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Shang T, Jiang T, Cui X, Pan Y, Feng X, Dong L, Wang H. Diverse functions of SOX9 in liver development and homeostasis and hepatobiliary diseases. Genes Dis 2024; 11:100996. [PMID: 38523677 PMCID: PMC10958229 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ for digestion and detoxification and has unique metabolic and regenerative capacities. The hepatobiliary system originates from the foregut endoderm, in which cells undergo multiple events of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation to form the liver parenchyma and ductal system under the hierarchical regulation of transcription factors. Studies on liver development and diseases have revealed that SRY-related high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) plays an important role in liver embryogenesis and the progression of hepatobiliary diseases. SOX9 is not only a master regulator of cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis, but also regulates various biological features of cancer, including cancer stemness, invasion, and drug resistance, making SOX9 a potential biomarker for tumor prognosis and progression. This review systematically summarizes the latest findings of SOX9 in hepatobiliary development, homeostasis, and disease. We also highlight the value of SOX9 as a novel biomarker and potential target for the clinical treatment of major liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyu Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Yufei Pan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
| | - Xiaofan Feng
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liwei Dong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- National Center for Liver Cancer, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University & Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200438, China
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Hatim O, Pavlinov I, Xu M, Linask K, Beers J, Liu C, Baumgärtel K, Gilbert M, Spinner N, Chen C, Zou J, Zheng W. Generation of an Alagille syndrome (ALGS) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell line (TRNDi032-A) carrying a heterozygous mutation (p.Cys682Leufs*7) in the JAG1 gene. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103231. [PMID: 37890331 PMCID: PMC10842201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystemic disorder due to haploinsufficiency in either the JAG1 gene (ALGS type 1) or the NOTCH2 gene (ALGS type 2). The disease has been difficult to diagnose and treat due to its muti-system clinical presentation, variable expressivity, and prenatal onset for some of the features. The generation of this iPSC line (TRNDi032-A) carrying a heterozygous mutation, p.Cys682Leufs*7 (c.2044dup), in the JAG1 gene provides a means of studying the disease and developing novel therapeutics towards patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Hatim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaari Linask
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karsten Baumgärtel
- Travere Therapeutics, 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 300, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Gilbert
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Adlat S, Vázquez Salgado AM, Lee M, Yin D, Wangensteen KJ. Emerging and potential use of CRISPR in human liver disease. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00538. [PMID: 37607734 PMCID: PMC10881897 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR is a gene editing tool adapted from naturally occurring defense systems from bacteria. It is a technology that is revolutionizing the interrogation of gene functions in driving liver disease, especially through genetic screens and by facilitating animal knockout and knockin models. It is being used in models of liver disease to identify which genes are critical for liver pathology, especially in genetic liver disease, hepatitis, and in cancer initiation and progression. It holds tremendous promise in treating human diseases directly by editing DNA. It could disable gene function in the case of expression of a maladaptive protein, such as blocking transthyretin as a therapy for amyloidosis, or to correct gene defects, such as restoring the normal functions of liver enzymes fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase or alpha-1 antitrypsin. It is also being studied for treatment of hepatitis B infection. CRISPR is an exciting, evolving technology that is facilitating gene characterization and discovery in liver disease and holds the potential to treat liver diseases safely and permanently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Adlat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Han Y, Zhu K, Wu H, Chen B, Hu S, Lai D, Tou J. Case Report: Novel JAG1 gene mutations in two infants with alagille syndrome characterized by cholestasis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1017647. [PMID: 36340723 PMCID: PMC9631024 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1017647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infants with Alagille syndrome (ALGS) need to be promptly differentiated from biliary atresia (BA) at an early stage. ALGS is an autosomal, dominant, multisystem disorder with variable phenotypic penetrance caused by heterozygous mutations in JAG1 or NOTCH2, which encode the Notch signaling pathway. Case presentation We report two cases, both with cholestatic jaundice as the main manifestation, in which BA was excluded and finally diagnosed as ALGS based on characteristic facial features, serological tests, imaging, laparoscopic cholangiography, pathology and genetic findings. Both cases are novel mutant genes on chromosome 20 that have not been reported in the literature. The mutation in patient 1 was a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (NM_000214 exon20, c.2419G > T, p.E807Ter), which was a spontaneous mutation. Followed up to 1 year and 6 months, the symptoms resolved with ursodeoxycholic acid and cholestyramine, and the jaundice has now subsided. Patient 2 was a novel heterozygous frameshift mutation (NM_000214 exon19, c.2367-2368dupTC, p.P790Lfs*31), which was inherited from his mother. This patient was followed up to 9 months and is currently awaiting liver transplantation. Conclusion Both cholestatic infants reported combined to exclude BA, avoid Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), and definitively diagnose ALGS. Broadening the spectrum of JAG1 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Han
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohai Chen
- Department of Information Center, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Hu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dengming Lai
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfa Tou
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Ileal Bile Acid Transporter Inhibition Reduces Post-Transplant Diarrhea and Growth Failure in FIC1 Disease—A Case Report. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050669. [PMID: 35626847 PMCID: PMC9139332 DOI: 10.3390/children9050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1) disease is a genetic disorder characterized by hepatic and gastrointestinal disease due to ATP8B1 deficiency, often requiring liver transplantation (LT). Extrahepatic symptoms, such as diarrhea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive, do not improve and instead may be aggravated after LT. We describe a patient with FIC1 disease who underwent LT at 2 years, 8 months of age. After LT, the child developed severe refractory diarrhea and failed to thrive. The response to bile acid resins was unsatisfactory, and the parents declined our recommendation for partial external biliary diversion (PEBD). Quality of life was extremely impaired, especially due to severe diarrhea, making school attendance impossible. Attempting to reduce the total bile acids, we initiated off-label use of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor Elobixibat (Goofice™), later converted to Odevixibat (Bylvay™). After six months of treatment, the patient showed less stool output, increased weight and height, and improved physical energy levels. The child could now pursue higher undergraduate education. In our patient with FIC1 disease, the use of IBAT inhibitors was effective in treating chronic diarrhea and failure to thrive. This approach is novel; further investigations are needed to clarify the exact mode of action in this condition.
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Yang Y, Wang H. A novel JAG1 frameshift variant causing Alagille syndrome with incomplete penetrance. Clin Biochem 2022; 104:19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Xu F, Peng Q, He X, Chen X, Jiang S, Lu X, Li N. Alagille syndrome due to a de novo NOTCH2 mutation presenting as prenatal oligohydramnios and congenital bilateral renal hypodysplasia: A case report. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1020536. [PMID: 36458146 PMCID: PMC9705967 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Here, we report the case of an infant suffering from Alagille syndrome (ALGS), manifesting with the atypical clinical manifestations of prenatal oligohydramnios and renal lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of ALGS presenting as prenatal oligohydramnios and renal lesions caused by a de novo variant of the NOTCH2 gene. CASE PRESENTATION A 3-month-old male infant was hospitalized for severe malnutrition. He presented with prenatal oligohydramnios from 28+4 weeks of gestation. After birth, he failed to thrive and suffered from impaired motor development, thermoregulation disorders, congenital bilateral renal hypodysplasia, which initially manifested as stage 5 before improving to stage 3 chronic renal impairment, slightly elevated levels of transaminases, cholestasis, and dysmorphic facial features. We used a diagnostic screening panel of 4,047 pathogenic genes and whole exome sequencing (WES) to analyze the proband and his parents (who had normal kidneys). We found that the proband carried a de novo heterozygous splicing variant (c.5930-2A > G) in intron 33 of the NOTCH2 gene. Transcriptome sequencing confirmed that the mutation of this gene site would affect the splicing of NOTCH2 mRNA and lead to exon 33 skipping. CONCLUSIONS Our case expands the spectrum of pathogenic variants of the NOTCH2 gene that are known to be associated with ALGS and characterized by prenatal oligohydramnios and renal lesions. It also reminds us of the necessity to monitor the liver and kidney function of the infant if a mother has oligohydramnios during pregnancy and we recommend ALGS as an additional differential diagnosis in prenatal renal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdan Xu
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoguang He
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Shuanglan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Dongguan Institute of Pediatrics, Dongguan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Neonatology, Guangdong Medical University Affiliated Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, China
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