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Agrawal S, Sahoo B, Kumar K, Malhotra S, Sibal A. Hepatoblastoma in a cirrhotic child with Alagille syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e253080. [PMID: 38417945 PMCID: PMC10900336 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a genetic disorder due to mutations in the JAGGED 1 or NOTCH 2 genes leading to multisystemic manifestations. Though these patients are at risk of developing various liver tumours, no cases of hepatoblastoma among young children with cirrhosis in AGS have been reported. We report a male toddler, with cirrhosis due to AGS who developed a hepatoblastoma. He underwent a liver transplant for decompensated chronic liver disease with marked pruritus, very high alpha-fetoprotein levels and malignant liver lesions on positron emission tomography CT. His explant histology revealed a paucity of bile ducts and liver lesions turned out to be hepatoblastoma for which he received postoperative chemotherapy. The genetic testing sent before transplantation confirmed the clinical diagnosis of AGS. Hepatoblastoma should be suspected in any child with AGS presenting with a right upper quadrant mass even in the setting of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Agrawal
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishnupriya Sahoo
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Karunesh Kumar
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Smita Malhotra
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupam Sibal
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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2
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Mašek J, Andersson ER. Jagged-mediated development and disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications for Alagille syndrome. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102302. [PMID: 38194749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Notch signaling controls multiple aspects of embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Alagille syndrome is usually caused by a single mutation in the jagged canonical Notch ligand 1 (JAG1), and manifests with liver disease and cardiovascular symptoms that are a direct consequence of JAG1 haploinsufficiency. Recent insights into Jag1/Notch-controlled developmental and homeostatic processes explain how pathology develops in the hepatic and cardiovascular systems and, together with recent elucidation of mechanisms modulating liver regeneration, provide a basis for therapeutic efforts. Importantly, disease presentation can be regulated by genetic modifiers, that may also be therapeutically leverageable. Here, we summarize recent insights into how Jag1 controls processes of relevance to Alagille syndrome, focused on Jag1/Notch functions in hepatic and cardiovascular development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mašek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. https://twitter.com/JanMasekLab
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Dept of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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3
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Iqbal A, Van Hul N, Belicova L, Corbat AA, Hankeova S, Andersson ER. Spatially segregated defects and IGF1-responsiveness of hilar and peripheral biliary organoids from a model of Alagille syndrome. Liver Int 2024; 44:541-558. [PMID: 38014627 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alagille syndrome (ALGS) manifests with peripheral intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) paucity, which can spontaneously resolve. In a model for ALGS, Jag1Ndr/Ndr mice, this occurs with distinct architectural mechanisms in hilar and peripheral IHBDs. Here, we investigated region-specific IHBD characteristics and addressed whether IGF1, a cholangiocyte mitogen that is downregulated in ALGS and in Jag1Ndr/Ndr mice, can improve biliary outcomes. METHODS Intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) were derived from hilar and peripheral adult Jag1+/+ and Jag1Ndr/Ndr livers (hICOs and pICOs, respectively). ICOs were grown in Matrigel or microwell arrays, and characterized using bulk RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, and high throughput analyses of nuclear sizes. ICOs were treated with IGF1, followed by analyses of growth, proliferation, and death. CellProfiler and Python scripts were custom written for image analyses. Key results were validated in vivo by immunostaining. RESULTS Cell growth assays and transcriptomics demonstrated that Jag1Ndr/Ndr ICOs were less proliferative than Jag1+/+ ICOs. IGF1 specifically rescued survival and growth of Jag1Ndr/Ndr pICOs. Jag1Ndr/Ndr hICOs were the least proliferative, with lower Notch signalling and an enrichment of hepatocyte signatures and IGF uptake/transport pathways. In vitro (Jag1Ndr/Ndr hICOs) and in vivo (Jag1Ndr/Ndr hilar portal tracts) analyses revealed ectopic HNF4a+ hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Hilar and peripheral Jag1Ndr/Ndr ICOs exhibit differences in Notch signalling status, proliferation, and cholangiocyte commitment which may result in cholangiocyte-to-hepatocyte transdifferentiation. While Jag1Ndr/Ndr pICOs can be rescued by IGF1, hICOs are unresponsive, perhaps due to their hepatocyte-like state and/or expression of IGF transport components. IGF1 represents a potential therapeutic for peripheral bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Iqbal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Van Hul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lenka Belicova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agustin A Corbat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simona Hankeova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma R Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Feng X, Ping J, Gao S, Han D, Song W, Li X, Tao Y, Wang L. Novel JAG1 variants leading to Alagille syndrome in two Chinese cases. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1812. [PMID: 38245625 PMCID: PMC10799942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alagille Syndrome (ALGS) is a complex genetic disorder characterized by cholestasis, congenital cardiac anomalies, and butterfly vertebrae. The variable phenotypic expression of ALGS can lead to challenges in accurately diagnosing affected infants, potentially resulting in misdiagnoses or underdiagnoses. This study highlights novel JAG1 gene mutations in two cases of ALGS. The first case with a novel p.Pro325Leufs*87 variant was diagnosed at 2 months of age and exhibited a favorable prognosis and an unexpected manifestation of congenital hypothyroidism. Before the age of 2, the second patient was incorrectly diagnosed with liver structural abnormalities, necessitating extensive treatment. In addition, he exhibited delays in language acquisition that may have been a result of SNAP25 haploinsufficiency. The identification of ALGS remains challenging, highlighting the importance of early detection and genetic testing for effective patient management. The variant p.Pro325Leufs*87 is distinct from reported variants linked to congenital hypothyroidism in ALGS patients, thereby further confirming the clinical and genetic complexity of ALGS. This emphasizes the critical need for individualized and innovative approaches to diagnosis and medical interventions, uniquely intended to address the complexity of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiangyuan Ping
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Dong Han
- Medical Genetic Center, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- Obstetrics Department, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoze Li
- Medical Genetic Center, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Yilun Tao
- Medical Genetic Center, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
- Precision Medicine Research Division, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Changzhi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhi, Shanxi, China.
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Li Y, Li J, Leng A, Zhang G, Qu J. Cardiac complications caused by biliary diseases: A review of clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of cholecardia syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107006. [PMID: 38000562 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder and biliary diseases (GBDs) are one of the most common digestive diseases. The connections between GBDs and several organs other than the liver have gradually surfaced accompanied by the changes in people's diet structure and the continuous improvement of medical diagnosis technology. Among them, cholecardia syndrome that takes the heart as the important target of GBDs complications has been paid close attention. However, there are still no systematic report about its corresponding clinical manifestations and pathogenesis. This review summarized recent reported types of cholecardia syndrome and found that arrhythmia, myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome and heart failure are common in the general population. Besides, the clinical diagnosis rate of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and Alagille syndrome associated with gene mutation is also increasing. Accordingly, the underlying pathogenesis including abnormal secretion of bile acid, gene mutation, translocation and deletion (JAG1, NOTCH2, ABCG5/8 and CYP7A1), nerve reflex and autonomic neuropathy were further revealed. Finally, the potential treatment measures and clinical medication represented by ursodeoxycholic acid were summarized to provide assistance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Aijing Leng
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China; Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China; Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic-Biliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Jialin Qu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116011, China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, No. 9, South Road of Lvshun, Dalian 116044, China.
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Hatim O, Pavlinov I, Xu M, Linask K, Beers J, Liu C, Baumgärtel K, Gilbert M, Spinner N, Chen C, Zou J, Zheng W. Generation of an Alagille syndrome (ALGS) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell line (TRNDi032-A) carrying a heterozygous mutation (p.Cys682Leufs*7) in the JAG1 gene. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103231. [PMID: 37890331 PMCID: PMC10842201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystemic disorder due to haploinsufficiency in either the JAG1 gene (ALGS type 1) or the NOTCH2 gene (ALGS type 2). The disease has been difficult to diagnose and treat due to its muti-system clinical presentation, variable expressivity, and prenatal onset for some of the features. The generation of this iPSC line (TRNDi032-A) carrying a heterozygous mutation, p.Cys682Leufs*7 (c.2044dup), in the JAG1 gene provides a means of studying the disease and developing novel therapeutics towards patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Hatim
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Pavlinov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaari Linask
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karsten Baumgärtel
- Travere Therapeutics, 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 300, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Gilbert
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catherine Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Cheng K, Rosenthal P. Diagnosis and management of Alagille and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0314. [PMID: 38055640 PMCID: PMC10984671 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis are conditions that can affect multiple organs. Advancements in molecular testing have aided in the diagnosis of both. The impairment of normal bile flow and secretion leads to the various hepatic manifestations of these diseases. Medical management of Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis remains mostly targeted on supportive care focusing on quality of life, cholestasis, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. The most difficult therapeutic issue is typically related to pruritus, which can be managed by various medications such as ursodeoxycholic acid, rifampin, cholestyramine, and antihistamines. Surgical operations were previously used to disrupt enterohepatic recirculation, but recent medical advancements in the use of ileal bile acid transport inhibitors have shown great efficacy for the treatment of pruritus in both Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Heinz N, Vittorio J. Treatment of Cholestasis in Infants and Young Children. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2023; 25:344-354. [PMID: 37651067 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-023-00891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cholestasis is characterized by a conjugated hyperbilirubinemia secondary to impaired bile synthesis, transport, or excretion from the liver. It is always pathologic and can be indicative of an underlying hepatobiliary, genetic, or metabolic disorder, several of which require timely diagnosis to ensure proper management and optimal outcomes. This review provides an overview of the evaluation of cholestasis with a focus on current and emerging treatment strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Increased accessibility of next generation sequencing (NGS) allows for utilization of genetic testing early in the diagnostic process. This may alter the clinical algorithm for diagnosis of cholestatic disorders. An enhanced understanding of the underlying pathophysiology may help guide future development of targeted therapies, such as ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors. These were recently approved for treatment of cholestatic pruritus in patients with Alagille syndrome and Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis. Current management of cholestasis is aimed at the biochemical consequences of impaired bile flow, including malnutrition, pruritus, and progressive fibrosis. NGS has led to an enhanced understanding of biliary pathology and may guide development of future treatment modalities based on specific gene mutations. Rapid discernment of the underlying etiology is essential as new treatment modalities emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Heinz
- New York University (NYU) Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, 160 East 32nd Street, Suite L3 Medical Level, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Vittorio
- New York University (NYU) Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, 160 East 32nd Street, Suite L3 Medical Level, New York, NY, USA.
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Arora A, George M. The Curious Case of Alagille Syndrome: A Case Report With NANDA-I Classification, NIC, and NOC Linkage to the Patient Care Plan. Gastroenterol Nurs 2023; 46:436-444. [PMID: 37581873 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome is a rare and complex pleiotropic multisystem disorder caused by an autosomal dominant genetic mutation of JAG1 (90%) and NOTCH2 (1%-2%) genes located on the short arm of chromosome 20. This case is reported as per the CA se RE ports (CARE) guidelines (2013). A 14-year-old boy who is a known case of chronic cholestatic liver disease of neonatal onset, was diagnosed with Alagille syndrome as evident from a NOTCH 2 mutation in genetic analysis and paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts on biopsy. He presented with portal hypertension, growth failure, and persistent hyperbilirubinemia. This case highlights the gamut of multisystem dysfunctions faced by this child. He is currently on conservative management and worked up for liver transplantation. The condition is often rare and challenging due to the multisystem pathogenesis. Thus, the nursing care is also multifaceted. This case study identified relevant North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) Classification, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) concepts to describe care of children with Alagille syndrome based on actual patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Arora
- Anjali Arora, MSc(N), is Masters Student from College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Mini George, PhD, is Principal, College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mini George
- Anjali Arora, MSc(N), is Masters Student from College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Mini George, PhD, is Principal, College of Nursing, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Niknejad N, Fox D, Burwinkel JL, Zarrin-Khameh N, Cho S, Soriano A, Cast AE, Lopez MF, Huppert KA, Rigo F, Huppert SS, Jafar-Nejad P, Jafar-Nejad H. ASO silencing of a glycosyltransferase, Poglut1 , improves the liver phenotypes in mouse models of Alagille syndrome. Hepatology 2023; 78:1337-1351. [PMID: 37021797 PMCID: PMC10558624 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts (BDs) is caused by various etiologies and often leads to cholestatic liver disease. For example, in patients with Alagille syndrome (ALGS), which is a genetic disease primarily caused by mutations in jagged 1 ( JAG1) , BD paucity often results in severe cholestasis and liver damage. However, no mechanism-based therapy exists to restore the biliary system in ALGS or other diseases associated with BD paucity. Based on previous genetic observations, we investigated whether postnatal knockdown of the glycosyltransferase gene protein O -glucosyltransferase 1 ( Poglut1) can improve the ALGS liver phenotypes in several mouse models generated by removing one copy of Jag1 in the germline with or without reducing the gene dosage of sex-determining region Y-box 9 in the liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using an ASO established in this study, we show that reducing Poglut1 levels in postnatal livers of ALGS mouse models with moderate to profound biliary abnormalities can significantly improve BD development and biliary tree formation. Importantly, ASO injections prevent liver damage in these models without adverse effects. Furthermore, ASO-mediated Poglut1 knockdown improves biliary tree formation in a different mouse model with no Jag1 mutations. Cell-based signaling assays indicate that reducing POGLUT1 levels or mutating POGLUT1 modification sites on JAG1 increases JAG1 protein level and JAG1-mediated signaling, suggesting a likely mechanism for the observed in vivo rescue. CONCLUSIONS Our preclinical studies establish ASO-mediated POGLUT1 knockdown as a potential therapeutic strategy for ALGS liver disease and possibly other diseases associated with BD paucity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Niknejad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Duncan Fox
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jennifer L. Burwinkel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Neda Zarrin-Khameh
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Ben Taub Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Soomin Cho
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Ashley E. Cast
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mario F. Lopez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kari A. Huppert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Stacey S. Huppert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Hamed Jafar-Nejad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Stanberry I, Cunningham D, Ye S, Alonzo M, Zhao MT, Garg V, Lilly B. Characterization of an induced pluripotent stem cell line NCHi011-A from a 23-year-old female with Alagille Syndrome harboring a heterozygous JAG1 pathogenic variant. Stem Cell Res 2023; 72:103213. [PMID: 37774637 PMCID: PMC10807224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem disease with high variability in clinical features. ALGS is predominantly caused by pathogenic variants in the Notch ligand JAG1. An iPSC line, NCHi011-A, was generated from a ALGS patient with complex cardiac phenotypes consisting of pulmonic valve and branch pulmonary artery stenosis. NCHi011-A is heterozygous for a single base duplication causing a frameshift in the JAG1 gene. This iPSC line demonstrates normal cellular morphology, expression of pluripotency markers, trilineage differentiation potential, and identity to the source patient. NCHi011-A provides a resource for modeling ALGS and investigating the role of Notch signaling in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Stanberry
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Cunningham
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Alonzo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ayoub MD, Bakhsh AA, Vandriel SM, Keitel V, Kamath BM. Management of adults with Alagille syndrome. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:1098-1112. [PMID: 37584849 PMCID: PMC10522532 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a complex rare genetic disorder that involves multiple organ systems and is historically regarded as a disease of childhood. Since it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner in 40% of patients, it carries many implications for genetic counselling of patients and screening of family members. In addition, the considerable variable expression and absence of a clear genotype-phenotype correlation, results in a diverse range of clinical manifestations, even in affected individuals within the same family. With recent therapeutic advancements in cholestasis treatment and the improved survival rates with liver transplantation (LT), many patients with ALGS survive into adulthood. Although LT is curative for liver disease secondary to ALGS, complications secondary to extrahepatic involvement remain problematic lifelong. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of ALGS to adult clinicians who will take over the medical care of these patients following transition, with particular focus on certain aspects of the condition that require lifelong surveillance. We also provide a diagnostic framework for adult patients with suspected ALGS and highlight key aspects to consider when determining eligibility for LT in patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed D Ayoub
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Branch, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ahmad A Bakhsh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shannon M Vandriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Binita M Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Cunningham D, Stanberry I, Ye S, Alonzo M, Zhao MT, Garg V, Lilly B. Generation of iPSC line NCHi012-A from a patient with Alagille syndrome and heterozygous pathogenic variant in the JAG1 gene. Stem Cell Res 2023; 71:103177. [PMID: 37549562 PMCID: PMC10528323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant disease affecting the liver, heart and other organs with high variability. About 95% of ALGS cases are associated with pathogenic variants in JAG1, encoding the Jagged1 ligand that binds to Notch receptors. The iPSC line NCHi012-A was derived from an ALGS patient with cholestatic liver disease and mild pulmonary stenosis, who is heterozygous for a 2 bp deletion in the JAG1 coding sequence. We report here an initial characterization of NCHi012-A to evaluate its morphology, pluripotency, differentiation potential, genotype, karyotype and identity to the source patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Stanberry
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew Alonzo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ming-Tao Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Halma J, Lin HC. Alagille syndrome: understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship and its potential therapeutic impact. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:883-892. [PMID: 37668532 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2255518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant, multisystem genetic disorder with wide phenotypic variability caused by mutations in the Notch signaling pathway, specifically from mutations in either the Jagged1 (JAG1) or NOTCH2 gene. The range of clinical features in ALGS can involve various organ systems including the liver, heart, eyes, skeleton, kidney, and vasculature. Despite the genetic mutations being well-defined, there is variable expressivity and individuals with the same mutation may have different clinical phenotypes. AREAS COVERED While no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been identified in ALGS, this review will summarize what is currently known about the genotype-phenotype relationship and how this relationship influences the treatment of the multisystemic disorder. This review includes discussion of numerous studies which have focused on describing the genotype-phenotype relationship of different organ systems in ALGS as well as relevant basic science and population studies of ALGS. A thorough literature search was completed via the PubMed and National Library of Medicine GeneReviews databases including dates from 1969, when ALGS was first identified, to February 2023. EXPERT OPINION The genetics of ALGS are well defined; however, ongoing investigation to identify genotype-phenotype relationships as well as genetic modifiers as potential therapeutic targets is needed. Clinicians and patients alike would benefit from identification of a correlation to aid in diagnostic evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Halma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Henry C Lin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Zhao C, Matalonga J, Lancman JJ, Liu L, Xiao C, Kumar S, Gates KP, He J, Graves A, Huisken J, Azuma M, Lu Z, Chen C, Ding BS, Dong PDS. Regenerative failure of intrahepatic biliary cells in Alagille syndrome rescued by elevated Jagged/Notch/Sox9 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201097119. [PMID: 36469766 PMCID: PMC9897440 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201097119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the robust healing capacity of the liver, regenerative failure underlies numerous hepatic diseases, including the JAG1 haploinsufficient disorder, Alagille syndrome (ALGS). Cholestasis due to intrahepatic duct (IHD) paucity resolves in certain ALGS cases but fails in most with no clear mechanisms or therapeutic interventions. We find that modulating jag1b and jag2b allele dosage is sufficient to stratify these distinct outcomes, which can be either exacerbated or rescued with genetic manipulation of Notch signaling, demonstrating that perturbations of Jag/Notch signaling may be causal for the spectrum of ALGS liver severities. Although regenerating IHD cells proliferate, they remain clustered in mutants that fail to recover due to a blunted elevation of Notch signaling in the distal-most IHD cells. Increased Notch signaling is required for regenerating IHD cells to branch and segregate into the peripheral region of the growing liver, where biliary paucity is commonly observed in ALGS. Mosaic loss- and-gain-of-function analysis reveals Sox9b to be a key Notch transcriptional effector required cell autonomously to regulate these cellular dynamics during IHD regeneration. Treatment with a small-molecule putative Notch agonist stimulates Sox9 expression in ALGS patient fibroblasts and enhances hepatic sox9b expression, rescues IHD paucity and cholestasis, and increases survival in zebrafish mutants, thereby providing a proof-of-concept therapeutic avenue for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jonathan Matalonga
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Joseph J. Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Keith P. Gates
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI53715
| | | | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI53715
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66045
| | - Zhenghao Lu
- Chengdu Organoidmed Medical Laboratory Ltd., Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, 610041People’s Republic of China
| | - P. Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
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16
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Zhao C, Lancman JJ, Yang Y, Gates KP, Cao D, Barske L, Matalonga J, Pan X, He J, Graves A, Huisken J, Chen C, Dong PDS. Intrahepatic cholangiocyte regeneration from an Fgf-dependent extrahepatic progenitor niche in a zebrafish model of Alagille Syndrome. Hepatology 2022; 75:567-583. [PMID: 34569629 PMCID: PMC8844142 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alagille Syndrome (ALGS) is a congenital disorder caused by mutations in the Notch ligand gene JAGGED1, leading to neonatal loss of intrahepatic duct (IHD) cells and cholestasis. Cholestasis can resolve in certain patients with ALGS, suggesting regeneration of IHD cells. However, the mechanisms driving IHD cell regeneration following Jagged loss remains unclear. Here, we show that cholestasis due to developmental loss of IHD cells can be consistently phenocopied in zebrafish with compound jagged1b and jagged2b mutations or knockdown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Leveraging the transience of jagged knockdown in juvenile zebrafish, we find that resumption of Jagged expression leads to robust regeneration of IHD cells through a Notch-dependent mechanism. Combining multiple lineage tracing strategies with whole-liver three-dimensional imaging, we demonstrate that the extrahepatic duct (EHD) is the primary source of multipotent progenitors that contribute to the regeneration, but not to the development, of IHD cells. Hepatocyte-to-IHD cell transdifferentiation is possible but rarely detected. Progenitors in the EHD proliferate and migrate into the liver with Notch signaling loss and differentiate into IHD cells if Notch signaling increases. Tissue-specific mosaic analysis with an inducible dominant-negative Fgf receptor suggests that Fgf signaling from the surrounding mesenchymal cells maintains this extrahepatic niche by directly preventing premature differentiation and allocation of EHD progenitors to the liver. Indeed, transcriptional profiling and functional analysis of adult mouse EHD organoids uncover their distinct differentiation and proliferative potential relative to IHD organoids. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that IHD cells regenerate upon resumption of Jagged/Notch signaling, from multipotent progenitors originating from an Fgf-dependent extrahepatic stem cell niche. We posit that if Jagged/Notch signaling is augmented, through normal stochastic variation, gene therapy, or a Notch agonist, regeneration of IHD cells in patients with ALGS may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Zhao
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Keith P Gates
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine & Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan Matalonga
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiangyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alyssa Graves
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Leung DH, Sorensen LG, Ye W, Hawthorne K, Ng VL, Loomes KM, Fredericks EM, Alonso EM, Heubi JE, Horslen SP, Karpen SJ, Molleston JP, Rosenthal P, Sokol RJ, Squires RH, Wang KS, Kamath BM, Magee JC. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Inherited Liver Disease and Native Liver. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:96-103. [PMID: 34694263 PMCID: PMC8673857 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurodevelopmental status among children with inherited cholestatic liver diseases with native liver and variables predictive of impairment. METHODS Participants with Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT) enrolled in a longitudinal, multicenter study and completed the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III or Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) was analyzed continuously and categorically (>100, 85-99, 70-84, <70). Univariate linear regression was performed to study association between FSIQ and risk factors, stratified by disease. RESULTS Two hundred and fifteen completed testing (ALGS n = 70, PFIC n = 43, A1AT n = 102); median age was 7.6 years (3.0-16.9). Mean FSIQ in ALGS was lower than A1AT (94 vs 101, P = 0.01). Frequency of FSIQ < 85 (>1 standard deviation [SD] below average) was highest in ALGS (29%) versus 18.6% in PFIC and 12.8% in A1AT, and was greater than expected in ALGS based on normal distribution (29% vs 15.9%, P = 0.003). ALGS scored significantly lower than test norms in almost all Wechsler composites; A1AT scored lower on Working Memory and Processing Speed; PFIC was not different from test norms. Total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, hemoglobin, and parental education were significantly associated with FSIQ. CONCLUSIONS Patients with ALGS are at increased risk of lower FSIQ, whereas our data suggest A1AT and PFIC are not. A1AT and ALGS appear vulnerable to working memory and processing speed deficits suggestive of attention/executive function impairment. Malnutrition, liver disease severity, and sociodemographic factors appear related to FSIQ deficits, potentially identifying targets for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Leung
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Lisa G. Sorensen
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
| | | | - Vicky L. Ng
- Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily M. Fredericks
- CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Estella M. Alonso
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - James E. Heubi
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Simon P. Horslen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's, Seattle, WA
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Pediatrics, Emory University, Children's Healthcare Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jean P. Molleston
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- Pediatrics and Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | - Binita M. Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C. Magee
- Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
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18
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Zhu W, Cheng YS, Xu M, Farkhondeh A, Beers J, Zou J, Liu C, Baumgaertel K, Rodems S, Zheng W. Generation of Alagille syndrome derived induced pluripotent stem cell line carrying heterozygous mutation in the JAGGED-1 gene at splicing site (Chr20: 10,629,709C>A) before exon 11. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102366. [PMID: 34087995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem autosomal dominant disorder caused by defects in the Notch signaling pathway, including the mutation in JAGGED1 (JAG1) (ALGS type 1) or NOTCH2 (ALGS type 2). An induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line was generated from the dermal fibroblasts of a 3-month-old patient with heterozygous mutation at JAG1 splicing site (Chr20: 10,629,709C>A) before exon 11. This iPSC model offers a useful resource for disease modeling to study the disease pathophysiology and to develop therapeutics for treatment of ALGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atena Farkhondeh
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Adams JM, Huppert KA, Castro EC, Lopez MF, Niknejad N, Subramanian S, Zarrin-Khameh N, Finegold MJ, Huppert SS, Jafar-Nejad H. Sox9 Is a Modifier of the Liver Disease Severity in a Mouse Model of Alagille Syndrome. Hepatology 2020; 71:1331-1349. [PMID: 31469182 PMCID: PMC7048647 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a multisystem developmental disorder characterized by bile duct (BD) paucity, caused primarily by haploinsufficiency of the Notch ligand jagged1. The course of the liver disease is highly variable in ALGS. However, the genetic basis for ALGS phenotypic variability is unknown. Previous studies have reported decreased expression of the transcription factor SOX9 (sex determining region Y-box 9) in late embryonic and neonatal livers of Jag1-deficient mice. Here, we investigated the effects of altering the Sox9 gene dosage on the severity of liver disease in an ALGS mouse model. APPROACH AND RESULTS Conditional removal of one copy of Sox9 in Jag1+/- livers impairs the biliary commitment of cholangiocytes and enhances the inflammatory reaction and liver fibrosis. Loss of both copies of Sox9 in Jag1+/- livers further worsens the phenotypes and results in partial lethality. Ink injection experiments reveal impaired biliary tree formation in the periphery of P30 Jag1+/- livers, which is improved by 5 months of age. Sox9 heterozygosity worsens the P30 biliary tree phenotype and impairs the partial recovery in 5-month-old animals. Notably, Sox9 overexpression improves BD paucity and liver phenotypes in Jag1+/- mice without ectopic hepatocyte-to-cholangiocyte transdifferentiation or long-term liver abnormalities. Notch2 expression in the liver is increased following Sox9 overexpression, and SOX9 binds the Notch2 regulatory region in the liver. Histological analysis shows a correlation between the level and pattern of SOX9 expression in the liver and outcome of the liver disease in patients with ALGS. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish Sox9 as a dosage-sensitive modifier of Jag1+/- liver phenotypes with a permissive role in biliary development. Our data further suggest that liver-specific increase in SOX9 levels is a potential therapeutic approach for BD paucity in ALGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Adams
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Kari A. Huppert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eumenia C. Castro
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Mario F. Lopez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nima Niknejad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sanjay Subramanian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Neda Zarrin-Khameh
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Milton J. Finegold
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Stacey S. Huppert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Hamed Jafar-Nejad
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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20
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Gilbert MA, Bauer RC, Rajagopalan R, Grochowski CM, Chao G, McEldrew D, Nassur JA, Rand EB, Krock BL, Kamath BM, Krantz ID, Piccoli DA, Loomes KM, Spinner NB. Alagille syndrome mutation update: Comprehensive overview of JAG1 and NOTCH2 mutation frequencies and insight into missense variant classification. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2197-2220. [PMID: 31343788 PMCID: PMC6899717 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease with a known molecular etiology of dysfunctional Notch signaling caused primarily by pathogenic variants in JAGGED1 (JAG1), but also by variants in NOTCH2. The majority of JAG1 variants result in loss of function, however disease has also been attributed to lesser understood missense variants. Conversely, the majority of NOTCH2 variants are missense, though fewer of these variants have been described. In addition, there is a small group of patients with a clear clinical phenotype in the absence of a pathogenic variant. Here, we catalog our single-center study, which includes 401 probands and 111 affected family members amassed over a 27-year period, to provide updated mutation frequencies in JAG1 and NOTCH2 as well as functional validation of nine missense variants. Combining our cohort of 86 novel JAG1 and three novel NOTCH2 variants with previously published data (totaling 713 variants), we present the most comprehensive pathogenic variant overview for Alagille syndrome. Using this data set, we developed new guidance to help with the classification of JAG1 missense variants. Finally, we report clinically consistent cases for which a molecular etiology has not been identified and discuss the potential for next generation sequencing methodologies in novel variant discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Gilbert
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Robert C. Bauer
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Christopher M. Grochowski
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Grace Chao
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Deborah McEldrew
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - James A. Nassur
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth B. Rand
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Bryan L. Krock
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Binita M. Kamath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of PediatricsHospital for Sick Children and the University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of PediatricsThe Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - David A. Piccoli
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Kathleen M. Loomes
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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21
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Wakim El-Khoury J, Venetz JP, Rutz T, Sciarra A, Unger S, Sempoux C, Moradpour D, Fraga M. [Alagille Syndrome]. Rev Med Suisse 2019; 15:1506-1510. [PMID: 31496175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome is a rare disorder with low physician awareness. It affects multiple organs and thus patient management involves several medical specialties. It is an autosomal dominant disorder with significant intrafamilial variability. The most frequent clinical manifestations are neonatal jaundice, chronic cholestasis as well as cardiac, ocular and skeletal malformations associated with characteristic facial features. Inherited mutations affect the Notch pathway. Although the molecular basis of Alagille syndrome is well defined, no specific targeted therapy exists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Venetz
- Centre de transplantation d'organes, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Tobias Rutz
- Service de cardiologie, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Amedeo Sciarra
- Institut universitaire de pathologie, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Sheila Unger
- Service de génétique médicale, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institut universitaire de pathologie, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Service de gastroentérologie et d'hépatologie, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Montserrat Fraga
- Service de gastroentérologie et d'hépatologie, CHUV, Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
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22
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Carlos EC, Ajay D, Muniz-Alers S, Wechsler DS, Sushama DV, Rice HE, Madden J, Routh JC. Wilms Tumor After Orthotopic Liver Transplant in a Patient With Alagille Syndrome. Urology 2018; 121:171-174. [PMID: 29879405 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of Wilms Tumor in a patient with Alagille syndrome 10 months after liver transplant. We explore a suggested genetic connection between these 2 diseases. In children with Wilms Tumor, we propose a pathoembryologic explanation for not just the tumor, but also for the cause of associated benign ureteral and renal parenchymal aberrancies that are commonly seen in the Alagille population. We also discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that can arise in a liver transplant patient with Alagille syndrome who subsequently develops a renal mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan C Carlos
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | - Divya Ajay
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Saisha Muniz-Alers
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel S Wechsler
- Aflac Cancer & Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Durham, NC
| | - Deepak Vikraman Sushama
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Henry E Rice
- Division of Pediatric General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - John Madden
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan C Routh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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23
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Abstract
The inherited diseases causing conjugated hyperbilirubinemia are diverse, with variability in clinical severity, histologic appearance, and time of onset. The liver biopsy appearances can also vary depending on whether the initial presentation is in the neonatal period or later. Although many of the disorders have specific histologic features in fully developed and classic cases, biopsies taken early in the disease course may be nonspecific, showing either cholestatic hepatitis or an obstructive pattern of injury requiring close correlation with the laboratory and clinical findings to reach the correct diagnosis. Additionally, increased understanding of the range of hepatic changes occurring in mild deficiencies of bile canalicular transporter proteins suggest that these disorders, particularly ABCB4 deficiency, may be more common than previously recognized; improved awareness should prompt further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Clouston
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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24
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Liu Y, Wang H, Dong C, Feng JX, Huang ZH. Clinical Features and Genetic Analysis of Pediatric Patients with Alagille Syndrome Presenting Initially with Liver Function Abnormalities. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:304-309. [PMID: 30074189 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a multisystem disorder and caused by mutations in JAG1 or NOTCH2 gene. The diagnosis of AGS is hampered by its highly variable clinical manifestations. We performed a retrospective analysis on 16 children diagnosed as having AGS in recent five years in our hospital. Cholestasis was seen in 15 patients (93.8%), heart disease in 12 (75%), characteristic facies in 7 (43.8%), and butterfly vertebrae in 7 (43.8%). Ophthalmology examination was not performed on all the patients. Further, serum biochemical parameters were compared between AGS and 16 biliary atresia (BA) patients who were confirmed by surgery. Elevated liver enzymes were seen in all the patients. Serum total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.0007), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P=0.0056), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.0114), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P=0.035) and total bile acid (TBA) levels (P=0.042) were significantly elevated in AGS patients compared to those in BA cases. However, there were no significant differences in serum total bilirubin (TB), conjugated bilirubin (CB) and albumin (ALB) between the two groups. We identified 14 different JAG1 gene variations and 1 NOTCH2 gene mutation in 16 Chinese AGS patients. Our study suggested clinical features of AGS are highly variable and not all patients meet the classical diagnostic criteria. It was suggested that hypercholesterolaemia and significantly elevated GGT, TBA and ALT may be helpful to diagnose AGS. Genetic testing is integral in the diagnosis of AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Genetic Diagnostic Centre, Department of Internal Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jie-Xiong Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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25
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Zhang D, Gates KP, Barske L, Wang G, Lancman JJ, Zeng XXI, Groff M, Wang K, Parsons MJ, Crump JG, Dong PDS. Endoderm Jagged induces liver and pancreas duct lineage in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28974684 PMCID: PMC5626745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver duct paucity is characteristic of children born with Alagille Syndrome (ALGS), a disease associated with JAGGED1 mutations. Here, we report that zebrafish embryos with compound homozygous mutations in two Notch ligand genes, jagged1b (jag1b) and jagged2b (jag2b) exhibit a complete loss of canonical Notch activity and duct cells within the liver and exocrine pancreas, whereas hepatocyte and acinar pancreas development is not affected. Further, animal chimera studies demonstrate that wild-type endoderm cells within the liver and pancreas can rescue Notch activity and duct lineage specification in adjacent cells lacking jag1b and jag2b expression. We conclude that these two Notch ligands are directly and solely responsible for all duct lineage specification in these organs in zebrafish. Our study uncovers genes required for lineage specification of the intrahepatopancreatic duct cells, challenges the role of duct cells as progenitors, and suggests a genetic mechanism for ALGS ductal paucity.The hepatopancreatic duct cells connect liver hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells to the intestine, but the mechanism for their lineage specification is unclear. Here, the authors reveal that Notch ligands Jagged1b and Jagged2b induce duct cell lineage in the liver and pancreas of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical, Science, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Keith P Gates
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lindsey Barske
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Guangliang Wang
- Department of Surgery, and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xin-Xin I Zeng
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Megan Groff
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kasper Wang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Michael J Parsons
- Department of Surgery, and McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - P Duc Si Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical, Science, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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26
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Li H, Liu JJ, Deng M, Guo L, Cheng Y, Song YZ. [Clinical and genetic study of an infant with Alagille syndrome: identification of a novel chromosomal interstitial deletion including JAG1 gene]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017; 19:1098-1103. [PMID: 29046208 PMCID: PMC7389279 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant disease affecting multiple systems including the liver, heart, skeleton, eyes, kidneys and face. This paper reports the clinical and genetic features of an infant with this disease. A 3-month-and-10-day-old female infant was referred to the hospital with jaundiced skin and sclera for 3 months. Physical examination revealed wide forehead and micromandible. A systolic murmur of grade 3-4/6 was heard between the 2th and 3th intercostal spaces on the left side of the sternum. The abdomen was distended, and the liver palpable 3 cm under the right subcostal margin with a medium texture. Serum biochemistry analysis revealed abnormal liver function indices, with markedly elevated bilirubin (predominantly direct bilirubin), total bile acids (TBA) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). Atrial septal defect and pulmonary stenosis were detected on echocardiography. Next generation sequencing detected entire deletion of the JAG1 gene, and then chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a novel interstitial deletion of 3.0 Mb in size on chr20p12.3p12.2, involving JAG1 gene. The child had special facial features, heart malformations, and cholestasis, and based on the genetic findings, ALGS was definitively diagnosed. Thereafter, symptomatic and supportive treatment was introduced. Thus far, the infant had been followed up till his age of 11 months. The hyperbilirubinemia got improved, but GGT and TBA were persistently elevated, and the long-term outcome needs to be observed. This study extended the JAG1 mutation spectrum, and provided laboratory evidences for the diagnosis and treatment of the patient, and for the genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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27
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Hannoush ZC, Puerta H, Bauer MS, Goldberg RB. New JAG1 Mutation Causing Alagille Syndrome Presenting With Severe Hypercholesterolemia: Case Report With Emphasis on Genetics and Lipid Abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:350-353. [PMID: 27967296 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alagille syndrome is a rare autosomal-dominant genetic disorder caused by defects in the Notch signaling pathway, which involves multiple organ systems. Bile duct paucity is the main characteristic feature of the disease, which often leads to cholestatic hypercholesterolemia. CASE DESCRIPTION We report the case of a male infant who had developed failure to thrive, jaundice, intermittent pruritus, and multiple diffuse symmetrical skin xanthomas at 1 year of age. He was diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis, butterfly vertebrae of T4, T6, and T8; horseshoe kidney, and embryotoxon in the left eye. Laboratory workup revealed severe hypercholesterolemia. Alagille syndrome was suspected and confirmed by genetic testing, which identified a previously undescribed frameshift pathogenic heterozygous variant in the JAG1 gene, p.Arg486Lysfs*5. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report a unique case of a patient diagnosed with Alagille syndrome who was found to have a previously undescribed frameshift pathogenic mutation in the JAG1 gene and who presented with xanthomatosis and levels of hypercholesterolemia more than 2 times higher than those previously reported in the literature. We also provide a review of the different pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with the increase in serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations seen in cholestatic liver disease in general and in Alagille syndrome in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina C Hannoush
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136; and
| | - Herminia Puerta
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida 33155
| | - Mislen S Bauer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida 33155
| | - Ronald B Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136; and
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Cheng Y, Zhao ST, Guo L, Deng M, Zhou Q, Song YZ. [Identification of a novel JAG1 mutation in a family affected by Alagille syndrome]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2016; 18:1130-1135. [PMID: 27817779 PMCID: PMC7389856 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is an autosomal dominant disorder which is mainly caused by JAG1 gene mutation and can affect multiple systems including the liver, heart, eyes, skeleton and face. This paper reports the clinical and genetic features of an ALGS patient. A 2-year-and-9-month-old boy was referred to the hospital with the complaint of abnormal liver function and heart murmur discovered over two years. Jaundice of the skin and sclera was not observed. The child had a prominent forehead, left esotropia, depressed nasal bridge and micromandible. The two lungs were clear on auscultation, but a systolic cardiac murmur of grade 2/6 could be heard between the 2nd and 3rd intercostal space at the left sternal border. Neither abdominal distension nor enlarged liver or spleen was discovered. X-ray radiography uncovered butterfly malformation of the 6th and 8th thoracic vertebrae. Serum biochemistry analysis revealed elevation of total bile acids, bilirubin and transaminases. Based on the clinical characteristics and the consultation opinion of the ophthalmologist, the child was diagnosed to have ALGS with Duane retraction syndrome. DNA direct sequencing detected a novel JAG1 mutation c.2419delG(p.Glu807AsnfsX819) in the child. Symptomatic and supportive therapy was performed thereafter and clinical follow-up was conducted until he was 4 years and 2 months. In the follow-up visits, his general condition remained stable, but the facial malformations, left esotropia, cardiac murmur and abnormal liver function persistend. The long-term outcome needed to be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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29
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de Filippis T, Marelli F, Nebbia G, Porazzi P, Corbetta S, Fugazzola L, Gastaldi R, Vigone MC, Biffanti R, Frizziero D, Mandarà L, Prontera P, Salerno M, Maghnie M, Tiso N, Radetti G, Weber G, Persani L. JAG1 Loss-Of-Function Variations as a Novel Predisposing Event in the Pathogenesis of Congenital Thyroid Defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:861-70. [PMID: 26760175 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The pathogenesis of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is still largely unexplained. We previously reported that perturbations of the Notch pathway and knockdown of the ligand jagged1 cause a hypothyroid phenotype in the zebrafish. Heterozygous JAG1 variants are known to account for Alagille syndrome type 1 (ALGS1), a rare multisystemic developmental disorder characterized by variable expressivity and penetrance. OBJECTIVE Verify the involvement of JAG1 variants in the pathogenesis of congenital thyroid defects and the frequency of unexplained hypothyroidism in a series of ALGS1 patients. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PATIENTS A total of 21 young ALGS1 and 100 CH unrelated patients were recruited in academic and public hospitals. The JAG1 variants were studied in vitro and in the zebrafish. RESULTS We report a previously unknown nonautoimmune hypothyroidism in 6/21 ALGS1 patients, 2 of them with thyroid hypoplasia. We found 2 JAG1 variants in the heterozygous state in 4/100 CH cases (3 with thyroid dysgenesis, 2 with cardiac malformations). Five out 7 JAG1 variants are new. Different bioassays demonstrate that the identified variants exhibit a variable loss of function. In zebrafish, the knock-down of jag1a/b expression causes a primary thyroid defect, and rescue experiments of the hypothyroid phenotype with wild-type or variant JAG1 transcripts support a role for JAG1 variations in the pathogenesis of the hypothyroid phenotype seen in CH and ALGS1 patients. CONCLUSIONS clinical and experimental data indicate that ALGS1 patients have an increased risk of nonautoimmune hypothyroidism, and that variations in JAG1 gene can contribute to the pathogenesis of variable congenital thyroid defects, including CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana de Filippis
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nebbia
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Roberto Gastaldi
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Vigone
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Roberta Biffanti
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Frizziero
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luana Mandarà
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Radetti
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Weber
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche (T.d.F., F.M., P.Po., L.P.), Istituto di Ricevero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milano, Italy; Clinica Pediatrica De Marchi (G.N.) and Unità di Endocrinologia (L.F.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medica e Chirurgica e dei Trapianti (L.F.), Università degli Studi di Milano; and Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità (L.P.), Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; Unità di Endocrinologia (S.C.), IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute (S.C.), Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (R.G., M.M.), IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, 16148 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Pediatria (M.C.V., G.E.), IRCCS Istituto San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiache, Vascolari e Toraciche (R.B.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica (D.F.), Università degli Studi-Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Unità di Genetica Medica (L.M.), Ospedale Maria Paternò Arezzo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy; Centro di Riferimento Regionale di Genetica Medica (P.Pr.), Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali (M.S.), Università degli Studi Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Biologia (N.T.), Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; and Divisione Pediatrica (G.R.), Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Braune EB, Lendahl U. Notch -- a goldilocks signaling pathway in disease and cancer therapy. Discov Med 2016; 21:189-196. [PMID: 27115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a fundamental signaling mechanism operating in most, if not all, multicellular organisms and in most cell types in the body. Like other "ivy league" pathways such as Wnt, PI3K, Sonic Hedgehog, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), and JAK/STAT signaling, the Notch pathway is a linear signaling mechanism, i.e., an extracellular ligand activates a receptor, which ultimately leads to transcriptional alterations in the cell nucleus, but Notch signaling is a strict cell-cell communication mechanism and lacks built-in amplification steps in the signaling pathway. Dysregulated Notch signaling, either by direct mutations in the pathway or by altered signaling output, is increasingly linked to disease, and Notch can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor depending on the cellular context. This underscores that appropriate level of Notch signaling is important for differentiation and tissue homeostasis, a notion supported also by genetic data indicating that Notch signaling is very gene dosage-sensitive. Thus, too much or too little signaling can lead to disease and Notch can therefore be considered a Goldilocks signaling pathway. Given the emerging role of dysregulated Notch signaling in disease, there is increasing interest in developing therapeutic approaches to modulate Notch signaling. In this review we discuss recent findings on how signal transduction is tuned in the Notch pathway and how Notch signaling is dysregulated in disease. We also discuss different strategies to modulate Notch signaling for clinical use, for example by novel antibody-based tools and by taking advantage of the cross-talk between Notch and other signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Benjamin Braune
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Dědič T, Jirsa M, Keil R, Rygl M, Šnajdauf J, Kotalová R. Alagille Syndrome Mimicking Biliary Atresia in Early Infancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143939. [PMID: 26618708 PMCID: PMC4664419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome may mimic biliary atresia in early infancy. Since mutations in JAG1 typical for Alagille syndrome type 1 have also been found in biliary atresia, we aimed to identify JAG1 mutations in newborns with proven biliary atresia (n = 72). Five biliary atresia patients with cholestasis, one additional characteristic feature of Alagille syndrome and ambiguous liver histology were single heterozygotes for nonsense or frameshift mutations in JAG1. No mutations were found in the remaining 67 patients. All "biliary atresia" carriers of JAG1 null mutations developed typical Alagille syndrome at the age of three years. Our data do not support association of biliary atresia with JAG1 mutations, at least in Czech patients. Rapid testing for JAG1 mutations could prevent misdiagnosis of Alagille syndrome in early infancy and improve their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Dědič
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radan Keil
- Department of Internal Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rygl
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Šnajdauf
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radana Kotalová
- Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Xie X, Lu Y, Wang X, Wu B, Yu H. JAGGED1 gene variations in Chinese twin sisters with Alagille syndrome. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:8506-8511. [PMID: 26339425 PMCID: PMC4555753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the JAGGED1 gene have been found to cause Alagille syndrome. Nevertheless, no particular hotspots in the gene have been found; any part of the entire coding regions for JAGGED1 may be involved. Twin sisters with jaundice visited our hospital and were diagnosed with Alagille syndrome. The gene variations in their JAGGED1 coding sequences were evaluated by complementary DNA sequencing. The 12-month-old twin sisters have broad foreheads, deep-set eyes, pointed chins, and triangular faces with jaundice. Clinical testing showed the presence of posterior embryotoxon, butterfly vertebrae, and atrial septal defect. Biochemical indexes showed cholestasis and liver damage. Three conserved variations were identified within exons 22 (c.2612C>G), 24 (c.2957T>A), and 26 (c.3417T>C) in the JAGGED1 coding sequence. The predicted consequences for c.2612C>G, c.2957T>A, and c.3417T>C were p.Pro871Arg, p.Leu986*, and p.Tyr1139=, respectively. The T to A change in the JAGGED1 coding sequence at 2957 will generate a stop codon and might lead to deletion of amino acid 233 at the C terminal of the JAGGED1 protein. Our data suggest that gene variations of c.2612C>G, c.2957T>A, and c.3417T>C, especially c.2957T>A, might have contributed to the pathogenesis of Alagille syndrome in these Chinese twin sisters and provided new gene evidences for Alagille syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbao Xie
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Institue of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Hepatology and Infectious Disease, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University399 Wanyuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 201102, China
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Li L, Dong J, Wang X, Guo H, Wang H, Zhao J, Qiu Y, Abuduxikuer K, Wang J. JAG1 Mutation Spectrum and Origin in Chinese Children with Clinical Features of Alagille Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130355. [PMID: 26076142 PMCID: PMC4489410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that results from defects in the Notch signaling pathway, which is most frequently due to JAG1 mutations. This study investigated the rate, spectrum, and origin of JAG1 mutations in 91 Chinese children presenting with at least two clinical features of Alagille syndrome (cholestasis, heart murmur, skeletal abnormalities, ocular abnormalities, characteristic facial features, and renal abnormalities). Direct sequencing and/or multiplex-ligation-dependent probe amplification were performed in these patients, and segregation analysis was performed using samples available from the parents. JAG1 disease-causing mutations were detected in 70/91 (76.9%) patients, including 29/70 (41.4%) small deletions, 6/70 (8.6%) small insertions, 16/70 (22.9%) nonsense mutations, 8/70 (11.4%) splice-site mutations, 6/70 (9.4%) missense mutations, and 5/70 (7.1%) gross deletions. Of the mutations detected, 45/62 (72.6%) were novel, and almost all were unique, with the exception of c.439C>T, c.439+1G>A, c.703C>T, c.1382_1383delAC, c.2698C>T, and c.2990C>A, which were detected in two cases each; three cases exhibited entire gene deletions. A majority (69.2%) of the point and frameshift mutations could be detected by the sequencing of eleven exons (exons 3, 5, 6, 11, 14, 16, 18, 21, and 23-25). The mutation detection rate was 50.0% (10/20) in atypical cases that only presented with two or three clinical features of Alagille syndrome. Segregation analysis revealed that 81.1% (30/37) of these mutations were de novo. In conclusion, JAG1 mutations are present in the majority of Chinese pediatric patients with clinical features of Alagille syndrome, and the mutations concentrate on different exons from other reports. Genetic study is important for the diagnosis of atypical Alagille syndrome in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Li
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jibin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- The Molecular Genetic Diagnosis Center, Shanghai Key Lab of Birth Defect, Translational Medicine Research Center of Children Development and Disease, Pediatrics Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Qiu
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jianshe Wang
- Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Bhatia V, Kumar P. Alagille syndrome with a previously undescribed mutation. Indian Pediatr 2014; 51:314-316. [PMID: 24825276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alagille Syndrome is a rare genetic disease characterized by abnormalities of the intrahepatic biliary ducts with cholestasis along with multisystem anomalies. CASE CHARACTERISTICS An 8-year old child with persisting jaundice, severe itching and failure to thrive. OBSERVATION Diagnosis of Alagille syndrome was made on the basis of clinical features, typical facies and liver biopsy showing bile duct paucity. Genetic analysis revealed a novel de novo mutation in the JAG 1 gene. OUTCOME The child was started on ursodeoxycholic acid following which the itching improved. MESSAGE A novel de novo mutation in JAG 1 gene is described in this child with Alagille Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyut Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Correspondence to: Dr Vidyut Bhatia, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi 110 076, India.
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Abstract
Signals through the Notch receptors are used throughout development to control cellular fate choices. Our intention here is to provide an overview of the involvement of Notch signaling in human disease, which, keeping pace with the known biology of the pathway, manifests itself in a pleiotropic fashion. A pathway with such broad action in normal development, a profound involvement in the biology of adult stem cells and intricate and complex controls governing its activity, poses numerous challenges. We provide an overview of Notch related pathologies identified thus far and emphasize aspects that have been modeled in experimental systems in order to understand the underlying pathobiology and, hopefully, help the definition of rational therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Louvi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Hori T, Egawa H, Takada Y, Oike F, Kasahara M, Ogura Y, Sakamoto S, Ogawa K, Yonekawa Y, Nguyen JH, Doi H, Ueno M, Uemoto S. Long-term outcomes after living-donor liver transplantation for Alagille syndrome: a single center 20-year experience in Japan. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1951-2. [PMID: 20659101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a rare or fatal disease affecting multiple systems including the liver, heart, eyes, skeleton and face. It has been considered a genetically heterogeneous disorder of the Notch signaling pathway. METHODS A 28-month-old Chinese girl with congenital heart disease and jaundice was diagnosed with Alagille syndrome by liver biopsy showing a paucity of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Variants of the JAG1 gene were detected by DNA sequencing in the patient and her unaffected father. RESULTS A heterozygous missense mutation was identified in exon 2 of the JAG1 gene in the proband but not in exon 2, 4, 6, 9, 17, 23, 24 by DNA sequencing in her father. The mutation G-->T change was seen at position 133 in the cDNA sequence (c.133 G-->T), causing a substitution of a leucine for a valine (V45L) residue in the N terminus between signal peptide and DSL domain of the Notch ligand. This mutation, however, was absent in her father. CONCLUSION Genes in the Notch signaling pathway should be further studied in AGS, and used to confirm clinical or prenatal diagnosis and facilitate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Bang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Rauch R, Hofbeck M, Zweier C, Koch A, Zink S, Trautmann U, Hoyer J, Kaulitz R, Singer H, Rauch A. Comprehensive genotype-phenotype analysis in 230 patients with tetralogy of Fallot. J Med Genet 2009; 47:321-31. [PMID: 19948535 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2009.070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart disease, is associated with a wide range of intra- and extracardiac phenotypes. In order to get further insight into genotype-phenotype correlation, a large cohort of 230 unselected patients with ToF was comprehensively investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS 230 patients with ToF were studied by karyotyping, comprehensive 22q11.2 deletion testing and sequencing of TBX1, NKX2.5 and JAG1, as well as molecular karyotyping in selected patients. Pathogenic genetic aberrations were found in 42 patients (18%), with 22q11.2 deletion as the most common diagnosis (7.4%), followed by trisomy 21 (5.2%) and other chromosomal aberrations or submicroscopic copy number changes (3%). Mutations in JAG1 were detected in three patients with Alagille syndrome (1.3%), while NKX2.5 mutations were seen in two patients with non-syndromic ToF (0.9%). One patient showed a recurrent polyalanine stretch elongation within TBX1 which represents a true mutation resulting in loss of transcriptional activity due to cytoplasmatic protein aggregation. CONCLUSION This study shows that 22q11.2 deletion represents the most common known cause of ToF, and that the associated cardiac phenotype is distinct for obstruction of the proximal pulmonary artery, hypoplastic central pulmonary arteries and subclavian artery anomalies. Atrioventricular septal defect associated with ToF is very suggestive of trisomy 21 and almost excludes 22q11.2 deletion. We report a further patient with a recurrent polyalanine stretch elongation within TBX1 and for the first time link TBX1 cytoplasmatic protein aggregation to congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Zurich-Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:349. [PMID: 19694053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:345. [PMID: 19694043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:344-345. [PMID: 19694039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:344. [PMID: 19694036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:349-350. [PMID: 19694054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:348. [PMID: 19694051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:346. [PMID: 19694046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:350. [PMID: 19694055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Ellison J. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Allagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:331. [PMID: 19693994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ellison
- Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55905, USA.
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:350-351. [PMID: 19694056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:347-348. [PMID: 19694049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Marchetti D, Iascone MR, Pezzoli L. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: JAG1. Disease: Alagille syndrome. Hum Genet 2009; 126:347. [PMID: 19694048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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