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Shi X, Yang W, Zhao F, Lao D, Xu Q, Li X, Lv Q, He Q, Xiang X, Wang T, Zhu X. Population pharmacokinetics and thrombocytopenia risk assessment of linezolid in liver transplant recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2025:dkaf147. [PMID: 40358659 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaf147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid is a commonly prescribed antibiotic for multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). However, changes in pharmacokinetics due to fluctuations in liver and renal functions, combined with the increased risk of thrombocytopenia, complicate its clinical use. This study aimed to characterize the exposure-thrombocytopenia risk relationship of linezolid in LTRs, and to identify safe dosing thresholds to promote rational drug use. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult LTRs treated with linezolid at Zhongshan Hospital between January 2019 and May 2022. A population exposure-safety model was developed and used to establish a thrombocytopenia risk threshold and optimize initial dosing strategies through Monte Carlo simulations. An area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) calculator was developed to facilitate individualized dose adjustments. RESULTS Exposure-safety analysis revealed that an AUCss,24h threshold of 291.7 mg/L·h was associated with an increased risk of thrombocytopenia. Monte Carlo simulations showed that current covariate-based initial dosing recommendations were suboptimal, highlighting the necessity of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to improve outcomes in LTRs. The online AUC calculator developed in this study offers a practical tool for clinicians to implement timely dose adjustments (https://optimaldose.shinyapps.io/LinezolidAUC/). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of linezolid exposure and its relationship to thrombocytopenia risk in LTRs. The findings underscore the importance of AUC-guided dosing and TDM in optimizing treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanyu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghui Lao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianzhou Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tian X, Jiang T, Dong L, Zhang X, Jiao W, Liu G, Li Q, Bi J, You D, Cao L, Guo W, Jin Z, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Zhao W, Qi H, Zheng Y, Shen A. Population pharmacokinetics and clinical assessment of linezolid in pediatric bacterial infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2025; 69:e0129924. [PMID: 40167356 PMCID: PMC12057362 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01299-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile of linezolid still needs further definition, and insufficient or excessive exposure may lead to treatment failure or development of adverse events. Our study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for linezolid in children with bacterial infections, develop an optimal dosage, and evaluate its efficacy and safety. A total of 157 plasma samples from 80 patients were utilized in PPK modeling. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination was most suitable for describing the PK characteristics of linezolid. Weight and creatinine clearance were the significant covariates for clearance. The outcomes of Monte Carlo revealed that in children under 12 years, the probability of target attainment (PTA) for standard dosage (10 mg/kg q8h) was over 90.0% when minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤2 µg/mL, with a mere 1.4% probability of surpassing the safety threshold. Meanwhile, in children aged 12 years and above, the PTA for standard dosage (600 mg q12h) was over 83.0%, and the probability of surpassing the safety threshold was 0.0%. To take the results one step further, a total of 67 patients (using standard dosage) were enrolled in the efficacy and safety analysis. Of the patients, 95.5% were cured or improved clinical treatment outcomes, and 22.4% of the patients developed possible adverse events (AEs), and no patient experienced early discontinuation of linezolid due to AEs. The standard dosage of linezolid is effective and safe in children with bacterial infections (MIC ≤2 µg/mL). For pathogens with MIC >2 µg/mL, it is advisable to switch antibiotics or increase dosage.CLINICAL TRIALSThis study is registered with Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR 2200061207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathogenesis and Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinfang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiwei Jiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Children’s Health, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinjing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Children’s Health, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathogenesis and Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Dianping You
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Respiratory Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- Respiratory Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Jin
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qunqun Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongsheng Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Tianjin Children’s Hospital (Children’s Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Adong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathogenesis and Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Hebei, China
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Cheng J, Yuan Y, Li J, Zhang R, Fan X, Xu Z, Lin H, Cai X, Zheng M. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Linezolid in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients: Clinical Factors and Hematological Toxicities. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:2531-2540. [PMID: 38933777 PMCID: PMC11199169 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s464429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have indicated that the development of severe adverse events is associated with linezolid peak concentration (Cmax), but the factors affecting linezolid Cmax and evidences on therapeutic drug monitoring to anticipate toxicity in drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients have not been clarified clearly. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing linezolid Cmax and investigate the association between linezolid concentration and hematological toxicity. Patients and Methods This study included patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis treated with linezolid from January 2022 to September 2023. We analyzed the factors affecting linezolid Cmax using chi-squared and binary logistic regression. The diagnostic utility of linezolid Cmax in predicting hematological toxicity was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results A total of 76 patients were enrolled in the study. 63.20% met the standard rates for linezolid Cmax. Age (P=0.036), weight (P=0.0016), and creatinine clearance (P=0.0223) significantly correlated with the Cmax. Hematological toxicity was observed in 46.05% (35/76) of patients, characterized by thrombocytopenia (31.58%, 24/76), anemia (6.58%, 5/76), and leukopenia (21.05%, 16/76). ROC curve analysis confirmed the predictive value of linezolid Cmax for thrombocytopenia with an area under curve of 0.728. Conclusion Suboptimal linezolid Cmax was prevalent among patients with DR-TB, with age, weight, and renal function emerging as influential factors. Elevated linezolid Cmax increases the risk of thrombocytopenia. Meticulous monitoring of linezolid Cmax is imperative during anti-DR-TB therapy to tailor treatment and mitigate hematological toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhirou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huirong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinjun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhejiang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Thirot H, Fage D, Leonhardt A, Clevenbergh P, Besse-Hammer T, Yombi JC, Cornu O, Briquet C, Hites M, Jacobs F, Wijnant GJ, Wicha SG, Cotton F, Tulkens PM, Spinewine A, Van Bambeke F. Towards a better detection of patients at-risk of linezolid toxicity in clinical practice: a prospective study in three Belgian hospital centers. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1310309. [PMID: 38313312 PMCID: PMC10834751 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1310309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Linezolid is a last-resort antibiotic for infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. It is widely used for off-label indications and for longer than recommended treatment durations, exposing patients at higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), notably thrombocytopenia. This study aimed to investigate ADR incidence and risk factors, identify thrombocytopenia-related trough levels based on treatment duration, and evaluate the performance of predictive scores for ADR development. Methods: Adult in- and outpatients undergoing linezolid therapy were enrolled in three hospitals and ADRs and linezolid trough levels prospectively monitored over time. A population pharmacokinetic (pop-PK model) was used to estimate trough levels for blood samples collected at varying times. Results: A multivariate analysis based on 63 treatments identified treatment duration ≥10 days and trough levels >8 mg/L as independent risk factors of developing thrombocytopenia, with high trough values correlated with impaired renal function. Five patients treated for >28 days did not develop thrombocytopenia but maintained trough values in the target range (<8 mg/L). The Buzelé predictive score, which combines an age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index with treatment duration, demonstrated 77% specificity and 67% sensitivity to predict the risk of ADR. Conclusion: Our work supports the necessity of establishing guidelines for dose adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency and the systematic use of TDM in patients at-risk in order to keep trough values ≤8 mg/L. The Buzelé predictive score (if ≥7) may help to detect these at-risk patients, and pop-PK models can estimate trough levels based on plasma samples collected at varying times, reducing the logistical burden of TDM in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Thirot
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Clinical Pharmacy, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Fage
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratoire hospitalier universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonia Leonhardt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hambourg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jean Cyr Yombi
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Cornu
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Briquet
- Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maya Hites
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Bruxelles-Erasme (HUB), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Jacobs
- Hôpitaux universitaires de Bruxelles-Erasme (HUB), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert-Jan Wijnant
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastian G Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hambourg, Germany
| | - Frédéric Cotton
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratoire hospitalier universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB-ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Spinewine
- Clinical Pharmacy, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et Moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Bock M, Van Hasselt JGC, Schwartz F, Wang H, Høiby N, Fuursted K, Ihlemann N, Gill S, Christiansen U, Bruun NE, Elming H, Povlsen JA, Køber L, Høfsten DE, Fosbøl EL, Pries-Heje MM, Christensen JJ, Rosenvinge FS, Torp-Pedersen C, Helweg-Larsen J, Tønder N, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Moser C. Rifampicin reduces plasma concentration of linezolid in patients with infective endocarditis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2840-2848. [PMID: 37823408 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid in combination with rifampicin has been used in treatment of infective endocarditis especially for patients infected with staphylococci. OBJECTIVES Because rifampicin has been reported to reduce the plasma concentration of linezolid, the present study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of linezolid for the purpose of quantifying an effect of rifampicin cotreatment. In addition, the possibility of compensation by dosage adjustments was evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pharmacokinetic measurements were performed in 62 patients treated with linezolid for left-sided infective endocarditis in the Partial Oral Endocarditis Treatment (POET) trial. Fifteen patients were cotreated with rifampicin. A total of 437 linezolid plasma concentrations were obtained. The pharmacokinetic data were adequately described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and first-order elimination. RESULTS We demonstrated a substantial increase of linezolid clearance by 150% (95% CI: 78%-251%), when combined with rifampicin. The final model was evaluated by goodness-of-fit plots showing an acceptable fit, and a visual predictive check validated the model. Model-based dosing simulations showed that rifampicin cotreatment decreased the PTA of linezolid from 94.3% to 34.9% and from 52.7% to 3.5% for MICs of 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A substantial interaction between linezolid and rifampicin was detected in patients with infective endocarditis, and the interaction was stronger than previously reported. Model-based simulations showed that increasing the linezolid dose might compensate without increasing the risk of adverse effects to the same degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bock
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan G C Van Hasselt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hengzhuang Wang
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Høiby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt Fuursted
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Ihlemann
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabine Gill
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Eske Bruun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Elming
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jonas A Povlsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan E Høfsten
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil L Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia M Pries-Heje
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Jørgen Christensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Flemming S Rosenvinge
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Helweg-Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Tønder
- Department of Cardiology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhao ZX, Tang XH, Jiang SL, Pang JQ, Xu YB, Yuan DD, Zhang LL, Liu HM, Fan Q. Astragaloside IV improves the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in rats with hyperuricemic nephropathy by regulating urea metabolism in gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1031509. [PMID: 36605404 PMCID: PMC9807765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1031509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) is a common clinical complication of hyperuricemia. The pathogenesis of HN is directly related to urea metabolism in the gut microbiota. Febuxostat, a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is the first-line drug used for the treatment of hyperuricemia. However, there have been few studies on the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN animal models or in patients. In this study, a high-purine diet-induced HN rat model was established. The pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats was evaluated using LC-MS/MS. Astragaloside IV (AST) was used to correct the abnormal pharmacokinetics of febuxostat. Gut microbiota diversity analysis was used to evaluate the effect of AST on gut microbiota. The results showed that the delayed elimination of febuxostat caused drug accumulation after multiple administrations. Oral but not i. p. AST improved the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats. The mechanistic study showed that AST could regulate urea metabolism in faeces and attenuate urea-ammonia liver-intestine circulation. Urease-related genera, including Eubacterium, Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Clostridia, decreased after AST prevention. In addition, the decrease in pathogenic genera and increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) producing genera also contribute to renal function recovery. In summary, AST improved the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in HN rats by comprehensive regulation of the gut microbiota, including urea metabolism, anti-calcification, and short-chain fatty acid generation. These results imply that febuxostat might accumulate in HN patients, and AST could reverse the accumulation through gut microbiota regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xiong Zhao
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Hui Tang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sheng Lu Jiang
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qian Pang
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Bin Xu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Dan Yuan
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Ling Zhang
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Min Liu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Qing Fan,
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7
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Linezolid Administration to Critically Ill Patients: Intermittent or Continuous Infusion? A Systematic Literature Search and Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040436. [PMID: 35453188 PMCID: PMC9025826 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A judicious antibiotic therapy is one of the challenges in the therapy of critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock. The pathophysiological changes in these patients significantly alter the antibiotic pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) with important consequences in reaching the therapeutic targets or the risk of side effects. The use of linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in intensive care is such an example. The optimization of its therapeutic effects, administration in intermittent (II) or continuous infusion (CI) is gaining increased interest. In a systematic review of the main databases, we propose a detailed analysis of the main PK/PD determinants, their relationship with the clinical therapeutic response and the occurrence of adverse effects following II or CI of linezolid to different classes of critically ill patients or in Monte Carlo simulations.
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