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Nour SA, Foda DS, Elsehemy IA, Hassan ME. Co-administration of xylo-oligosaccharides produced by immobilized Aspergillus terreus xylanase with carbimazole to mitigate its adverse effects on the adrenal gland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17481. [PMID: 39080323 PMCID: PMC11289116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbimazole has disadvantages on different body organs, especially the thyroid gland and, rarely, the adrenal glands. Most studies have not suggested any solution or medication for ameliorating the noxious effects of drugs on the glands. Our study focused on the production of xylooligosaccharide (XOS), which, when coadministered with carbimazole, relieves the toxic effects of the drug on the adrenal glands. In addition to accelerating the regeneration of adrenal gland cells, XOS significantly decreases the oxidative stress caused by obesity. This XOS produced by Aspergillus terreus xylanase was covalently immobilized using microbial Scleroglucan gel beads, which improved the immobilization yield, efficiency, and operational stability. Over a wide pH range (6-7.5), the covalent immobilization of xylanase on scleroglucan increased xylanase activity compared to that of its free form. Additionally, the reaction temperature was increased to 65 °C. However, the immobilized enzyme demonstrated superior thermal stability, sustaining 80.22% of its original activity at 60 °C for 120 min. Additionally, the full activity of the immobilized enzyme was sustained after 12 consecutive cycles, and the activity reached 78.33% after 18 cycles. After 41 days of storage at 4 °C, the immobilized enzyme was still active at approximately 98%. The immobilized enzyme has the capability to produce xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs). Subsequently, these XOSs can be coadministered alongside carbimazole to mitigate the adverse effects of the drug on the adrenal glands. In addition to accelerating the regeneration of adrenal gland cells, XOS significantly decreases the oxidative stress caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Nour
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Foda
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Islam A Elsehemy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Hassan
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
- Centre of Excellence, Encapsulation and Nano Biotechnology Group, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behouth Street, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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Yu CHJ, Kienesberger PC, Pulinilkunnil T, Rupasinghe HPV. Effect of (poly)phenol-rich 'Daux Belan' apple supplementation on diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in C57BL/6NCrl mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17206. [PMID: 37821510 PMCID: PMC10567707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a state of metabolic dysfunction that can lead to dyslipidemia and impaired glucose homeostasis. Apple polyphenols have been shown to ameliorate dyslipidemia/metabolic dysfunction in humans. The influence of apple (poly)phenols on energy metabolism in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice remains controversial. This study examined the effect of dietary supplementation of (poly)phenol-rich 'Daux Belan' apple (DB; 6.2 mg gallic acid equivalence (GAE)/mouse/day; 0.15% (poly)phenol) in the form of freeze-dried powder on glucose and lipid metabolism in male HF-fed C57BL/6NCrl mice, in comparison to low-(poly)phenol-containing 'Zestar' apple (Z; 0.4 mg GAE/mouse/day). Obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic lipid vacuolation were induced by HF feeding while circulating cholesterol levels remained unchanged. DB apple supplementation did not protect against HF-induced body weight gain, hyperglycemia, hepatic triglyceride level elevation, and hepatic lipid vacuolation at the tested dosage. Future studies should be conducted with increased DB dosage and employ apple (poly)phenols supplemented in the form of extracts or sugar-free powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H J Yu
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Yue M, Jin C, Jiang X, Xue X, Wu N, Li Z, Zhang L. Causal Effects of Gut Microbiota on Sleep-Related Phenotypes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:566-580. [PMID: 37754355 PMCID: PMC10527580 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a correlation between changes in the composition of gut microbiota and sleep-related phenotypes. However, it remains uncertain whether these associations indicate a causal relationship. The genome-wide association study summary statistics data of gut microbiota (n = 18,340) was downloaded from the MiBioGen consortium and the data of sleep-related phenotypes were derived from the UK Biobank, the Medical Research Council-Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Jones SE, the FinnGen consortium. To test and estimate the causal effect of gut microbiota on sleep traits, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach using multiple methods was conducted. A series of sensitive analyses, such as horizontal pleiotropy analysis, heterogeneity test, MR Steiger directionality test and "leave-one-out" analysis as well as reverse MR analysis, were conducted to assess the robustness of MR results. The genus Anaerofilum has a negative causal effect on getting up in the morning (odd ratio = 0.977, 95% confidence interval: 0.965-0.988, p = 7.28 × 10-5). A higher abundance of order Enterobacteriales and family Enterobacteriaceae contributed to becoming an "evening person". Six and two taxa were causally associated with longer and shorter sleep duration, respectively. Specifically, two SCFA-produced genera including Lachnospiraceae UCG004 (odd ratio = 1.029, 95% confidence interval = 1.012-1.046, p = 6.11 × 10-4) and Odoribacter contribute to extending sleep duration. Two obesity-related genera such as Ruminococcus torques (odd ratio = 1.024, 95% confidence interval: 1.011-1.036, p = 1.74 × 10-4) and Senegalimassilia were found to be increased and decreased risk of snoring, respectively. In addition, we found two risk taxa of insomnia such as the order Selenomonadales and one of its classes called Negativicutes. All of the sensitive analysis and reverse MR analysis results indicated that our MR results were robust. Our study revealed the causal effect of gut microbiota on sleep and identified causal risk and protective taxa for chronotype, sleep duration, snoring and insomnia, which has the potential to provide new perspectives for future mechanistic and clinical investigations of microbiota-mediated sleep abnormal patterns and provide clues for developing potential microbiota-based intervention strategies for sleep-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuandi Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinxin Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Microbiome-X, National Institute of Health Data Science of China & Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Batsalova T, Georgiev Y, Moten D, Teneva I, Dzhambazov B. Natural Xylooligosaccharides Exert Antitumor Activity via Modulation of Cellular Antioxidant State and TLR4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10430. [PMID: 36142342 PMCID: PMC9499660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proven that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with prebiotic properties have diverse beneficial biological effects including immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. The present article focused on the chemical and biological evaluation of corn-derived commercially available XOS and aimed to elucidate their cytotoxicity and inhibitory potential against tumor cells. Spectrophotometric chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and hydroxyl radical averting capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with human cell lines derived from normal and tumor tissues, assessments of ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential specific staining, cytokine assays, and molecular docking were used to evaluate the biological activity of XOS. The sample showed significant antioxidant activity, and it was determined that most xylose oligomers in it are composed of six units. XOS exhibited antitumor activity with pronounced inhibitory effect on lysosomes, but mitochondrial functionality was also affected. The production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U-937 cells was reduced by XOS treatment, which suggested the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling in the mechanism of XOS action. Molecular docking analyses confirmed the potential inhibitory interaction between the sample and TLR4. In addition, XOS treatment had significant tumor-cell-specific influence on the glutathione antioxidant system, affecting its balance and thus contributing to the inhibition of cellular viability. The present study elucidated the tumor-inhibitory potential of commercially available XOS that could be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industry providing disease-preventive and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Georgiev
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IOCCP-BAS), 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dzhemal Moten
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Teneva
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Wang X, Tang L, Ping W, Su Q, Ouyang S, Su J. Progress in Research on the Alleviation of Glucose Metabolism Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cyclocarya paliurus. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153169. [PMID: 35956345 PMCID: PMC9370411 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the incidence of diabetes is increasing annually, and China has the largest number of patients with diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes need lifelong medication, with severe cases requiring surgery. Diabetes treatment may cause complications, side-effects, and postoperative sequelae that could lead to adverse health problems and significant social and economic burdens; thus, more efficient hypoglycemic drugs have become a research hotspot. Glucose metabolism disorders can promote diabetes, a systemic metabolic disease that impairs the function of other organs, including the heart, liver, and kidneys. Cyclocarya paliurus leaves have gathered increasing interest among researchers because of their effectiveness in ameliorating glucose metabolism disorders. At present, various compounds have been isolated from C. paliurus, and the main active components include polysaccharides, triterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. C. paliurus mainly ameliorates glucose metabolism disorders by reducing glucose uptake, regulating blood lipid levels, regulating the insulin signaling pathway, reducing β-cell apoptosis, increasing insulin synthesis and secretion, regulating abundances of intestinal microorganisms, and exhibiting α-glucosidase inhibitor activity. In this paper, the mechanism of glucose metabolism regulation by C. paliurus was reviewed to provide a reference to prevent and treat diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Songying Ouyang
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (J.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-22868199 (S.O.); +86-0591-22868830 (J.S.)
| | - Jingqian Su
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (J.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-0591-22868199 (S.O.); +86-0591-22868830 (J.S.)
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Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum HFY06 Combined with Arabinoxylan on Reducing Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed with High-Fat Diet. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1068845. [PMID: 35432720 PMCID: PMC9007687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1068845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment, a high-fat diet was used to induce hyperlipidemia in mice to determine the synergistic effect of AX and L. fermentum HFY06 on the prevention of hyperlipidemia and its potential regulatory mechanism. The results of this study showed that after the AX and L. fermentum HFY06 synergistic intervention, the body weight, epididymal fat index, blood lipid level, and liver function indexes of mice were improved. In addition, the synbiotics comprising AX and L. fermentum HFY06 increased the CAT activity in the serum of mice on a high-fat diet, reduced NO and MDA levels, and improved the body's oxidative stress. From the perspective of molecular biology, on the one hand, AX and L. fermentum HFY06 synergistic intervention activated the AMPK pathway to regulate body lipid metabolism; up-regulated the mRNA expressions of CPT-1, PPAR-α, CYP7A1, and HSL; and down-regulated the mRNA expressions of ACC, C/EBPα, and LPL. On the other hand, the synergistic effect of AX and HFY06 enhanced the mRNA expressions of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in the small intestine of mice, increased the strength of the intestinal barrier, and optimized the composition of the intestinal microbiota. From the above results, it can be concluded that AX and L. fermentum HFY06 have a synergistic effect in improving hyperlipidemia. However, this study was only performed using animal models, and the lipid synthesis and metabolism mechanism are complicated; hence, further clinical studies are needed.
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Singh RP, Bhaiyya R, Thakur R, Niharika J, Singh C, Latousakis D, Saalbach G, Nepogodiev SA, Singh P, Sharma SC, Sengupta S, Juge N, Field RA. Biochemical Basis of Xylooligosaccharide Utilisation by Gut Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2992. [PMID: 35328413 PMCID: PMC8954004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylan is one of the major structural components of the plant cell wall. Xylan present in the human diet reaches the large intestine undigested and becomes a substrate to species of the gut microbiota. Here, we characterised the capacity of Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Blautia producta strains to utilise xylan derivatives. We showed that L. reuteri ATCC 53608 and B. producta ATCC 27340 produced β-D-xylosidases, enabling growth on xylooligosaccharide (XOS). The recombinant enzymes were highly active on artificial (p-nitrophenyl β-D-xylopyranoside) and natural (xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose) substrates, and showed transxylosylation activity and tolerance to xylose inhibition. The enzymes belong to glycoside hydrolase family 120 with Asp as nucleophile and Glu as proton donor, as shown by homology modelling and confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. In silico analysis revealed that these enzymes were part of a gene cluster in L. reuteri but not in Blautia strains, and quantitative proteomics identified other enzymes and transporters involved in B. producta XOS utilisation. Based on these findings, we proposed a model for an XOS metabolism pathway in L. reuteri and B. producta strains. Together with phylogenetic analyses, the data also revealed the extended xylanolytic potential of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar 140306, India; (R.B.); (R.T.); (J.N.); (C.S.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK; (G.S.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Raja Bhaiyya
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar 140306, India; (R.B.); (R.T.); (J.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Raksha Thakur
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar 140306, India; (R.B.); (R.T.); (J.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Jayashree Niharika
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar 140306, India; (R.B.); (R.T.); (J.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Chandrajeet Singh
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), SAS Nagar 140306, India; (R.B.); (R.T.); (J.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Latousakis
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (D.L.); (N.J.)
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK; (G.S.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Sergey A. Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK; (G.S.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Praveen Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sukesh Chander Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Shantanu Sengupta
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; (P.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Nathalie Juge
- The Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (D.L.); (N.J.)
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, UK; (G.S.); (S.A.N.)
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