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Cui L, Zheng Y, Xu R, Lin Y, Zheng J, Lin P, Guo B, Sun S, Zhao X. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing in stem cell function and therapeutic potential: A critical review of current evidence. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131781. [PMID: 38657924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a crucial regulator in stem cell biology, intricately influencing the functions of various biological macromolecules, particularly pre-mRNAs and the resultant protein isoforms. This regulatory mechanism is vital in determining stem cell pluripotency, differentiation, and proliferation. Alternative splicing's role in allowing single genes to produce multiple protein isoforms facilitates the proteomic diversity that is essential for stem cells' functional complexity. This review delves into the critical impact of alternative splicing on cellular functions, focusing on its interaction with key macromolecules and how this affects cellular behavior. We critically examine how alternative splicing modulates the function and stability of pre-mRNAs, leading to diverse protein expressions that govern stem cell characteristics, including pluripotency, self-renewal, survival, proliferation, differentiation, aging, migration, somatic reprogramming, and genomic stability. Furthermore, the review discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting alternative splicing-related pathways in disease treatment, particularly focusing on the modulation of RNA and protein interactions. We address the challenges and future prospects in this field, underscoring the need for further exploration to unravel the complex interplay between alternative splicing, RNA, proteins, and stem cell behaviors, which is crucial for advancing our understanding and therapeutic approaches in regenerative medicine and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongwei Xu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiarong Zheng
- Department of Dentistry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pei Lin
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Dentistry, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shuyu Sun
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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Reseland JE, Heyward CA, Samara A. Revisiting ameloblastin; addressing the EMT-ECM axis above and beyond oral biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1251540. [PMID: 38020879 PMCID: PMC10679718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1251540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastin (AMBN) is best characterized for its role in dental enamel formation, regulating cell differentiation and mineralization, and cell matrix adhesion. However, AMBN has also been detected in mesenchymal stem cells in addition to bone, blood, and adipose tissue. Using immunofluorescence in a pilot scheme, we identified that AMBN is expressed in different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. AMBN mRNA and protein detection in several tissues along the length of the GI tract suggests a role for AMBN in the structure and tissue integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Intracellular AMBN expression in subsets of cells indicates a potential alternative role in signaling processes. Of note, our previous functional AMBN promoter analyses had shown that it contains epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulatory elements. ΑΜΒΝ is herein presented as a paradigm shift of the possible associations and the spatiotemporal regulation of the ECM regulating the EMT and vice versa, using the example of AMBN expression beyond oral biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne E. Reseland
- Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction (FUTURE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine A. Heyward
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction (FUTURE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Gu H, Huang Z, Zhou K, Chen G, Bian C, Xu J, Yin X. Expression Profile Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA in OVX Models-Derived BMSCs for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis by RNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:719851. [PMID: 34660581 PMCID: PMC8514751 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) has the characteristics of a systematically impaired bone mass, strength, and microstructure. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are longer than 200 nt, and their functions in osteoporosis is yet not completely understood. We first harvested the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomy (OVX) and sham mice. Then, we systematically analyzed the differential expressions of lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and constructed lncRNA–mRNA coexpression network in order to identify the function of lncRNA in osteoporosis. Totally, we screened 743 lncRNAs (461 upregulated lncRNAs and 282 downregulated lncRNAs) and 240 mRNAs (128 upregulated and 112 downregulated) with significantly differential expressions in OP compared to normal. We conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analyses to investigate the functions and pathways of the differential expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), a coexpressed network of lncRNA/mRNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) validated that the expressions of NONMMUT096150.1, NONMMUT083450.1, and NONMMUT029743.2 were all downregulated, whereas NONMMUT026970.2, NONMMUT051734.2, NONMMUT003617.2, and NONMMUT034049.2 were all upregulated in the OVX group. NONMMUT096150.1, as a key lncRNA in OP, was identified to modulate the adipogenesis of BMSCs. Further analysis suggested that NONMMUT096150.1 might modulate the adipogenesis of BMSCs via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, and the lipolysis regulation in adipocyte and adipocytokine signaling pathway. Our study expands the understanding of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyue Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangnan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Bian
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Characterization of AMBN I and II Isoforms and Study of Their Ca 2+-Binding Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239293. [PMID: 33291486 PMCID: PMC7730623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastin (Ambn) as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) stands for an important role in the formation of enamel—the hardest biomineralized tissue commonly formed in vertebrates. The human ameloblastin (AMBN) is expressed in two isoforms: full-length isoform I (AMBN ISO I) and isoform II (AMBN ISO II), which is about 15 amino acid residues shorter than AMBN ISO I. The significant feature of AMBN—its oligomerization ability—is enabled due to a specific sequence encoded by exon 5 present at the N-terminal part in both known isoforms. In this study, we characterized AMBN ISO I and AMBN ISO II by biochemical and biophysical methods to determine their common features and differences. We confirmed that both AMBN ISO I and AMBN ISO II form oligomers in in vitro conditions. Due to an important role of AMBN in biomineralization, we further addressed the calcium (Ca2+)-binding properties of AMBN ISO I and ISO II. The binding properties of AMBN to Ca2+ may explain the role of AMBN in biomineralization and more generally in Ca2+ homeostasis processes.
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Park JW, Fu S, Huang B, Xu RH. Alternative splicing in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1229-1240. [PMID: 32627865 PMCID: PMC7586970 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation and maturation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to mesodermal and other lineages are known to be controlled by various extrinsic and intrinsic signals. The dysregulation of the MSC differentiation balance has been linked to several pathophysiological conditions, including obesity and osteoporosis. Previous research of the molecular mechanisms governing MSC differentiation has mostly focused on transcriptional regulation. However, recent findings are revealing the underrated role of alternative splicing (AS) in MSC differentiation and functions. In this review, we discuss recent progress in elucidating the regulatory roles of AS in MSC differentiation. We catalogue and highlight the key AS events that modulate MSC differentiation to major osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes, and discuss the regulatory mechanisms by which AS is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Park
- Center for Reproduction, Development, and Aging and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Fu
- Center for Reproduction, Development, and Aging and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Borong Huang
- Center for Reproduction, Development, and Aging and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Center for Reproduction, Development, and Aging and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, People's Republic of China
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Nica C, Lin Z, Sculean A, Asparuhova MB. Adsorption and Release of Growth Factors from Four Different Porcine-Derived Collagen Matrices. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2635. [PMID: 32526991 PMCID: PMC7321618 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xenogeneic acellular collagen matrices represent a safe alternative to autologous soft tissue transplants in periodontology and implant dentistry. Here, we aimed to investigate the adsorption and release of growth factors from four porcine-derived collagen matrices using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Non-crosslinked collagen matrix (NCM), crosslinked collagen matrix (CCM), dried acellular dermal matrix (DADM), and hydrated acellular dermal matrix (HADM) adsorbed each of the following growth factors, TGF-β1, FGF-2, PDGF-BB, GDF-5 and BMP-2, with an efficiency close to 100%. Growth factor release for a 13-day period was in the range of 10-50% of the adsorbed protein, except for the BMP-2 release that was in the range of 5-7%. Generally, protein release occurred in two phases. Phase I was arbitrary defined by the highest release from the matrices, usually within 24 h. Phase II, spanning the period immediately after the peak release until day 13, corresponded to the delayed release of the growth factors from the deeper layers of the matrices. HADM showed significantly (P < 0.001) higher TGF-β1, FGF-2, and PDGF-BB release in phase II, compared to the rest of the matrices. NCM exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) higher FGF-2 release in phase II, compared to CCM and DADM as well as a characteristic second peak in PDGF-BB release towards the middle of the tested period. In contrast to NCM and HADM, CCM and DADM showed a gradual and significantly higher release of GDF-5 in the second phase. Several burst releases of BMP-2 were characteristic for all matrices. The efficient adsorption and sustained protein release in the first 13 days, and the kinetics seen for HADM, with a burst release within hours and high amount of released growth factor within a secondary phase, may be beneficial for the long-term tissue regeneration following reconstructive periodontal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nica
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, Dental Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.N.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Zhikai Lin
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, Dental Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.N.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Zhizaoju Road 639, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Maria B. Asparuhova
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, Dental Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.N.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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Stakkestad Ø, Heyward C, Lyngstadaas SP, Medin T, Vondrasek J, Lian AM, Pezeshki G, Reseland JE. An ameloblastin C-terminus variant is present in human adipose tissue. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01075. [PMID: 30603708 PMCID: PMC6307104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Transcriptional regulatory elements in the ameloblastin (AMBN) promoter indicate that adipogenesis may influence its expression. The objective here was to investigate if AMBN is expressed in adipose tissue, and have a role during differentiation of adipocytes. Design AMBN expression was examined in adipose tissue and adipocytes by real-time PCR and ELISA. Distribution of ameloblastin was investigated by immunofluorescence in sections of human subcutaneous adipose tissue. The effect of recombinant proteins resembling AMBN and its processed products on proliferation of primary human pre-adipocytes and murine 3T3-L1 cell lines was measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The effect on adipocyte differentiation was evaluated by the expression profile of the adipogenic markers PPARγ and leptin, and the content of lipids droplets (Oil-Red-O staining). Results AMBN was found to be expressed in human adipose tissue, human primary adipocytes, and in 3T3-L1 cells. The C-terminus of the AMBN protein and a 45 bp shorter splice variant was identified in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. The expression of AMBN was found to increase four-fold during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Administration of recombinant AMBN reduced the proliferation, and enhanced the expression of PPARγ and leptin in 3T3-L1 and human pre-adipocytes, respectively. Conclusions The AMBN C-terminus variant was identified in adipocytes. This variant may be encoded from a short splice variant. Increased expression of AMBN during adipogenesis and its effect on adipogenic factors suggests that AMBN also has a role in adipocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Stakkestad
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Heyward
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tirill Medin
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Jiri Vondrasek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aina-Mari Lian
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Gita Pezeshki
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Norway
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Stakkestad Ø, Lyngstadaas SP, Thiede B, Vondrasek J, Skålhegg BS, Reseland JE. Phosphorylation Modulates Ameloblastin Self-assembly and Ca 2+ Binding. Front Physiol 2017; 8:531. [PMID: 28798693 PMCID: PMC5529409 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastin (AMBN), an important component of the self-assembled enamel extra cellular matrix, contains several in silico predicted phosphorylation sites. However, to what extent these sites actually are phosphorylated and the possible effects of such post-translational modifications are still largely unknown. Here we report on in vitro experiments aimed at investigating what sites in AMBN are phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and protein kinase A (PKA) and the impact such phosphorylation has on self-assembly and calcium binding. All predicted sites in AMBN can be phosphorylated by CK2 and/or PKA. The experiments show that phosphorylation, especially in the exon 5 derived part of the molecule, is inversely correlated with AMBN self-assembly. These results support earlier findings suggesting that AMBN self-assembly is mostly dependent on the exon 5 encoded region of the AMBN gene. Phosphorylation was significantly more efficient when the AMBN molecules were in solution and not present as supramolecular assemblies, suggesting that post-translational modification of AMBN must take place before the enamel matrix molecules self-assemble inside the ameloblast cell. Moreover, phosphorylation of exon 5, and the consequent reduction in self-assembly, seem to reduce the calcium binding capacity of AMBN suggesting that post-translational modification of AMBN also can be involved in control of free Ca2+ during enamel extra cellular matrix biomineralization. Finally, it is speculated that phosphorylation can provide a functional crossroad for AMBN either to be phosphorylated and act as monomeric signal molecule during early odontogenesis and bone formation, or escape phosphorylation to be subsequently secreted as supramolecular assemblies that partake in enamel matrix structure and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Stakkestad
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Ståle P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Jiri Vondrasek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czechia
| | - Bjørn S Skålhegg
- Division of Molecular Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOslo, Norway
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