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Mathis D, Koch J, Koller S, Sauter K, Flück C, Uldry AC, Forny P, Froese DS, Laemmle A. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes reveal TCA cycle disruption and the potential basis for triheptanoin treatment for malate dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 39:101066. [PMID: 38425868 PMCID: PMC10900122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2024.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) is crucial to cellular energy generation through direct participation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the malate aspartate shuttle (MAS). Inherited MDH2 deficiency is an ultra-rare metabolic disease caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the MDH2 gene, resulting in early-onset encephalopathy, psychomotor delay, muscular hypotonia and frequent seizures. Currently, there is no cure for this devastating disease. We recently reported symptomatic improvement of a three-year-old girl with MDH2 deficiency following treatment with the triglyceride triheptanoin. Here, we aimed to better characterize this disease and improve our understanding of the potential utility of triheptanoin treatment. Using fibroblasts derived from this patient, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and differentiated them into hepatocytes (hiPSC-Heps). Characterization of patient-derived hiPSCs and hiPSC-Heps revealed significantly reduced MDH2 protein expression. Untargeted proteotyping of hiPSC-Heps revealed global dysregulation of mitochondrial proteins, including upregulation of TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation enzymes. Metabolomic profiling confirmed TCA cycle and MAS dysregulation, and demonstrated normalization of malate, fumarate and aspartate following treatment with the triheptanoin components glycerol and heptanoate. Taken together, our results provide the first patient-derived hiPSC-Hep-based model of MDH2 deficiency, confirm altered TCA cycle function, and provide further evidence for the implementation of triheptanoin therapy for this ultra-rare disease. Synopsis This study reveals altered expression of mitochondrial pathways including the tricarboxylic acid cycle and changes in metabolite profiles in malate dehydrogenase 2 deficiency and provides the molecular basis for triheptanoin treatment in this ultra-rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Mathis
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmine Koch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Koller
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kay Sauter
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - D. Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Laemmle
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Butler D, Reyes DR. Heart-on-a-chip systems: disease modeling and drug screening applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1494-1528. [PMID: 38318723 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, casting a substantial economic footprint and burdening the global healthcare system. Historically, pre-clinical CVD modeling and therapeutic screening have been performed using animal models. Unfortunately, animal models oftentimes fail to adequately mimic human physiology, leading to a poor translation of therapeutics from pre-clinical trials to consumers. Even those that make it to market can be removed due to unforeseen side effects. As such, there exists a clinical, technological, and economical need for systems that faithfully capture human (patho)physiology for modeling CVD, assessing cardiotoxicity, and evaluating drug efficacy. Heart-on-a-chip (HoC) systems are a part of the broader organ-on-a-chip paradigm that leverages microfluidics, tissue engineering, microfabrication, electronics, and gene editing to create human-relevant models for studying disease, drug-induced side effects, and therapeutic efficacy. These compact systems can be capable of real-time measurements and on-demand characterization of tissue behavior and could revolutionize the drug development process. In this review, we highlight the key components that comprise a HoC system followed by a review of contemporary reports of their use in disease modeling, drug toxicity and efficacy assessment, and as part of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms. We also discuss future perspectives and challenges facing the field, including a discussion on the role that standardization is expected to play in accelerating the widespread adoption of these platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Butler
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Darwin R Reyes
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Esparza A, Jimenez N, Borrego EA, Browne S, Natividad-Diaz SL. Review: Human stem cell-based 3D in vitro angiogenesis models for preclinical drug screening applications. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:260. [PMID: 38302762 PMCID: PMC10834608 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are the underlying pathology in many life-threatening illnesses. Human cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis are complex and difficult to study in current 2D in vitro and in vivo animal models. Engineered 3D in vitro models that incorporate human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived endothelial cells (ECs) and supportive biomaterials within a dynamic microfluidic platform provide a less expensive, more controlled, and reproducible platform to better study angiogenic processes in response to external chemical or physical stimulus. Current studies to develop 3D in vitro angiogenesis models aim to establish single-source systems by incorporating hPSC-ECs into biomimetic extracellular matrices (ECM) and microfluidic devices to create a patient-specific, physiologically relevant platform that facilitates preclinical study of endothelial cell-ECM interactions, vascular disease pathology, and drug treatment pharmacokinetics. This review provides a detailed description of the current methods used for the directed differentiation of human stem cells to endothelial cells and their use in engineered 3D in vitro angiogenesis models that have been developed within the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibhlin Esparza
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering (MMBME), The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
- 3D Printed Microphysiological Systems Laboratory, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Jimenez
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering (MMBME), The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
- 3D Printed Microphysiological Systems Laboratory, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Edgar A Borrego
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering (MMBME), The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
- 3D Printed Microphysiological Systems Laboratory, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Shane Browne
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
- CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Sylvia L Natividad-Diaz
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering (MMBME), The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA.
- 3D Printed Microphysiological Systems Laboratory, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Makris G, Veit L, Rüfenacht V, Klassa S, Zürcher N, Matsumoto S, Poms M, Häberle J. Expression and function of the urea cycle in widely-used hepatic cellular models. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38192032 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The group of rare metabolic defects termed urea cycle disorders (UCDs) occur within the ammonia elimination pathway and lead to significant neurocognitive sequelae for patients surviving decompensation episodes. Besides orthotopic liver transplantation, curative options are lacking for UCDs, with dietary management being the gold clinical standard. Novel therapeutic approaches are essential for UCDs; however, such effort presupposes preclinical testing in cellular models that effectively capture disease manifestation. Several cellular and animal models exist and aim to recapitulate the broad phenotypic spectrum of UCDs; however, the majority of those lack extensive molecular and biochemical characterization. The development of cellular models is emerging since animal models are extremely time and cost consuming, and subject to ethical considerations, including the 3R principle that endorses animal welfare over unchecked preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of expression and functionality of the urea cycle in two commercial hepatoma-derived cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps), primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and human liver cell preparations. Using immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and stable isotope tracing of the urea cycle metabolites, we identified that the hepatoma-derived, 2-week differentiated HepaRG cells are urea cycle proficient and behave as cellular alternatives to PHHs. Furthermore, HepaRG cells were superior to iPSC-Heps, which are known to exhibit batch-to-batch variabilities in terms of hepatic maturity and enzyme expression. Finally, HepG2 cells lack the urea cycle enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase 1, the transporter ORNT1, which limits their suitability as model for the study of UCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Veit
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Klassa
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Zürcher
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Ramosaj A, Singhal P, Schaller A, Laemmle A. Induced pluripotent stem cell technology as diagnostic tool in patients with suspected ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency lacking genetic confirmation. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 37:101007. [PMID: 38053928 PMCID: PMC10694731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency (OTCD) is an X-linked urea cycle disorder. In females - undergoing random X chromosomal inactivation (XCI) - disease severity depends on the XCI pattern. Hence, female OTCD subjects with favorable XCI display normal OTC expression and activity and are healthy carriers. Whereas females undergoing less favorable XCI may suffer from severe and fatal OTCD. In approximately 20% of patients with biochemical evidence of OTCD, no mutation can be identified hampering definitive diagnosis and adequate treatment.Here, we describe a female patient with high suspicion of OTCD in whom molecular genetic work-up did not reveal pathogenic variants in the OTC gene. In her case, this was particularly challenging, since she was awaiting liver transplantation due to metabolic instability. In order to substantiate the suspected diagnosis of OTCD, we applied our previously reported in vitro OTCD liver disease model. Patient-derived skin fibroblasts were reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) followed by differentiation into hepatocytes (hiPSC-Heps). Among five randomly selected hiPSC clones - differentiated into hiPSC-Heps - one clone expressed OTC protein, while the four remaining clones lacked OTC expression, supporting the patient's suspected diagnosis of OTCD.To conclude, we demonstrate that hiPSC technology is a powerful diagnostic tool to substantiate the suspected diagnosis of OTCD in patients lacking genetic confirmation. Furthermore, selecting clones that exclusively express the wild-type OTC protein, could be used strategically as cellular therapy in future. Ultimately, this approach might be applicable to virtually any X-linked disease. Synopsis Induced pluripotent stem cell technology is a powerful diagnostic tool to substantiate the suspected diagnosis of OTCD in patients lacking genetic confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhuresa Ramosaj
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Palak Singhal
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - André Schaller
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Laemmle
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Sun L, Bian F, Xu D, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Tailoring biomaterials for biomimetic organs-on-chips. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4724-4745. [PMID: 37697735 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00755c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips are microengineered microfluidic living cell culture devices with continuously perfused chambers penetrating to cells. By mimicking the biological features of the multicellular constructions, interactions among organs, vascular perfusion, physicochemical microenvironments, and so on, these devices are imparted with some key pathophysiological function levels of living organs that are difficult to be achieved in conventional 2D or 3D culture systems. In this technology, biomaterials are extremely important because they affect the microstructures and functionalities of the organ cells and the development of the organs-on-chip functions. Thus, herein, we provide an overview on the advances of biomaterials for the construction of organs-on-chips. After introducing the general components, structures, and fabrication techniques of the biomaterials, we focus on the studies of the functions and applications of these biomaterials in the organs-on-chips systems. Applications of the biomaterial-based organs-on-chips as alternative animal models for pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental tests are described and highlighted. The prospects for exciting future directions and the challenges of biomaterials for realizing the further functionalization of organs-on-chips are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Feika Bian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Dongyu Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518071, China
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7
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Deng S, Li C, Cao J, Cui Z, Du J, Fu Z, Yang H, Chen P. Organ-on-a-chip meets artificial intelligence in drug evaluation. Theranostics 2023; 13:4526-4558. [PMID: 37649608 PMCID: PMC10465229 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug evaluation has always been an important area of research in the pharmaceutical industry. However, animal welfare protection and other shortcomings of traditional drug development models pose obstacles and challenges to drug evaluation. Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology, which simulates human organs on a chip of the physiological environment and functionality, and with high fidelity reproduction organ-level of physiology or pathophysiology, exhibits great promise for innovating the drug development pipeline. Meanwhile, the advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) provides more improvements for the design and data processing of OoCs. Here, we review the current progress that has been made to generate OoC platforms, and how human single and multi-OoCs have been used in applications, including drug testing, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. Moreover, we discuss issues facing the field, such as large data processing and reproducibility, and point to the integration of OoCs and AI in data analysis and automation, which is of great benefit in future drug evaluation. Finally, we look forward to the opportunities and challenges faced by the coupling of OoCs and AI. In summary, advancements in OoCs development, and future combinations with AI, will eventually break the current state of drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Robot Intelligent Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & MEGAROBO, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Junxian Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhao Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Yunnan Biovalley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kunming 650503, China
| | - Zheng Fu
- Robot Intelligent Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & MEGAROBO, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Robot Intelligent Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & MEGAROBO, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment for Major Diseases, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Yunnan Biovalley Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kunming 650503, China
- Robot Intelligent Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & MEGAROBO, Beijing 100700, China
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Park S, Gwon Y, Khan SA, Jang KJ, Kim J. Engineering considerations of iPSC-based personalized medicine. Biomater Res 2023; 27:67. [PMID: 37420273 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine aims to provide tailored medical treatment that considers the clinical, genetic, and environmental characteristics of patients. iPSCs have attracted considerable attention in the field of personalized medicine; however, the inherent limitations of iPSCs prevent their widespread use in clinical applications. That is, it would be important to develop notable engineering strategies to overcome the current limitations of iPSCs. Such engineering approaches could lead to significant advances in iPSC-based personalized therapy by offering innovative solutions to existing challenges, from iPSC preparation to clinical applications. In this review, we summarize how engineering strategies have been used to advance iPSC-based personalized medicine by categorizing the development process into three distinctive steps: 1) the production of therapeutic iPSCs; 2) engineering of therapeutic iPSCs; and 3) clinical applications of engineered iPSCs. Specifically, we focus on engineering strategies and their implications for each step in the development of iPSC-based personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbae Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano-Stem Cells Therapeutics, NANOBIOSYSTEM Co, Ltd, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Je Jang
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano-Stem Cells Therapeutics, NANOBIOSYSTEM Co, Ltd, Gwangju, 61011, Republic of Korea.
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Dufva M. A quantitative meta-analysis comparing cell models in perfused organ on a chip with static cell cultures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8233. [PMID: 37217582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As many consider organ on a chip for better in vitro models, it is timely to extract quantitative data from the literature to compare responses of cells under flow in chips to corresponding static incubations. Of 2828 screened articles, 464 articles described flow for cell culture and 146 contained correct controls and quantified data. Analysis of 1718 ratios between biomarkers measured in cells under flow and static cultures showed that the in all cell types, many biomarkers were unregulated by flow and only some specific biomarkers responded strongly to flow. Biomarkers in cells from the blood vessels walls, the intestine, tumours, pancreatic island, and the liver reacted most strongly to flow. Only 26 biomarkers were analysed in at least two different articles for a given cell type. Of these, the CYP3A4 activity in CaCo2 cells and PXR mRNA levels in hepatocytes were induced more than two-fold by flow. Furthermore, the reproducibility between articles was low as 52 of 95 articles did not show the same response to flow for a given biomarker. Flow showed overall very little improvements in 2D cultures but a slight improvement in 3D cultures suggesting that high density cell culture may benefit from flow. In conclusion, the gains of perfusion are relatively modest, larger gains are linked to specific biomarkers in certain cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Sunildutt N, Parihar P, Chethikkattuveli Salih AR, Lee SH, Choi KH. Revolutionizing drug development: harnessing the potential of organ-on-chip technology for disease modeling and drug discovery. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1139229. [PMID: 37180709 PMCID: PMC10166826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1139229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The inefficiency of existing animal models to precisely predict human pharmacological effects is the root reason for drug development failure. Microphysiological system/organ-on-a-chip technology (organ-on-a-chip platform) is a microfluidic device cultured with human living cells under specific organ shear stress which can faithfully replicate human organ-body level pathophysiology. This emerging organ-on-chip platform can be a remarkable alternative for animal models with a broad range of purposes in drug testing and precision medicine. Here, we review the parameters employed in using organ on chip platform as a plot mimic diseases, genetic disorders, drug toxicity effects in different organs, biomarker identification, and drug discoveries. Additionally, we address the current challenges of the organ-on-chip platform that should be overcome to be accepted by drug regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, we highlight the future direction of the organ-on-chip platform parameters for enhancing and accelerating drug discoveries and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Sunildutt
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pratibha Parihar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Joddar B, Natividad-Diaz SL, Padilla AE, Esparza AA, Ramirez SP, Chambers DR, Ibaroudene H. Engineering approaches for cardiac organoid formation and their characterization. Transl Res 2022; 250:46-67. [PMID: 35995380 PMCID: PMC10370285 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac organoids are 3-dimensional (3D) structures composed of tissue or niche-specific cells, obtained from diverse sources, encapsulated in either a naturally derived or synthetic, extracellular matrix scaffold, and include exogenous biochemical signals such as essential growth factors. The overarching goal of developing cardiac organoid models is to establish a functional integration of cardiomyocytes with physiologically relevant cells, tissues, and structures like capillary-like networks composed of endothelial cells. These organoids used to model human heart anatomy, physiology, and disease pathologies in vitro have the potential to solve many issues related to cardiovascular drug discovery and fundamental research. The advent of patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells provide a unique, single-source approach to study the complex process of cardiovascular disease progression through organoid formation and incorporation into relevant, controlled microenvironments such as microfluidic devices. Strategies that aim to accomplish such a feat include microfluidic technology-based approaches, microphysiological systems, microwells, microarray-based platforms, 3D bioprinted models, and electrospun fiber mat-based scaffolds. This article discusses the engineering or technology-driven practices for making cardiac organoid models in comparison with self-assembled or scaffold-free methods to generate organoids. We further discuss emerging strategies for characterization of the bio-assembled cardiac organoids including electrophysiology and machine-learning and conclude with prospective points of interest for engineering cardiac tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL); Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
| | - Sylvia L Natividad-Diaz
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Andie E Padilla
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL); Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Aibhlin A Esparza
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Salma P Ramirez
- Inspired Materials & Stem-Cell Based Tissue Engineering Laboratory (IMSTEL); Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
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12
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Goswami I, de Klerk E, Carnese P, Hebrok M, Healy KE. Multiplexed microfluidic platform for stem-cell derived pancreatic islet β cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4430-4442. [PMID: 36305868 PMCID: PMC9642094 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived β cells offer an alternative to primary islets for biomedical discoveries as well as a potential surrogate for islet transplantation. The expense and challenge of obtaining and maintaining functional stem cell-derived β cells calls for a need to develop better high-content and high-throughput culture systems. Microphysiological systems (MPS) are promising high-content in vitro platforms, but scaling for high-throughput screening and discoveries remain a challenge. Traditionally, simultaneous multiplexing of liquid handling and cell loading poses a challenge in the design of high-throughput MPS. Furthermore, although MPS for islet β culture/testing have been developed, studies on multi-day culture of stem-cell derived β cells in MPS have been limited. We present a scalable, multiplexed islet β MPS device that incorporates microfluidic gradient generators to parallelize fluid handling for culture and test conditions. We demonstrated the viability and functionality of the stem cell-derived enriched β clusters (eBCs) for a week, as assessed by the ∼2 fold insulin release by the clusters to glucose challenge. To show the scalable multiplexing for drug testing, we demonstrated the loss of stimulation index after long-term exposure to logarithmic concentration range of glybenclamide. The MPS cultured eBCs also confirmed a glycolytic bottleneck as inferred by insulin secretion responses to metabolites methyl succinate and glyceric acid. Thus, we present an innovative culture platform for eBCs with a balance of high-content and high-throughput characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Goswami
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eleonora de Klerk
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Phichitpol Carnese
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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13
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Criscione J, Rezaei Z, Hernandez Cantu CM, Murphy S, Shin SR, Kim DH. Heart-on-a-chip platforms and biosensor integration for disease modeling and phenotypic drug screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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In Vitro Models for Studying Chronic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911428. [PMID: 36232728 PMCID: PMC9569683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem in terms of patient morbidity and mortality, cost to healthcare systems and failure of the development of new drugs. The need for consistent safety strategies capable of identifying a potential toxicity risk early in the drug discovery pipeline is key. Human DILI is poorly predicted in animals, probably due to the well-known interspecies differences in drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity targets. For this reason, distinct cellular models from primary human hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines cultured as 2D monolayers to emerging 3D culture systems or the use of multi-cellular systems have been proposed for hepatotoxicity studies. In order to mimic long-term hepatotoxicity in vitro, cell models, which maintain hepatic phenotype for a suitably long period, should be used. On the other hand, repeated-dose administration is a more relevant scenario for therapeutics, providing information not only about toxicity, but also about cumulative effects and/or delayed responses. In this review, we evaluate the existing cell models for DILI prediction focusing on chronic hepatotoxicity, highlighting how better characterization and mechanistic studies could lead to advance DILI prediction.
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15
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Laemmle A, Poms M, Hsu B, Borsuk M, Rüfenacht V, Robinson J, Sadowski MC, Nuoffer J, Häberle J, Willenbring H. Aquaporin 9 induction in human iPSC-derived hepatocytes facilitates modeling of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Hepatology 2022; 76:646-659. [PMID: 34786702 PMCID: PMC9295321 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated into hepatocytes (hiPSC-Heps) have facilitated the study of rare genetic liver diseases. Here, we aimed to establish an in vitro liver disease model of the urea cycle disorder ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) using patient-derived hiPSC-Heps. APPROACH AND RESULTS Before modeling OTCD, we addressed the question of why hiPSC-Heps generally secrete less urea than adult primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Because hiPSC-Heps are not completely differentiated and maintain some characteristics of fetal PHHs, we compared gene-expression levels in human fetal and adult liver tissue to identify genes responsible for reduced urea secretion in hiPSC-Heps. We found lack of aquaporin 9 (AQP9) expression in fetal liver tissue as well as in hiPSC-Heps, and showed that forced expression of AQP9 in hiPSC-Heps restores urea secretion and normalizes the response to ammonia challenge by increasing ureagenesis. Furthermore, we proved functional ureagenesis by challenging AQP9-expressing hiPSC-Heps with ammonium chloride labeled with the stable isotope [15 N] (15 NH4 Cl) and by assessing enrichment of [15 N]-labeled urea. Finally, using hiPSC-Heps derived from patients with OTCD, we generated a liver disease model that recapitulates the hepatic manifestation of the human disease. Restoring OTC expression-together with AQP9-was effective in fully correcting OTC activity and normalizing ureagenesis as assessed by 15 NH4 Cl stable-isotope challenge. CONCLUSION Our results identify a critical role for AQP9 in functional urea metabolism and establish the feasibility of in vitro modeling of OTCD with hiPSC-Heps. By facilitating studies of OTCD genotype/phenotype correlation and drug screens, our model has potential for improving the therapy of OTCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laemmle
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity Children's HospitalBernSwitzerland,University Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity Children’s Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Bernadette Hsu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mariia Borsuk
- University Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children`s Research CenterUniversity Children’s HospitalZurichSwitzerland
| | - Joshua Robinson
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Center for Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive SciencesUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of PediatricsMedical GeneticsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Jean‐Marc Nuoffer
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Children's HospitalBernSwitzerland,University Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children`s Research CenterUniversity Children’s HospitalZurichSwitzerland,Zurich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Department of SurgeryDivision of Transplant SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA,Liver CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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16
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Abstract
The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) microfluidic devices lined with living cells cultured under fluid flow can recapitulate organ-level physiology and pathophysiology with high fidelity. Here, I review how single and multiple human organ chip systems have been used to model complex diseases and rare genetic disorders, to study host-microbiome interactions, to recapitulate whole-body inter-organ physiology and to reproduce human clinical responses to drugs, radiation, toxins and infectious pathogens. I also address the challenges that must be overcome for organ chips to be accepted by the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies, as well as discuss recent advances in the field. It is evident that the use of human organ chips instead of animal models for drug development and as living avatars for personalized medicine is ever closer to realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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17
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Charwat V, Charrez B, Siemons BA, Finsberg H, Jæger KH, Edwards AG, Huebsch N, Wall S, Miller E, Tveito A, Healy KE. Validating the Arrhythmogenic Potential of High-, Intermediate-, and Low-Risk Drugs in a Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Microphysiological System. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:652-667. [PMID: 35983280 PMCID: PMC9380217 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of arrhythmogenic drugs is required by regulatory agencies before any new compound can obtain market approval. Despite rigorous review, cardiac disorders remain the second most common cause for safety-related market withdrawal. On the other hand, false-positive preclinical findings prohibit potentially beneficial candidates from moving forward in the development pipeline. Complex in vitro models using cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CM) have been identified as a useful tool that allows for rapid and cost-efficient screening of proarrhythmic drug risk. Currently available hiPSC-CM models employ simple two-dimensional (2D) culture formats with limited structural and functional relevance to the human heart muscle. Here, we present the use of our 3D cardiac microphysiological system (MPS), composed of a hiPSC-derived heart micromuscle, as a platform for arrhythmia risk assessment. We employed two different hiPSC lines and tested seven drugs with known ion channel effects and known clinical risk: dofetilide and bepridil (high risk); amiodarone and terfenadine (intermediate risk); and nifedipine, mexiletine, and lidocaine (low risk). The cardiac MPS successfully predicted drug cardiotoxicity risks based on changes in action potential duration, beat waveform (i.e., shape), and occurrence of proarrhythmic events of healthy patient hiPSC lines in the absence of risk cofactors. We showcase examples where the cardiac MPS outperformed existing hiPSC-CM 2D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bérénice Charrez
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brian A. Siemons
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | - Nathaniel Huebsch
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samuel Wall
- Simula Research Laboratory, 0164 Oslo, Norway
| | - Evan Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Kevin E. Healy
- Department of Bioengineering and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Formulation and therapeutic efficacy of PEG-liposomes of sorafenib for the production of NL-PEG-SOR FUM and NL-PEG-SOR TOS. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Daley MC, Mende U, Choi BR, McMullen PD, Coulombe KLK. Beyond pharmaceuticals: Fit-for-purpose new approach methodologies for environmental cardiotoxicity testing. ALTEX 2022; 40:103-116. [PMID: 35648122 PMCID: PMC10502740 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a substantial role in determining cardiovascular health, but data informing the risks presented by environmental toxicants is insufficient. In vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) offer a promising approach with which to address the limitations of traditional in vivo and in vitro assays for assessing cardiotoxicity. Driven largely by the needs of pharmaceutical toxicity testing, considerable progress in developing NAMs for cardiotoxicity analysis has already been made. As the scientific and regulatory interest in NAMs for environmental chemicals continues to grow, a thorough understanding of the unique features of environmental cardiotoxicants and their associated cardiotoxicities is needed. Here, we review the key characteristics of as well as important regulatory and biological considerations for fit-for-purpose NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity. By emphasizing the challenges and opportunities presented by NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity we hope to accelerate their development, acceptance, and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Daley
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ulrike Mende
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bum-Rak Choi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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20
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Cuanalo-Contreras K, Benkmann D. Towards More Human and Humane Testing: The Role of the Device Supplier Industry. Altern Lab Anim 2022; 50:62-70. [PMID: 35184611 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211073132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo testing has been the gold standard for preclinical drug development and toxicology. However, animal-based methods often lack human relevance and have a low predictability rate, not to mention the enormous ethical and financial concerns associated with their use. For instance, according to the US Congressional Budget Office (cbo.gov), it takes an average of 10.5 years to take a compound from the preclinical phase to the market, with a cost of US$1-US$2 billion. 90% of drugs that are tested in animals and enter clinical trials fail due to lack of safety and efficacy - this fact questions the significance of in vivo testing. Cells in culture can recapitulate certain aspects of physiology and disease, as well as indicate drug responses and toxicity. Thus, they represent a sophisticated human-relevant and humane alternative. With advances in the in vitro field, it is anticipated that confidence will be gained towards a move away from traditional in vivo models. Specialised supplier industries have been a driving force in the transition to non-animal research, by translating new approach methodologies into scalable products that have been adopted by the regulatory and testing industries - but we are still at the beginning. In this article, we introduce the perspective of the device supplier industry on the current challenges and opportunities surrounding the adoption of new in vitro methods, with the goal of promoting effective co-operation with scientists and other stakeholders. In addition, we highlight some examples of where non-animal approaches have been used in regulatory submissions, as well as listing some educational and training resources that can help when selecting the most appropriate assay.
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21
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Current Status and Challenges of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Models in Drug Discovery. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030442. [PMID: 35159250 PMCID: PMC8834601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry is in high need of efficient and relevant in vitro liver models, which can be incorporated in their drug discovery pipelines to identify potential drugs and their toxicity profiles. Current liver models often rely on cancer cell lines or primary cells, which both have major limitations. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has created a new opportunity for liver disease modeling, drug discovery and liver toxicity research. hiPSCs can be differentiated to any cell of interest, which makes them good candidates for disease modeling and drug discovery. Moreover, hiPSCs, unlike primary cells, can be easily genome-edited, allowing the creation of reporter lines or isogenic controls for patient-derived hiPSCs. Unfortunately, even though liver progeny from hiPSCs has characteristics similar to their in vivo counterparts, the differentiation of iPSCs to fully mature progeny remains highly challenging and is a major obstacle for the full exploitation of these models by pharmaceutical industries. In this review, we discuss current liver-cell differentiation protocols and in vitro iPSC-based liver models that could be used for disease modeling and drug discovery. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges that still need to be overcome to allow for the successful implementation of these models into pharmaceutical drug discovery platforms.
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22
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Ferrari E, Rasponi M. Liver-Heart on chip models for drug safety. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031505. [PMID: 34286172 PMCID: PMC8282347 DOI: 10.1063/5.0048986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pre-clinical models to evaluate drug safety during the drug development process (DDP) mainly rely on traditional two-dimensional cell cultures, considered too simplistic and often ineffective, or animal experimentations, which are costly, time-consuming, and not truly representative of human responses. Their clinical translation thus remains limited, eventually causing attrition and leading to high rates of failure during clinical trials. These drawbacks can be overcome by the recently developed Organs-on-Chip (OoC) technology. OoC are sophisticated in vitro systems capable of recapitulating pivotal architecture and functionalities of human organs. OoC are receiving increasing attention from the stakeholders of the DDP, particularly concerning drug screening and safety applications. When a drug is administered in the human body, it is metabolized by the liver and the resulting compound may cause unpredicted toxicity on off-target organs such as the heart. In this sense, several liver and heart models have been widely adopted to assess the toxicity of new or recalled drugs. Recent advances in OoC technology are making available platforms encompassing multiple organs fluidically connected to efficiently assess and predict the systemic effects of compounds. Such Multi-Organs-on-Chip (MOoC) platforms represent a disruptive solution to study drug-related effects, which results particularly useful to predict liver metabolism on off-target organs to ultimately improve drug safety testing in the pre-clinical phases of the DDP. In this review, we focus on recently developed liver and heart on chip systems for drug toxicity testing. In addition, MOoC platforms encompassing connected liver and heart tissues have been further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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He X, Sun H, Jiang Q, Chai Y, Li X, Wang Z, Zhu B, You S, Li B, Hao J, Xin S. Hsa-miR-4277 Decelerates the Metabolism or Clearance of Sorafenib in HCC Cells and Enhances the Sensitivity of HCC Cells to Sorafenib by Targeting cyp3a4. Front Oncol 2021; 11:735447. [PMID: 34381736 PMCID: PMC8350395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.735447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that the metabolism and clearance of molecular targeted agents, such as sorafenib, plays an important role in mediating the resistance of HCC cells to these agents. Metabolism of sorafenib is performed by oxidative metabolism, which is initially mediated by CYP3A4. Thus, targeting CYP3A4 is a promising approach to enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In the present work, we examined the association between CYP3A4 and the prognosis of HCC patients receiving sorafenib. Using the online tool miRDB, we predicted that has-microRNA-4277 (miR-4277), an online miRNA targets the 3’UTR of the transcript of cyp3a4. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-4277 in HCC cells repressed the expression of CYP3A4 and reduced the elimination of sorafenib in HCC cells. Moreover, miR-4277 enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our results not only expand our understanding of CYP3A4 regulation in HCC, but also provide evidence for the use of miR-4277 as a potential therapeutic in advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiwei Sun
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Jiang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yantao Chai
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Institute of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli You
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boan Li
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Jin Qiu Hospital of Liaoning Province/Geriatric Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaojie Xin
- Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Liver Disease of Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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24
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Monckton CP, Brown GE, Khetani SR. Latest impact of engineered human liver platforms on drug development. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031506. [PMID: 34286173 PMCID: PMC8286174 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition, which is partly due to differences between preclinical animals and humans in metabolic pathways. Therefore, in vitro human liver models are utilized in biopharmaceutical practice to mitigate DILI risk and assess related mechanisms of drug transport and metabolism. However, liver cells lose phenotypic functions within 1–3 days in two-dimensional monocultures on collagen-coated polystyrene/glass, which precludes their use to model the chronic effects of drugs and disease stimuli. To mitigate such a limitation, bioengineers have adapted tools from the semiconductor industry and additive manufacturing to precisely control the microenvironment of liver cells. Such tools have led to the fabrication of advanced two-dimensional and three-dimensional human liver platforms for different throughput needs and assay endpoints (e.g., micropatterned cocultures, spheroids, organoids, bioprinted tissues, and microfluidic devices); such platforms have significantly enhanced liver functions closer to physiologic levels and improved functional lifetime to >4 weeks, which has translated to higher sensitivity for predicting drug outcomes and enabling modeling of diseased phenotypes for novel drug discovery. Here, we focus on commercialized engineered liver platforms and case studies from the biopharmaceutical industry showcasing their impact on drug development. We also discuss emerging multi-organ microfluidic devices containing a liver compartment that allow modeling of inter-tissue crosstalk following drug exposure. Finally, we end with key requirements for engineered liver platforms to become routine fixtures in the biopharmaceutical industry toward reducing animal usage and providing patients with safe and efficacious drugs with unprecedented speed and reduced cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase P Monckton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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