Integrated Serum Pharmacochemistry, Metabolomics, and Network Pharmacology to Reveal the Material Basis and Mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea

GC-MS- and LC-TOF-MS/MS-based ginger volatile oil serum analysis and the potential mechanism of the anticancer effect of serum component citral on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

To explore the blood components of ginger volatile oil (GVO) after gastric perfusion in rats and its different metabolites from blank serum and the network pharmacological analysis and preliminary verification of the main components against breast cancer.

METHODS

A total of 20 male rats were randomly allocated to 10 control groups and 10 experimental groups. The administration group was given diluted GVO and the blank group was given the same amount of soybean oil (weigh 12 g of GVO diluted to 100 ml with soybean oil), the serum of rats in the given and blank groups was analyzed by gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the differential metabolites were screened and enriched, and the blood components were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS).

RESULTS

A total of 34 different metabolites were screened, and 31 original components were identified. The content of citral in volatile oil and serum is high, and the pathway of action is also closely related to the results of network pharmacology. Cell experiments showed that both drug-containing serum and citral significantly inhibited the proliferation and lateral transfer ability of breast cancer MCF-7 cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner, flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis, and the experimental results showed that the proportion of early and late apoptosis was significantly increased in each group compared with the control group, and the proportion of total apoptosis showed a certain concentration-dependent trend.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of serum metabolism, network pharmacology, and experiments was employed; this study offers a significant contribution to the clarification of the material basis and molecular mechanism of GVO- medicated serum against breast cancer.

Quercus infectoria galls mitigates colitis in mice through alleviating mucosal barrier impairment and suppressing inflammatory factors

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Xipayi Kuijie'an herbal enema preparation, a traditional Uyghur medicinal preparation derived from Quercus infectoria galls (QIG), has been clinically employed at Xinjiang Uyghur Medical Hospital for ulcerative colitis (UC) management. Despite its well-documented therapeutic efficacy, the precise mechanisms underlying its pharmacological actions remain poorly understood.

AIM OF STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms of QIG against UC through an integrated approach combining network pharmacology analysis with experimental validation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An integrated approach combining network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking simulations was employed to identify bioactive compounds and their corresponding molecular targets. The effects of QIG on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis were systematically investigated, including disease activity index (DAI), colon length, histopathological observations, as well as the determination of colonic mucosal barrier permeability and biochemical indicators.

RESULTS

QIG significantly improved DAI and CMDI scores, reduced colonic shortening, decreased colonic mucosal barrier permeability, reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors and mitigated histopathological changes.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the efficacy of an integrated approach combining network pharmacology with experimental validation as a robust strategy for elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of traditional medicines, as exemplified by the systematic investigation of QIG's anti-ulcerative colitis properties.

Metabolomics and serum pharmacochemistry combined with network pharmacology uncover the potential effective ingredients and mechanisms of Yin-Chen-Si-Ni Decoction treating ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Yin-Chen-Si-Ni Decoction is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that is used clinically for treating cholestatic liver injury (CLI) and other hepatic diseases. However, the material basis and underlying mechanisms of YCSND are not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate effective components and mechanisms of YCSND in the treatment of CLI using serum pharmacochemistry, metabolomics, and network pharmacology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Biochemical indicators, liver index, and histopathology analysis were adopted to evaluate the protective effect of YCSND on ANIT-induced CLI rats. Then, a UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS/MS analysis of the migrant components in serum and liver including prototype and metabolic components was performed in YCSND. In addition, a study of the endogenous metabolites using serum and liver metabolomics was performed to discover potential biomarkers, metabolic pathways, and associated mechanisms. Further, the network pharmacology oriented by in vivo migrant components was also used to pinpoint the active ingredients, core targets, and signaling pathways of YCSND. Finally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) were used to predict the binding ability between components and core targets, and a real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) experiment was used to measure the mRNA expression of the core target genes.

RESULTS

Pharmacodynamic studies suggest that YCSND could exert obvious hepatoprotective effects on CLI rats. Furthermore, 68 compounds, comprising 32 prototype components and 36 metabolic components from YCSND, were found by serum pharmacochemistry analysis. Network pharmacology combining molecular docking and MDS showed that apigenin, naringenin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and isoformononetin have better binding ability to 6 core targets (EGFR, AKT1, IL6, MMP9, CASP3, PPARG). Additionally, PI3K, TNF-α, MAPK3, and six core target genes in liver tissues were validated with RT-qPCR. Metabolomics revealed the anti-CLI effects of YCSND by regulating four metabolic pathways of primary bile acid and biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology identified four pathways related to CLI, including the PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, MAPK, and TNF signaling pathway, which revealed multiple mechanisms of YCSND against CLI that might involve anti-inflammatory and apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

The research based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and metabolomics demonstrates the beneficial hepatoprotective effects of YCSND on CLI rats by regulating multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, and provides a potent means of illuminating the material basis and mechanisms of TCM prescriptions.

A stepwise integrated strategy to explore quality markers of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills against myocardial ischemia

BACKGROUND

Numerous experiments and clinical practices have demonstrated the effectiveness of Qishen Yiqi dripping pills (QSYQ) on myocardial ischemia (MI). However, the bioactive ingredients and mechanisms remain unclear, leading to huge gaps between quality control and biological effect of QSYQ. Discovering quality markers (Q-markers) based on effective components is crucial for ensuring stable quality and clinical effectiveness of QSYQ.

PURPOSE

To explore Q-markers of QSYQ against MI by a stepwise strategy integrating serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, metabolomics, quantitative analysis, and cell experiments.

METHODS

Firstly, liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to characterize chemical profiles of QSYQ in vitro and in vivo. Based on the serum migrating constituents, a component-target-MI interaction network was constructed. Subsequently, pharmacodynamics and metabolomics were conducted to evaluate cardioprotective effect and potential mechanism of QSYQ. Next, conjoint analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics was performed to screen candidate Q-markers. Finally, the measurability and bioactivity were validated to justify their usage as Q-markers.

RESULTS

A total of 97 components were identified in QSYQ, 24 prototypes of which were detected in serum. The "component-target-disease" interaction network was constructed based on serum migrating constituents. Pharmacodynamic results showed that QSYQ effectively improved cardiac function, attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration, alleviated myocardial fibrosis, and reduced the levels of myocardial enzymes and oxidative stress in MI rats. Metabolomics study demonstrated that 59 metabolites were markedly altered in MI rats, 25 of which were significantly reversely regulated by QSYQ. After integrative analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics, 12 components were selected as candidate Q-markers of QSYQ, and the contents were quantified. These candidate Q-markers displayed synergistic protective effects against H2O2-induced injury in H9c2 cells. Taken together, 12 components with properties of transitivity and traceability, effectiveness, measurability, and compatibility contribution were defined as representative Q-markers of QSYQ, including Astragaloside IV, Ononin, Calycosin, Formononetin, Rosmarinic acid, Cryptotanshinone, Salvianolic acid A, Tanshinol, Ginsenoside Rb1, Ginsenoside Rg1, Nerolidol, and Santalol.

CONCLUSION

In this study, a novel stepwise integrated strategy was presented for discovering Q-markers related to therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. Twelve comprehensive and representative Q-markers of QSYQ were identified for the first time to improve its quality control.

Exploration the effective components of Gastrodia elata in improving cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury based on "Spectrum-effect" correlation and zebrafish verification experiment

BACKGROUND

Gastrodia elata (GE) has been widely used in clinical practice for many years with the functions of relieving stroke, suppressing liver Yang, dispelling wind and clearing collaterals. Our group's previous experimental studies have proved that GE has therapeutic effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) (Ding et al., 2022). However, the active components of GE in treating CIRI remain unclear and require further research.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this paper was to explore the potential effective components of GE improving CIRI based on the "Spectrum-effect" correlation. Zebrafish model was used for verification in vivo experimental.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, the absorption components and metabolites of GE in rat serum were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Second, pharmacodynamic indexes were determined by ELISA kit method, and the effect-time curve of each pharmacodynamic indexes was established. The potential compounds were screened using the statistical method of grey correlation between pharmacodynamic indicator and component response. Finally, the zebrafish CIRI model was successfully established, and the in vivo effect of the active components of GE was verified intuitively.

RESULTS

45 chemical components were detected in GE. A total of 87 active components in serum of GE were identified including 25 prototype components and 62 metabolites. GE can improve CIRI by regulating the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), MDA levels and SOD levels. It was found that p‑hydroxy benzaldehyde (PHB), p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PHBA) and gastrodin (GA) of GE were the possibly main active components by grey correlation statistics. The in vivo experiments of zebrafish model showed that PHB, PHBA, and GA have the ability to ameliorate cerebral thrombosis by regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The potential active components of GE on CIRI were initially excavated using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, pharmacodynamics, and in vivo experiments of zebrafish model. It makes up for the disadvantages of separate research on chemical components and pharmacodynamics, and reflects the material basis of pharmacodynamics more objectively. It has provided theoretical basis for further quality evaluation and scientific foundation for rational drug using of GE in clinical.

Integrated chemical analysis, metabolic profiling, network pharmacology, molecular docking and toxicity prediction to reveal the active ingredients and their safety of raw and prepared rhubarbs in the treatment of gastric ulcers

BACKGROUND

Rhubarb, containing raw rhubarb (RR) and two processed products (steamed rhubarb, SR; carbonized rhubarb, CR), is commonly used in high-doses for the treatment of peptic ulcer, especially gastric ulcer (GU). However, their active ingredients, therapeutic targets, and potential mechanism remain unclear. Meanwhile, the safety of these active ingredients is also worth studying.

METHODS

An offline two-dimensional low-pressure liquid chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry method was applied to identify the chemical constituents of RR, SR, and CR. Then, the plasma and urine samples of rats after oral administration of RR, SR, and CR were studied for metabolite profiling. Based on the analysis of ingredients in vivo, the key active constituents, core therapeutic targets and key signaling pathways of RR, SR, and CR against GU were screened via network pharmacology and molecular docking. Finally, the efficacy and safety of these key active ingredients were evaluated.

RESULTS

Totally, 183, 120 and 115 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized from RR, SR and CR, respectively. Meanwhile, 190, 182 and 180 components were identified after oral administration of RR, SR and CR. By network pharmacology and molecular docking, torachrysone, hydroxyemodin, 6-methylrhein, rhein and emodin anthrone might be the predominant effective constituents in RR, SR, and CR with AKT1 and EGFR being their key targets during the treatment of GU. Moreover, EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might play a crucial role in the therapeutic mechanism of GU. In silio ADMET predictions categorized 5 compounds as drugs with good oral bioavailability, but these components may induce liver injury.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results not only clarified the active substances and molecular mechanism for enhancing our understanding about the traditional efficacy, but also pay attention to the clinical safety issues of raw and prepared rhubarbs.

Identification of Xuanfei Baidu granule constituents by liquid chromatography-quadruple-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and its anti-inflammatory active constituents using a lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cell model

The Xuanfei Baidu (XFBD) prescription, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activities; however, the number of its reported constituents is limited, and its anti-inflammatory constituents are unclear. In this study, the constituents of XFBD granule, a granule dosage of XFBD prescription, were thoroughly examined in vitro and in vivo using liquid chromatography-quadruple-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, and the anti-inflammatory constituents were screened. A total of 214 constituents were identified from the XFBD granule, 62 of which were confirmed via comparison with reference standards. After intragastric administration of XFBD granule, 63 and 28 constituents were absorbed into the rat sera and lungs in prototype form, respectively. XFBD granule and XFBD-containing serum were found to significantly reduce nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Five anti-inflammatory constituents (verbasoside, scutellarin, luteolin, apigenin, and pogostone) were found to reduce the concentration of NO and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the combination of these five constituents could significantly reduce NO secretion even when the concentration of each constituent was two to three orders of magnitude lower than their individual minimum effective concentrations. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for the discovery of effective constituents from the XFBD granule.

Exploring Potential Targets and Pathways of Toxicity Attenuation Through Serum Pharmacochemistry and Network Pharmacology in the Processing of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata

Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi, FZ) is a frequently utilized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in clinical settings. However, its toxic and side effects, particularly cardiac injury, are apparent, necessitating processing before use. To investigate the mechanism of toxicity induced by absorbed components and the mitigating effect of processed FZ, we established a comprehensive method combining serum pharmacochemistry and a network pharmacology approach. In total, 31 chemical components were identified in the plasma, with a general decrease in response intensity observed for these components in processed FZ. Subsequently, four components were selected for network pharmacology analysis. This analysis revealed 150 drug action targets and identified 1162 cardiac toxicity targets. Through intersection analysis, 41 key targets related to cardiac toxicity were identified, along with 9 significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. The most critical targets identified were AKT1, MTOR, and PARP1. The key biological pathways implicated were adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, proteoglycans in cancer, and the calcium signaling pathway. Significant differences were observed in histological staining and biochemical indicators in the cardiac tissue of rats treated with FZ, indicating that processing could indeed reduce its cardiotoxicity. Indeed, this article presents a valuable strategy for elucidating the toxification mechanism of toxic TCM.

Danggui-Shaoyao-San protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via modulation of hepatic APP protein, Lysosomal CTSB release, and NF-κB activation

Background

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an escalating global health concern, is a primary factor behind cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Effective treatments remain elusive. Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DGSY), a classic famous prescription employed in treating NASH, could hold promise, although its molecular underpinnings are still under investigation. This study undertakes an exploration of the impacts of DGSY on NASH and seeks to illuminate the mechanisms at play.

Methods

UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was employed to identify compounds within DGSY. Mice underwent a 25-week regimen of HFHC diet and high-sugar water, with 4 weeks of DGSY treatment for efficacy and pathogenic mechanism exploration in vivo. L02 cells were cultured with 0.2 mM FFA for 24 h, exposed to DGSY at 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml for efficacy and pathogenic mechanism exploration in vitro. Using online databases, we sought potential targets for NASH treatment, and through PPI networks, identified key targets. Expression levels of genes and proteins were examined by western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence staining.

Results

Thirty-four compounds were identified within DGSY. DGSY brought about marked reductions in biochemical indicators and yielded significant improvements in NASH mice histological features. Additionally, it mitigated hepatic steatosis and inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. The top 10 targets from two network pharmacology analyses, one focusing on structural prediction and the other on literature mining, identified APOE and APP as potential therapeutic targets for DGSY in NASH treatment. PCR validation confirmed that DGSY reduced APP expression after treatment, and further investigation revealed that DGSY significantly suppressed hepatic APP and Aβ expression, indicating its effectiveness in treating NASH. Furthermore, it inhibited Aβ-induced Cathepsin B lysosomal release, reducing hepatic inflammation.

Conclusion

Danggui-Shaoyao-San has anti-steatohepatitis effects in ameliorating hepatic APP protein expression, reducing hepatic lysosomal CTSB release, and suppressing hepatic NF-κB activation. The study provided a more theoretical basis for the future clinical application of DGSY.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of tonic Chinese herbal medicine for gynecological disorders: An updated review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gynecological disorders have the characteristics of high incidence and recurrence rate, which sorely affects female's health. Since ancient times, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), especially tonic medicine (TM), has been used to deal with gynecological disorders and has unique advantages in effectiveness and safety.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

In this article, we aim to summarize the research progress of TMs in-vivo and in-vitro, including their formulas, single herbs, and compounds, for gynecological disorders treatment in recent years, and to offer a reference for further research on the treatment of gynecological disorders and their clinical application in the treatment of TMs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant information on the therapeutic potential of TMs against gynecological disorders was collected from several scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar and other literature sources.

RESULTS

So far, there are 46 different formulas, 3 single herbs, and 24 compounds used in the treatment of various gynecological disorders such as premature ovarian failure, endometriosis breast cancer, and so on. Many experimental results have shown that TMs can regulate apoptosis, invasion, migration, oxidative stress, and the immune system. In addition, the effect of TMs in gynecological disorders treatment may be due to the regulation of VEGF, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and other signaling pathways. Apparently, TMs play an active role in the treatment of gynecological disorders by regulating these signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

TMs have a curative effect on the prevention and treatment of gynecological disorders. It could relieve and treat gynecological disorders through a variety of pathways. Therefore, the appropriate TM treatment program makes it more possible to treat gynecological disorders.

Lianweng Granules Alleviate Intestinal Barrier Damage via the IL-6/STAT3/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway with Dampness-Heat Syndrome Diarrhea

Dampness-heat syndrome diarrhea (DHSD) is a common clinical disease with a high prevalence but still has no satisfactory therapeutic medicine, so the search for a safe and effective drug candidate is ongoing. This study aims to explore the efficacy and mechanisms of Lianweng granules (LWG) in the treatment of DHSD and to identify the blood transport components of LWG. We assessed the efficacy of LWG in DHSD by various in vivo metrics such as body weight, disease activity index (DAI), histopathologic examination, intestinal barrier function, levels of inflammatory, apoptotic biomarkers, and oxidative stress. We identified the blood components of LWG using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and the resolved key components were used to explore the relevant targets. We next predicted the potential mechanisms of LWG in treating DHSD using network pharmacology and molecular docking based on the relevant targets. Finally, the mechanisms were validated in vivo using RT-qPCR, Western blotting, ELISA, and immunofluorescence and evaluated in vitro using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), small interfering RNA, cellular enthusiasm transfer assay (CETSA), and drug affinity response target stability (DARTS). Ninety-one pharmacodynamic components of LWG enter the bloodstream and exert possible therapeutic effects. In vivo, LWG treatment improved body weight, reduced colonic injury and DAI scores, lowered inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis markers, and partially restored intestinal barrier function in DHSD mice. Guided by network pharmacology and molecular docking, it is suggested that LWG may exert therapeutic effects by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3/PI3K/AKT signaling. LWG significantly decreased the expression of IL-6, p-STAT3, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and other proteins. These findings were supported by in vitro experiments, where CETSA, DARTS, and siRNA evidenced LWG's targeting of STAT3. LWG targeted STAT3 to inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the colon, thereby restoring the intestinal barrier function to some extent and exerting a therapeutic effect on DHSD.

Metabolomics and lipidomics combined with serum pharmacochemistry uncover the potential mechanism of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the main cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) leading to an increase in global mortality, and its key pathological features are lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction (HLJDD), a representative formula for clearing heat and detoxifying, has been shown to reduce aortic lipid plaque and improve AS. However, multiple components and multiple targets of HLJDD pose a challenge in comprehending its comprehensive mechanism in the treatment of AS.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to illustrate the anti-AS mechanisms of HLJDD in an apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mouse model from a metabolic perspective.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ApoE-/- mice were kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce AS. Serum total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined to evaluate the influence of HLJDD on dyslipidemia. Oil red O was used to stain mouse aortic lipid plaques, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to assess the pathological changes in the aortic roots. Metabolomics and lipidomics combined with serum pharmacochemistry were performed to research the HLJDD mechanism of alleviating AS.

RESULTS

In this study, HLJDD treatment improved serum biochemical levels and histopathological conditions in AS mice. A total of 6 metabolic pathways (arginine biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and glycerolipid metabolism) related to 25 metabolic biomarkers and 41 lipid biomarkers were clarified, and 22 prototype components migrating to blood were identified after oral administration of HLJDD.

CONCLUSION

HLJDD improved AS induced by HFD in ApoE-/- mice. The effects of HLJDD were mainly attributed to regulating lipid metabolism by regulating the metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and glycerolipids and reducing the levels of oxidative stress by upregulating arginine biosynthesis.

Bile acids metabolism involved in the beneficial effects of Danggui Shaoyao San via gut microbiota in the treatment of CCl4 induced hepatic fibrosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) first recorded in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. DSS has proven efficacy in treating hepatic fibrosis (HF). However, the effects and mechanisms of DSS on HF are not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the effect of DSS on HF via gut microbiota and its metabolites (SCFAs, BAs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

HF rats were induced with CCl4 and treated with DSS. Firstly, the therapeutic efficacy of DSS in HF rats and the protection of gut barrier were assessed. Then, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted fecal metabolomics preliminarily explored the mechanism of DSS in treating HF, and identified different microbiota and metabolic pathways. Finally, targeted metabolomics and RT-qPCR were used to further validate the mechanism of DSS for HF based on the metabolism of SCFAs and BAs.

RESULTS

After 8 weeks of administration, DSS significantly reduced the degree of HF. In addition, DSS alleviated inflammation in the ileum and reduced the levels of LPS and D-lactate. Furthermore, DSS altered the structure of gut microbiota, especially Veillonella, Romboutsia, Monoglobus, Parabacteroides, norank_f_Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis. These bacteria have been linked to the production of SCFAs and the metabolism of BAs. Untargeted metabolomics suggested that DSS may play a role via BAs metabolism. Subsequently, targeted metabolomics and RT-qPCR further confirmed the key role of DSS in increasing SCFAs levels and regulating BAs metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

DSS can alleviate CCl4-induced HF and protect the gut barrier. DSS may exert its beneficial effects on HF by affecting the gut microbiota and its metabolites (SCFAs, BAs).

Danggui Shaoyao San: Chemical characterization and inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation to treat CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) has effective in treating hepatic ascites and liver disease.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the chemical characterization of DSS and protective effect on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis and its mechanism, especially its anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical characterization of DSS was determined by HPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. And the antioxidant activity of DSS in vitro was determined. The hepatic fibrosis model was established using intragastric administration of 40% CCl4/soybean oil (v/v) twice weekly for 13 weeks. From 6th week, the DSS group and the positive control group were given DSS (2, 4, 8 g/kg/d) and silymarin (50 mg/kg/d), respectively. The livers of rats were examined histologically by H&E. The ALT, AST, ALB and TBIL were determined, and hepatic fibrosis markers (HA, LN, CIV, PIIINP), oxidative stress (SOD, MDA, GST, GSH) and inflammatory factor (IL-6, TNF-α) were tested using ELISA kits. In addition, the levels of TAC, TOS, LOOH and AOPP in the liver were also determined.

RESULTS

The chemical characterization of DSS was determined by HPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. The results show that DSS mainly includes triterpenoids, monoterpenes, phenols, sesquiterpenes, butyl phthalide, etc., and DSS has good antioxidant activity in vitro. In addition, the ALT, AST and TBIL of rats were remarkably reduced after treatment with DSS at three doses. Liver histopathological analysis showed that DSS alleviated the inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte swelling, necrosis and hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. DSS significantly decreased HA, IV-C, PIIINP and LN. Further determination showed that DSS significantly increased TAC, OSI and decreased TOC, LOOH and MDA, indicating that DSS could regulate redox balance and reduce lipid peroxidation in vivo. DSS also increased the activity of GST, SOD and GSH concentration. In addition, DSS also reduced IL-6 and TNF-α.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we described the chemical characterization of DSS and found that it has good antioxidant activity. We proved that DSS has the functions of reducing oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, protecting liver cells and reducing hepatic fibrosis.

Integrated network pharmacology and metabolomics reveal the mechanisms of Jasminum elongatum in anti-ulcerative colitis

Jasminum elongatum (JE), an ethnic Chinese medicine, is widely used in the Lingnan region of China, because of its analgesic and antidiarrheal action, as well as its anti-inflammatory effects in gastrointestinal diseases. However, whether JE could against ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. This research aims to reveal JE in treating UC and clarify the underlying mechanism. We used the 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice (C57BL/6J) to evaluate the therapeutic effects of JE. Metabolomics of serum and network pharmacology were combined to draw target-metabolite pathways. Apart from that, the targets of associated pathways were confirmed, and the mechanism of action was made clear, using immunohistochemistry. The pharmacodynamic results, including disease activity index (DAI), histological evaluation, and inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues, demonstrated that JE significantly relieved the physiological and pathological symptoms of UC. Network pharmacology analysis indicated 25 core targets, such as TNF, IL-6, PTGS2 and RELA, and four key pathways, including the NF-κB signaling pathway and arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, which were the key connections between JE and UC. Metabolomics analysis identified 45 endogenous differential metabolites and 9 metabolic pathways by enrichment, with the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway being the main metabolism pathway, consistent with the prediction of network pharmacology. IκB, p65 and COX-2 were identified as key targets and this study demonstrated for the first time that JE reverses 2.5% DSS-induced UC in mice via the IκB/p65/COX-2/arachidonic acid pathway. This study reveals the complex mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of JE on UC and provides a new approach to identifying the underlying mechanisms of the pharmacological action of Chinese natural medicines such as JE.

Study of the curative effect of Zhang's Xibi formula and its underlying mechanism involving inhibition of inflammatory responses and delay of knee osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

To verify the clinical efficacy of Zhang's Xibi formula (ZSXBF) and explain the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect.

METHODS

Preliminary elucidation of the clinical efficacy of ZSXBF in treating KOA in self-control studies, exploration of its mechanism of action with network pharmacology methods, and validation in animal experiments.

RESULTS

In clinical studies, ZSXBF administration effectively improved patient quality of life and reduce pain. Network pharmacology was used to explore the possible mechanisms underlying its treatment effect, and after verification in clinical experience and animal experiments, it was found that ZSXBF regulated the expression of immune-related proteins such as IL-17, ERK1, and TP53 in mouse knee joints.

CONCLUSION

ZSXBF, which is a traditional Chinese medicine compound that is used to clear heat and detoxify, can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of KOA patients, and its underlying mechanism includes the regulation of human immune-related proteins.

Quality control for a traditional Chinese medicine, Millettia speciosa Champ, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint, serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology

Millettia speciosa (M. speciosa) Champ (MSC) is a healthy food type with medicinal and edible homology, which is now considered a clinically significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis medicine. However, there is currently no standardized or generally accepted research strategy by which we can assess M. speciosa. Thus, it is essential to develop novel theories, strategies and evaluation methods for the scientific quality control of M. speciosa. Herein, our use ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS analysis identified 12 common bioactive components absorbed into MSC serum. Next, network pharmacology analysis exhibited that 5 MSC components may be those active components in treating rheumatoid arthritis and may be considered potential quality markers. These 5 components were then quantified using a fast UPLC approach, based on the quality marker of measurability, showing that lenticin can be regarded as the MSC quality marker. The cumulative study findings, based on systematic assessment of chemical composition both in vivo and in vitro, and the potential efficacy of M. speciosa, provide a novel approach for M. speciosa quality control.

Metabolomic profiling combined with network analysis of serum pharmacochemistry to reveal the therapeutic mechanism of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba against acute lung injury

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and devastating respiratory disease associated with uncontrolled inflammatory response and transepithelial neutrophil migration. In recent years, a growing number of studies have found that Ardisiae Japonicae Herba (AJH) has a favorable anti-inflammatory effect. However, its serum material basis and molecular mechanism are still unknown in ALI treatment. In this study, metabolomics and network analysis of serum pharmacochemistry were used to explore the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism of AJH against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Methods: A total of 12 rats for serum pharmacochemistry analysis were randomly divided into the LPS group and LPS + AJH-treated group (treated with AJH extract 20 g/kg/d), which were administered LPS (2 mg/kg) by intratracheal instillation and then continuously administered for 7 days. Moreover, 36 rats for metabolomic research were divided into control, LPS, LPS + AJH-treated (5, 10, and 20 g/kg/d), and LPS + dexamethasone (Dex) (2.3 × 10-4 g/kg/d) groups. After 1 h of the seventh administration, the LPS, LPS + AJH-treated, and LPS + Dex groups were administered LPS by intratracheal instillation to induce ALI. The serum pharmacochemistry profiling was performed by UPLC-Orbitrap Fusion MS to identify serum components, which further explore the molecular mechanism of AJH against ALI by network analysis. Meanwhile, metabolomics was used to select the potential biomarkers and related metabolic pathways and to analyze the therapeutic mechanism of AJH against ALI. Results: The results showed that 71 serum components and 18 related metabolites were identified in ALI rat serum. We found that 81 overlapping targets were frequently involved in AGE-RAGE, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in network analysis. The LPS + AJH-treated groups exerted protective effects against ALI by reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells and achieved anti-inflammatory efficacy by significantly regulating the interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. Metabolomics analysis shows that the therapeutic effect of AJH on ALI involves 43 potential biomarkers and 14 metabolic pathways, especially phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism pathways, to be influenced, which implied the potential mechanism of AJH in ALI treatment. Discussion: Our study initially elucidated the material basis and effective mechanism of AJH against ALI, which provided a solid basis for AJH application.

Uncovering mechanisms of Baojin Chenfei formula treatment for silicosis by inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis based on serum pharmacochemistry and network analysis

BACKGROUND

Baojin Chenfei formula (BCF), a Chinese herbal formula, has significant effects on improving the clinical symptoms of patients with silicosis. However, its active compounds and the underlying mechanisms have not yet fully been elucidated.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of BCF in treating silicosis.

METHODS

The rat model of silicosis was developed via a single intratracheal instillation of SiO₂ suspension to examine the therapeutic impacts of BCF on silicosis. Subsequently, the active compounds, targets, and mechanisms of BCF were analyzed based on serum pharmacochemistry and network analysis. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of representative compounds of BCF were validated in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

BCF significantly alleviated SiO₂-induced silicosis in rats, evidenced by improved lung function, decreased pathological injury, and reduced inflammatory response and fibrosis. 19 active compounds were identified from the rat serum samples after BCF gavage. Subsequently, 299 targets for these 19 compounds in BCF and 257 genes related to silicosis were collected. 26 overlapping targets, including AKT1, TNF, IL6, MAPK3, EGFR, and others, were obtained from the intersection of the 299 BCF-related targets and 257 silicosis-associated genes. These overlapping targets mainly corresponded to glycyrrhetic acid and paeoniflorin and were mainly associated with positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, positive regulation of MAP kinase activity, and inflammatory response. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that the representative compounds of BCF (glycyrrhetic acid and paeoniflorin) could suppress inflammatory response by the MAPK pathway, and also inhibited fibroblast activation by the EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway.

CONCLUSION

Active compounds of BCF, such as glycyrrhetic acid and paeoniflorin, could suppress inflammatory response by the MAPK pathway and suppress fibroblast activation by the EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway. These might be the mechanisms of BCF in treating silicosis.

Combining Semi-Targeted Metabolomics and Machine Learning to Identify Metabolic Alterations in the Serum and Urine of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Viral infections cause metabolic dysregulation in the infected organism. The present study used metabolomics techniques and machine learning algorithms to retrospectively analyze the alterations of a broad panel of metabolites in the serum and urine of a cohort of 126 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Results were compared with those of 50 healthy subjects and 45 COVID-19-negative patients but with bacterial infectious diseases. Metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The main metabolites altered in the sera of COVID-19 patients were those of pentose glucuronate interconversion, ascorbate and fructose metabolism, nucleotide sugars, and nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Alterations in serum maltose, mannonic acid, xylitol, or glyceric acid metabolites segregated positive patients from the control group with high diagnostic accuracy, while succinic acid segregated positive patients from those with other disparate infectious diseases. Increased lauric acid concentrations were associated with the severity of infection and death. Urine analyses could not discriminate between groups. Targeted metabolomics and machine learning algorithms facilitated the exploration of the metabolic alterations underlying COVID-19 infection, and to identify the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.