30 mg/kg evoked significant anti-allodynia in the hindpaws with maximal effect at 1.5 h compared with 1 h for gabapentin and morphine. The durations of action for all three compounds were greater than 3 h. The corresponding mean (±SEM) extent and duration of anti-allodynia (ΔPWT AUC) for gabapentin did not differ significantly from that for J-2156 (30 mg/kg) or morphine. However, in Phase 2, the ΔPWT AUC for morphine was reduced to approximately 25% of that in Phase 1, mirroring our previous work. Similarly, the mean (±SEM) ΔPWT AUC for J-2156 (30 mg/kg) in Phase 2 was approximately 45% of that for Phase 1 whereas for gabapentin the mean (±SEM) ΔPWT AUCs did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the two phases. Our findings further describe the preclinical pain relief profile of J-2156 and complement previous work in rat models of inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain and low back pain. SST4 receptor agonists hold promise as novel therapeutics for the relief of PDN, a type of peripheral neuropathic pain that is often intractable to relief with clinically used drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - M. Z. Imam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - R. Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - L. Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - A. Raboczyj
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - A. E. Bohmer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - J. R. Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - L. Corradini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - M. T. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Hosseinzadeh Sahafi O, Sardari M, Alijanpour S, Rezayof A. Shared Mechanisms of GABAergic and Opioidergic Transmission Regulate Corticolimbic Reward Systems and Cognitive Aspects of Motivational Behaviors. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050815. [PMID: 37239287 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional interplay between the corticolimbic GABAergic and opioidergic systems plays a crucial role in regulating the reward system and cognitive aspects of motivational behaviors leading to the development of addictive behaviors and disorders. This review provides a summary of the shared mechanisms of GABAergic and opioidergic transmission, which modulate the activity of dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the central hub of the reward mechanisms. This review comprehensively covers the neuroanatomical and neurobiological aspects of corticolimbic inhibitory neurons that express opioid receptors, which act as modulators of corticolimbic GABAergic transmission. The presence of opioid and GABA receptors on the same neurons allows for the modulation of the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which plays a key role in the reward mechanisms of the brain. This colocalization of receptors and their immunochemical markers can provide a comprehensive understanding for clinicians and researchers, revealing the neuronal circuits that contribute to the reward system. Moreover, this review highlights the importance of GABAergic transmission-induced neuroplasticity under the modulation of opioid receptors. It discusses their interactive role in reinforcement learning, network oscillation, aversive behaviors, and local feedback or feedforward inhibitions in reward mechanisms. Understanding the shared mechanisms of these systems may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for addiction, reward-related disorders, and drug-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oveis Hosseinzadeh Sahafi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6465, Iran
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Maryam Sardari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6465, Iran
| | - Sakineh Alijanpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous 4971799151, Iran
| | - Ameneh Rezayof
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6465, Iran
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Börzsei R, Borbély É, Kántás B, Hudhud L, Horváth Á, Szőke É, Hetényi C, Helyes Z, Pintér E. The heptapeptide somatostatin analogue TT-232 exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions via SST 4 receptor activation: In silico, in vitro and in vivo evidence in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115419. [PMID: 36693436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since the conventional and adjuvant analgesics have limited effectiveness frequently accompanied by serious side effects, development of novel, potent pain killers for chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain conditions is a big challenge. Somatostatin (SS) regulates endocrine, vascular, immune and neuronal functions, cell proliferation through 5 Gi protein-coupled receptors (SST1-SST5). SS released from the capsaicin-sensitive peptidergic sensory nerves mediates anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects without endocrine actions via SST4. The therapeutic use of the native SS is limited by its diverse biological actions and short plasma elimination half-life. Therefore, SST4 selective SS analogues could be promising analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug candidates with new mode of action. TT-232 is a cyclic heptapeptide showing great affinity to SST4 and SST1. Here, we report the in silico SST4 receptor binding mechanism, in vitro binding (competition assay) and cAMP- decreasing effect of TT-232 in SST4-expressing CHO cells, as well as its analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions in chronic neuropathic pain and arthritis models using wildtype and SST4-deficient mice. TT-232 binds to SST4 with similar interaction energy (-11.03 kcal/mol) to the superagonist J-2156, displaces somatostatin from SST4 binding (10 nM to 30 µM) and inhibits forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation (EC50: 371.6 ± 58.03 nmol; Emax: 78.63 ± 2.636 %). Its i.p. injection (100, 200 µg/kg) results in significant, 35.7 % and 50.4 %, analgesic effects upon single administration in chronic neuropathic pain and repeated injection in arthritis models in wildtype, but not in SST4-deficient mice. These results provide evidence that the analgesic effect of TT-232 is mediated by SST4 activation, which might open novel drug developmental potentials. Chemical compounds Chemical compounds studied in this article TT-232 (PubChem CID: 74053735).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lina Hudhud
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus str. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Algonist Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse str. 22, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi str. 10, H-7629 Pécs, Hungary; Algonist Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse str. 22, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; PharmInVivo Ltd., Szondi str. 10, H-7629 Pécs, Hungary; Algonist Biotechnologies GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse str. 22, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; National Laboratory for Drug Research and Development, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; Eötvös Lorand Research Network, Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Sharma V, Rengasamy G, Sekaran S, Sankaran K, Veeraraghavan VP, Eswaramoorthy R. Molecular docking analysis of the tumor protein beta arrestin-1 with oxadiazole compounds. Bioinformation 2023; 19:111-116. [PMID: 37720289 PMCID: PMC10504516 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta arrestins are a family of adaptor proteins that help in the regulation of signaling and trafficking of various G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Six oxadiazole derivatives taken from literature are analyzed for anti-cancer properties. The toxicity profiles of all the drugs were similar to Tamoxifen used as control. Data shows that compounds 2, 4, and 6 exhibited comparably significant molecular interactions with the cancerous protein for further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipra Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Gayathri Rengasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Surya Sekaran
- Department of Biomaterials (Green lab), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Kavitha Sankaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomaterials (Green lab), Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
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Börzsei R, Zsidó BZ, Bálint M, Helyes Z, Pintér E, Hetényi C. Exploration of Somatostatin Binding Mechanism to Somatostatin Receptor Subtype 4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136878. [PMID: 35805885 PMCID: PMC9266823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (also named as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor) is a regulatory peptide important for the proper functioning of the endocrine system, local inflammatory reactions, mood and motor coordination, and behavioral responses to stress. Somatostatin exerts its effects via binding to G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors of which the fourth subtype (SSTR4) is a particularly important receptor mediating analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressant effects without endocrine actions. Thus, SSTR4 agonists are promising drug candidates. Although the knowledge of the atomic resolution-binding modes of SST would be essential for drug development, experimental elucidation of the structures of SSTR4 and its complexes is still awaiting. In the present study, structures of the somatostatin–SSTR4 complex were produced using an unbiased, blind docking approach. Beyond the static structures, the binding mechanism of SST was also elucidated in the explicit water molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, and key binding modes (external, intermediate, and internal) were distinguished. The most important residues on both receptor and SST sides were identified. An energetic comparison of SST binding to SSTR4 and 2 offered a residue-level explanation of receptor subtype selectivity. The calculated structures show good agreement with available experimental results and indicate that somatostatin binding is realized via prerequisite binding modes and an induced fit mechanism. The identified binding modes and the corresponding key residues provide useful information for future drug design targeting SSTR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Zoltán Zsidó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mónika Bálint
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Algonist Gmbh, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PharmInVivo Ltd., 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Algonist Gmbh, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- PharmInVivo Ltd., 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (R.B.); (B.Z.Z.); (M.B.); (Z.H.); (E.P.)
- János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Song Y, Feng T, Cao W, Yu H, Zhang Z. Identification of Key Genes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:9022700. [PMID: 35712071 PMCID: PMC9197650 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9022700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify key genes associated with the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by bioinformatics analysis. Methods Datasets (GSE13597 and GSE34573) were screened and downloaded from the comprehensive gene expression database (GEO). GEO2R online tool was adopted to analyze microarray data GSE13597 and GSE34573 related to NPC. Volcano plot was generated using Bioconductor in R software. "Pheatmap" was used to draw heatmaps based on the top 10 regulated genes of GSE13597 and GSE34573. GO and KEGG analyses were conducted via online tool DAVID. We uploaded the DEGs of NPC to STRING software and then used Cytoscape software to draw PPI network of DEGs. Results 216 DEGs were obtained in GSE13597 between patient and control group (111 up-regulated DEGs and 105 down-regulated DEGs). 1101 DEGs were obtained in GSE34573 (470 up-regulated DEGs and 641 down-regulated DEGs). 63 common differential genes were screened named co-DEGs in the two datasets. These DEGs were mainly associated with defense response to bacterium, cell-matrix adhesion, chemokine-mediated signaling pathway, tissue homeostasis, humoral immune response, cilium movement, cilium organization, cilium assembly, and epithelial cilium movement. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly involved in viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, salivary secretion, p53 signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, cell cycle, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ECM-receptor interaction. We identified seven hub genes, including FN1, MMP-10, MUC1, KIF23, CDK1, MUC5B, and MUC5AC. Conclusions Seven hub genes, including FN1, MMP-10, MUC1, KIF23, CDK1, MUC5B, and MUC5AC, might be therapeutic potential biomarkers of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenping Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
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Investigation of the Role of the TRPA1 Ion Channel in Conveying the Effect of Dimethyl Trisulfide on Vascular and Histological Changes in Serum-Transfer Arthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060671. [PMID: 35745590 PMCID: PMC9229242 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases. Its therapy is often challenging, even in the era of biologicals. Previously, we observed the anti-inflammatory effects of garlic-derived organic polysulfide dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). Some of these effects were mediated by activation of the TRPA1 ion channel. TRPA1 was mostly expressed in a subset of nociceptor neurons. We decided to investigate the action of DMTS in K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis, which is a relevant model of RA. TRPA1 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were used. The interaction of DMTS and TRPA1 was examined using a patch clamp in CHO cells. Arthritis was characterized by mechanical hyperalgesia, paw swelling, movement range of the ankle joint, hanging performance, plasma extravasation rate, myeloperoxidase activity, and histological changes in the tibiotarsal joint. DMTS activated TRPA1 channels dose-dependently. DMTS treatment reduced paw swelling and plasma extravasation in both TRPA1 WT and KO animals. DMTS-treated TRPA1 KO animals developed milder collagen deposition in the inflamed joints than WT ones. TRPA1 WT mice did not exhibit significant cartilage damage compared to ones administered a vehicle. We concluded that DMTS and related substances might evolve into novel complementary therapeutic aids for RA patients.
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Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA, Gherghiceanu M, Szőke É, Helyes Z. Editorial: Targeting Neuro-Immuno-Vascular Interactions in the Brain and the Periphery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:893384. [PMID: 35559230 PMCID: PMC9086162 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.893384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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