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Kawamura K, Fujiwara S. The transcription factor AP2 and downstream genes shared by asexual reproduction and zooidal regeneration in the tunicate, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203885. [PMID: 38007002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial outpocketing, tunic softening, mesenchymal cell death, dedifferentiation/transdifferentiation, and resistance to environmental stress are major events that occur during asexual reproduction by budding in the tunicate, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. To identify the molecules underlying these events and compare them with those operating in regeneration, differential gene expression profiles were developed in buds and zooids. Among approximately 40,000 contigs, 21 genes were identified as potentially being involved in asexual reproduction. Genes related to tunic softening, phagocytosis-stimulating opsonin, and stress resistance were activated in the very early stage of budding. At the later stage of budding when buds separated from the parent and entered the developmental stage, genes for cell adhesion, cell death, and differentiation were activated. The transcription factor AP2 was spatio-temporally expressed in a similar pattern to the tunic-softening gene endoglucanase (EndoG). AP2 mRNA activated EndoG when introduced into zooids by electroporation. Eight out of 21 budding-related genes were significantly activated by AP2 mRNA. Polyandrocarpa zooids possess regenerative potential other than budding. Zooidal regeneration accompanied cell death/phagocytosis, cell-cell adhesion/communication, and dedifferentiation/redifferentiation. Consistent with morphological features, eight related genes including SP8 transcription factor were activated during zooidal regeneration. Most of these genes were identical to those induced by AP2 mRNA, indicating that asexual reproduction in P. misakiensis shares AP2-regulated downstream genes with zooidal regeneration. The present results suggest that SP8 may be indispensable for both budding and regeneration and that the potential dedifferentiation-related gene SOXB1 plays a minor role in zooidal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaz Kawamura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi 780, Japan.
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2
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Grizzi G, Venetis K, Denaro N, Bonomi M, Celotti A, Pagkali A, Hahne JC, Tomasello G, Petrelli F, Fusco N, Ghidini M. Anti-Claudin Treatments in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Mainstream and Upcoming Strategies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082973. [PMID: 37109309 PMCID: PMC10142079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs) are a multigene family of proteins and the principal components of tight junctions (TJs), which normally mediate cell-cell adhesion and selectively allow the paracellular flux of ions and small molecules between cells. Downregulation of claudin proteins increases the paracellular permeability of nutrients and growth stimuli to malignant cells, which aids the epithelial transition. Claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) was identified as a promising target for the treatment of advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEAC), with high levels found in almost 30% of metastatic cases. CLDN18.2 aberrations, enriched in the genomically stable subgroup of GEAC and the diffuse histological subtype, are ideal candidates for monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cells. Zolbetuximab, a highly specific anti-CLDN18.2 monoclonal antibody, demonstrated efficacy in phase II studies and, more recently, in the phase III SPOTLIGHT trial, with improvements in both PFS and OS with respect to standard chemotherapy. Anti-CLDN18.2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells showed a safety profile with a prevalence of hematologic toxicity in early phase clinical trials. The aim of this review is to present new findings in the treatment of CLDN18.2-positive GEAC, with a particular focus on the monoclonal antibody zolbetuximab and on the use of engineered anti-CLDN18.2 CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grizzi
- Operative Unit of Oncology, ASST of Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Kostantinos Venetis
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Bonomi
- Operative Unit of Oncology, ASST of Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Celotti
- Department of Surgery, ASST of Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonia Pagkali
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Jens Claus Hahne
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Petrelli
- Oncology Unit, Medical Sciences Department, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Chen J, Sun T, You Y, Lin B, Wu B, Wu J. Genome-wide identification of potential odontogenic genes involved in the dental epithelium-mesenchymal interaction during early odontogenesis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:163. [PMID: 37013486 PMCID: PMC10069120 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelium-mesenchymal interactions are involved in odontogenic processes. Previous studies have focused on the intracellular signalling regulatory network in tooth development, but the functions of extracellular regulatory molecules have remained unclear. This study aims to explore the gene profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their glycosaminoglycan chains potentially involved in dental epithelium-mesenchymal interactions using high-throughput sequencing to provide new understanding of early odontogenesis. RESULTS Whole transcriptome profiles of the mouse dental epithelium and mesenchyme were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 1,281 and 1,582 differentially expressed genes were identified between the dental epithelium and mesenchyme at E11.5 and E13.5, respectively. Enrichment analysis showed that extracellular regions and ECM-receptor interactions were significantly enriched at both E11.5 and E13.5. Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the extracellular proteoglycan family exhibited distinct changes during epithelium-mesenchymal interactions. Most proteoglycans showed higher transcript levels in the dental mesenchyme, whereas only a few were upregulated in the epithelium at both stages. In addition, 9 proteoglycans showed dynamic expression changes between these two tissue compartments. Gpc4, Sdc2, Spock2, Dcn and Lum were expressed at higher levels in the dental epithelium at E11.5, whereas their expression was significantly higher in the dental mesenchyme at E13.5, which coincides with the odontogenic potential shift. Moreover, the glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic enzymes Ext1, Hs3st1/5, Hs6st2/3, Ndst3 and Sulf1 also exhibited early upregulation in the epithelium but showed markedly higher expression in the mesenchyme after the odontogenic potential shift. CONCLUSION This study reveals the dynamic expression profile of extracellular proteoglycans and their biosynthetic enzymes during the dental epithelium-mesenchymal interaction. This study offers new insight into the roles of extracellular proteoglycans and their distinct sulfation underlying early odontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Buling Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Southern Medical University- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), ShenZhen, 518118, China.
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Houillier P, Lievre L, Hureaux M, Prot-Bertoye C. Mechanisms of paracellular transport of magnesium in intestinal and renal epithelia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:14-31. [PMID: 36622354 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body. It plays a critical role in many biological processes, including the process of energy release. Paracellular transport of magnesium is mandatory for magnesium homeostasis. In addition to intestinal absorption that occurs in part across the paracellular pathway, magnesium is reabsorbed by the kidney tubule. The bulk of magnesium is reabsorbed through the paracellular pathway in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The finding that rare genetic diseases due to pathogenic variants in genes encoding specific claudins (CLDNs), proteins located at the tight junction that determine the selectivity and the permeability of the paracellular pathway, led to an awareness of their importance in magnesium homeostasis. Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis is caused by a loss of function of CLDN16 or CLDN19. Pathogenic CLDN10 variants cause HELIX syndrome, which is associated with a severe renal loss of sodium chloride and hypermagnesemia. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and factors involved in paracellular magnesium permeability. The review also highlights some of the unresolved questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Lievre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- Paris Centre de Recherche Cardio-vasculaire, INSERM, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- CNRS ERL 8228 - Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Physiologie, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, Paris, France
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Arai H, Inaba A, Ikezaki S, Kumakami-Sakano M, Azumane M, Ohshima H, Morikawa K, Harada H, Otsu K. Energy metabolic shift contributes to the phenotype modulation of maturation stage ameloblasts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1062042. [PMID: 36523561 PMCID: PMC9745043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation stage ameloblasts (M-ABs) are responsible for terminal enamel mineralization in teeth and undergo characteristic cyclic changes in both morphology and function between ruffle-ended ameloblasts (RA) and smooth-ended ameloblasts (SA). Energy metabolism has recently emerged as a potential regulator of cell differentiation and fate decisions; however, its implication in M-ABs remains unclear. To elucidate the relationship between M-ABs and energy metabolism, we examined the expression pattern of energy metabolic enzymes in M-ABs of mouse incisors. Further, using the HAT7 cell line with M-AB characteristics, we designed experiments to induce an energy metabolic shift by changes in oxygen concentration. We revealed that RA preferentially utilizes oxidative phosphorylation, whereas SA depends on glycolysis-dominant energy metabolism in mouse incisors. In HAT7 cells, hypoxia induced an energy metabolic shift toward a more glycolytic-dominant state, and the energy metabolic shift reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium transport and deposition with a change in calcium-related gene expression, implying a phenotype shift from RA to SA. Taken together, these results indicate that the energy metabolic state is an important determinant of the RA/SA phenotype in M-ABs. This study sheds light on the biological significance of energy metabolism in governing M-ABs, providing a novel molecular basis for understanding enamel mineralization and elucidating the pathogenesis of enamel hypomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruno Arai
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
- Division of Pediatric and Special Care Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Akira Inaba
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
- Division of Pediatric and Special Care Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Shojiro Ikezaki
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Mika Kumakami-Sakano
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Marii Azumane
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Reconstructive Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Morikawa
- Division of Pediatric and Special Care Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Harada
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Keishi Otsu
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Obtel N, Le Cabec A, Nguyen TN, Giabicani E, Van Malderen SJM, Garrevoet J, Percot A, Paris C, Dean C, Hadj‐Rabia S, Houillier P, Breiderhoff T, Bardet C, Coradin T, Ramirez Rozzi F, Chaussain C. Impact of claudin-10 deficiency on amelogenesis: Lesson from a HELIX tooth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1516:197-211. [PMID: 35902997 PMCID: PMC9796262 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In epithelia, claudin proteins are important components of the tight junctions as they determine the permeability and specificity to ions of the paracellular pathway. Mutations in CLDN10 cause the rare autosomal recessive HELIX syndrome (Hypohidrosis, Electrolyte imbalance, Lacrimal gland dysfunction, Ichthyosis, and Xerostomia), in which patients display severe enamel wear. Here, we assess whether this enamel wear is caused by an innate fragility directly related to claudin-10 deficiency in addition to xerostomia. A third molar collected from a female HELIX patient was analyzed by a combination of microanatomical and physicochemical approaches (i.e., electron microscopy, elemental mapping, Raman microspectroscopy, and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence). The enamel morphology, formation time, organization, and microstructure appeared to be within the natural variability. However, we identified accentuated strontium variations within the HELIX enamel, with alternating enrichments and depletions following the direction of the periodical striae of Retzius. These markings were also present in dentin. These data suggest that the enamel wear associated with HELIX may not be related to a disruption of enamel microstructure but rather to xerostomia. However, the occurrence of events of strontium variations within dental tissues might indicate repeated episodes of worsening of the renal dysfunction that may require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Obtel
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,AP‐HP Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires Bretonneau (CRMR phosphore et calcium, filière OSCAR et ERN Bond) and Charles Foix, FHU DDS‐netIle de FranceFrance
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, PACEA, UMR 5199PessacFrance,Department of Human EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Thè Nghia Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | | | | | - Aline Percot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, De la Molécule aux Nano‐Objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies (MONARIS)ParisFrance
| | - Céline Paris
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, De la Molécule aux Nano‐Objets: Réactivité, Interactions et Spectroscopies (MONARIS)ParisFrance
| | - Christopher Dean
- Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Human Evolution ResearchNatural History MuseumLondonUK,Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Smail Hadj‐Rabia
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM1163 Institut Imagine; APHP, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Rare Skin DiseasesParisFrance
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS‐ERL8228ParisFrance,APHP, Service de Physiologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l'Enfant et de l'Adulte (MARHEA), Hôpital Européen Georges PompidouParisFrance
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of PediatricsBerlinGermany
| | - Claire Bardet
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance
| | - Thibaud Coradin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de ParisParisFrance
| | - Fernando Ramirez Rozzi
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,Eco‐anthropologie (EA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRSUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université Paris Cité, URP2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV), FHU‐DDS‐net, IHMOA, Dental SchoolMontrougeFrance,AP‐HP Services de médecine bucco‐dentaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires Bretonneau (CRMR phosphore et calcium, filière OSCAR et ERN Bond) and Charles Foix, FHU DDS‐netIle de FranceFrance
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Defective claudin-10 causes a novel variation of HELIX syndrome through compromised tight junction strand assembly. Genes Dis 2022; 9:1301-1314. [PMID: 35873018 PMCID: PMC9293720 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of claudin-10 based tight junctions (TJs) is paramount to paracellular Na+ transport in multiple epithelia. Sequence variants in CLDN10 have been linked to HELIX syndrome, a salt-losing tubulopathy with altered handling of divalent cations accompanied by dysfunctional salivary, sweat, and lacrimal glands. Here, we investigate molecular basis and phenotypic consequences of a newly identified homozygous CLDN10 variant that translates into a single amino acid substitution within the fourth transmembrane helix of claudin-10. In addition to hypohidrosis (H), electrolyte (E) imbalance with impaired urine concentrating ability, and hypolacrimia (L), phenotypic findings include altered salivary electrolyte composition and amelogenesis imperfecta but neither ichthyosis (I) nor xerostomia (X). Employing cellular TJ reconstitution assays, we demonstrate perturbation of cis- and trans-interactions between mutant claudin-10 proteins. Ultrastructures of reconstituted TJ strands show disturbed continuity and reduced abundance in the mutant case. Throughout, both major isoforms, claudin-10a and claudin-10b, are differentially affected with claudin-10b showing more severe molecular alterations. However, expression of the mutant in renal epithelial cells with endogenous TJs results in wild-type-like ion selectivity and conductivity, indicating that aberrant claudin-10 is generally capable of forming functional paracellular channels. Thus, mutant proteins prove pathogenic by compromising claudin-10 TJ strand assembly. Additional ex vivo investigations indicate their insertion into TJs to occur in a tissue-specific manner.
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Tooth Formation as Experimental Model to Study Chemotherapy on Tissue Development: Effect of a Specific Dose of Temozolomide/Veliparib. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071198. [PMID: 35885982 PMCID: PMC9322384 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy treatment of cancer in children can influence formation of normal tissues, leading to irreversible changes in their structure and function. Tooth formation is susceptible to several types of chemotherapy that induce irreversible changes in the structure of enamel, dentin and dental root morphology. These changes can make the teeth more prone to fracture or to caries when they have erupted. Recent studies report successful treatment of brain tumors with the alkylating drug temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with veliparib (VLP) in a glioblastoma in vivo mouse model. Whether these drugs also affect tooth formation is unknown. Aim: In this study the effect of TMZ/VLP on incisor formation was investigated in tissue sections of jaws from mice and compared with mice not treated with these drugs. Materials and method: The following aspects were studied using immunohistochemistry of specific protein markers including: (1) proliferation (by protein expression of proliferation marker Ki67) (2) a protein involved in paracellular ion transport (expression of tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-1) and (3) in transcellular passage of ions across the dental epithelium (expression of Na+, K+ 2Cl- cotransporter/NKCC1). Results: Chemotherapy with TMZ/VLP strongly reduced immunostaining for claudin-1 in distal parts of maturation ameloblasts. No gross changes were found in the treated mice, either in cell proliferation in the dental epithelium at the cervical loop or in the immunostaining pattern for NKCC1 in (non-ameloblastic) dental epithelium. The salivary glands in the treated mice contained strongly reduced immunostaining for NKCC1 in the basolateral membranes of acinar cells. Discussion/Conclusions: Based on the reduction of claudin-1 immunostaining in ameloblasts, TMZ/VLP may potentially influence forming enamel by changes in the structure of TJs structures in maturation ameloblasts, structures that are crucial for the selective passage of ions through the intercellular space between neighboring ameloblasts. The strongly reduced basolateral NKCC1 staining seen in fully-grown salivary glands of TMZ/VLP-treated mice suggests that TMZ/VLF could also influence ion transport in adult saliva by the salivary gland epithelium. This may cause treated children to be more susceptible to caries.
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Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Chen Y, Mohan S. Targeted Deletion of the Claudin12 Gene in Mice Increases Articular Cartilage and Inhibits Chondrocyte Differentiation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:931318. [PMID: 35937800 PMCID: PMC9354527 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.931318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of Claudin (CLDN)12 in bone, we developed mice with a targeted deletion of exon2 in the Cldn12 gene for skeletal phenotype analysis. Micro-CT analysis of the secondary spongiosa of distal femurs of mice with targeted disruption of the Cldn12 gene and control littermates showed no significant genotype-specific differences in either cortical or trabecular bone parameters for either gender in 13-week-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that while CLDN12 was expressed in both differentiating chondrocytes and osteoblasts of the secondary spongiosa of 3-week-old wild-type mice, its expression was restricted to differentiating chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and growth plate in adult mice. Articular cartilage area at the knee were increased by 47% in Cldn12 knockout (KO) mice compared to control littermates. Micro-CT analyses found that while the trabecular number was increased by 9% and the trabecular spacing was reduced by 9% in the femoral epiphysis of Cldn12 KO mice, neither bone volume nor bone volume adjusted for tissue volume was different between the two genotypes. The expression levels of Clusterin, Lubricin and Mmp13 were increased by 56%, 46%, and 129%, respectively, in primary articular chondrocytes derived from KO compared to control mice. Our data indicate that targeted deletion of the Cldn12 gene in mice increases articular cartilage, in part, by promoting articular chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Yian Chen
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare Systems, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Subburaman Mohan,
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Qin W, Wan QQ, Ma YX, Wang CY, Wan MC, Ma S, Wang YR, Wang WR, Gu JT, Tay FR, Niu LN. Manifestation and Mechanisms of Abnormal Mineralization in Teeth. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 9:1733-1756. [PMID: 34436861 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tooth biomineralization is a dynamic and complicated process influenced by local and systemic factors. Abnormal mineralization in teeth occurs when factors related to physiologic mineralization are altered during tooth formation and after tooth maturation, resulting in microscopic and macroscopic manifestations. The present Review provides timely information on the mechanisms and structural alterations of different forms of pathological tooth mineralization. A comprehensive study of these alterations benefits diagnosis and biomimetic treatment of abnormal mineralization in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Chen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Sai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
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11
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Miao X, Niibe K, Zhang M, Liu Z, Nattasit P, Ohori-Morita Y, Nakamura T, Jiang X, Egusa H. Stage-Specific Role of Amelx Activation in Stepwise Ameloblast Induction from Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137195. [PMID: 34281250 PMCID: PMC8268366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenin comprises ~90% of enamel proteins; however, the involvement of Amelx transcriptional activation in regulating ameloblast differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) remains unknown. In this study, we generated doxycycline-inducible Amelx-expressing mouse iPSCs (Amelx-iPSCs). We then established a three-stage ameloblast induction strategy from Amelx-iPSCs, including induction of surface ectoderm (stage 1), dental epithelial cells (DECs; stage 2), and ameloblast lineage (stage 3) in sequence, by manipulating several signaling molecules. We found that adjunctive use of lithium chloride (LiCl) in addition to bone morphogenetic protein 4 and retinoic acid promoted concentration-dependent differentiation of DECs. The resulting cells had a cobblestone appearance and keratin14 positivity. Attenuation of LiCl at stage 3 together with transforming growth factor β1 and epidermal growth factor resulted in an ameloblast lineage with elongated cell morphology, positivity for ameloblast markers, and calcium deposition. Although stage-specific activation of Amelx did not produce noticeable phenotypic changes in ameloblast differentiation, Amelx activation at stage 3 significantly enhanced cell adhesion as well as decreased proliferation and migration. These results suggest that the combination of inducible Amelx transcription and stage-specific ameloblast induction for iPSCs represents a powerful tool to highlight underlying mechanisms in ameloblast differentiation and function in association with Amelx expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Miao
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
| | - Kunimichi Niibe
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (H.E.); Tel.: +81-22-717-8363 (K.N.); +81-22-717-8363 (H.E.)
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Zeni Liu
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Praphawi Nattasit
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
| | - Yumi Ohori-Morita
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (X.M.); (M.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.N.); (Y.O.-M.)
- Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.); (H.E.); Tel.: +81-22-717-8363 (K.N.); +81-22-717-8363 (H.E.)
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12
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Wang X, Chiba Y, Jia L, Yoshizaki K, Saito K, Yamada A, Qin M, Fukumoto S. Expression Patterns of Claudin Family Members During Tooth Development and the Role of Claudin-10 ( Cldn10) in Cytodifferentiation of Stratum Intermedium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595593. [PMID: 33195274 PMCID: PMC7642450 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence showing that tight junctions play an important role in developing enamel. Claudins are one of the main components of tight junctions and may have pivotal functions in modulating various cellular events, such as regulating cell differentiation and proliferation. Mutations in CLDN10 of humans are associated with HELIX syndrome and cause enamel defects. However, current knowledge regarding the expression patterns of claudins and the function of Cldn10 during tooth development remains fragmented. In this study, we aimed to analyze the expression patterns of claudin family members during tooth development and to investigate the role of Cldn10 in amelogenesis. Using cap analysis gene expression of developing mouse tooth germs compared with that of the whole body, we found that Cldn1 and Cldn10 were highly expressed in the tooth. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequence analysis using 7-day postnatal Krt14-RFP mouse incisors revealed Cldn1 and Cldn10 exhibited distinct expression patterns. Cldn10 has two isoforms, Cldn10a and Cldn10b, but only Cldn10b was expressed in the tooth. Immunostaining of developing tooth germs revealed claudin-10 was highly expressed in the inner enamel epithelium and stratum intermedium. We also found that overexpression of Cldn10 in the dental epithelial cell line, SF2, induced alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) expression, a marker of maturated stratum intermedium. Our findings suggest that Cldn10 may be a novel stratum intermedium marker and might play a role in cytodifferentiation of stratum intermedium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Chiba
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lingling Jia
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keigo Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kan Saito
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aya Yamada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Baumholtz AI, De Marco P, Capra V, Ryan AK. Functional Validation of CLDN Variants Identified in a Neural Tube Defect Cohort Demonstrates Their Contribution to Neural Tube Defects. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:664. [PMID: 32760237 PMCID: PMC7372130 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are severe malformations of the central nervous system that affect 1–2 individuals per 2,000 births. Their etiology is complex and involves both genetic and environmental factors. Our recent discovery that simultaneous removal of Cldn3, -4, and -8 from tight junctions results in cranial and spinal NTDs in both chick and mouse embryos suggests that claudins play a conserved role in neural tube closure in vertebrates. To determine if claudins were associated with NTDs in humans, we used a Fluidigm next generation sequencing approach to identify genetic variants in CLDN loci in 152 patients with spinal NTDs. We identified eleven rare and four novel missense mutations in ten CLDN genes. In vivo validation of variant pathogenicity using a chick embryo model system revealed that overexpression of four variants caused a significant increase in NTDs: CLDN3 A128T, CLDN8 P216L, CLDN19 I22T, and E209G. Our data implicate rare missense variants in CLDN genes as risk factors for spinal NTDs and suggest a new family of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Baumholtz
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrizia De Marco
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica e Neuroscienze, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- U.O. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Gao J, Li X, Gao L, Chen H, Baras BH, Liu X, Liu H, Rana A, Gao M, Ruan J. Effects of applying amoxicillin in juvenile mice on enamel mineralization and the expression of kallikrein‑related peptidase 4 and tight junction proteins in ameloblasts. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:179-190. [PMID: 32626909 PMCID: PMC7255463 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoxicillin is a common pediatric drug. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of amoxicillin in enamel hypomineralization has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of amoxicillin on enamel mineralization, the morphology of ameloblasts, as well as the expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), and the tight junction proteins, claudin 1 (CLDN1), claudin 4 (CLDN4) and occludin (OCLN), in ameloblasts of juvenile mice. A total of 36 3-day-old Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups. The mice were administered 0, 50 or 100 mg/kg amoxicillin by intragastric administration for 19 days. The surface morphology and calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and carbon contents of mandibular incisors and first molars were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Histological changes in the ameloblasts of mandibular incisors were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The KLK4, CLDN1, CLDN4 and OCLN expression levels of ameloblasts were observed by immunohistochemical staining. The incidence of white patches in the incisor was 100% in the 100 mg/kg amoxicillin-treated groups. A greater number of enamel defects were observed in the incisal/occlusal half of mandibular incisors/molars compared with in the cervical half in the amoxicillin-treated groups. Following phosphoric-acid treatment, the enamel rod and interrod were aligned in a disorderly manner in the amoxicillin-treated groups. Amoxicillin decreased the Ca/P ratio in the enamel of mandibular incisors and molars. More intercellular spaces among maturation ameloblasts were observed in the amoxicillin-treated groups. Amoxicillin decreased KLK4 and CLDN1, CLDN4 and OCLN expression in mature ameloblasts. The administration of amoxicillin in juvenile mice induced enamel hypomineralization, and the effects of amoxicillin on enamel hypomineralization may be mediated via multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xinmei Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Liping Gao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Bashayer H Baras
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ayesha Rana
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Meili Gao
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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15
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Developing a link between toxicants, claudins and neural tube defects. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Hajal C, Campisi M, Mattu C, Chiono V, Kamm RD. In vitro models of molecular and nano-particle transport across the blood-brain barrier. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042213. [PMID: 29887937 PMCID: PMC5980570 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the tightest endothelial barrier in humans. Characterized by the presence of tight endothelial junctions and adherens junctions, the primary function of the BBB is to maintain brain homeostasis through the control of solute transit across the barrier. The specific features of this barrier make for unique modes of transport of solutes, nanoparticles, and cells across the BBB. Understanding the different routes of traffic adopted by each of these is therefore critical in the development of targeted therapies. In an attempt to move towards controlled experimental assays, multiple groups are now opting for the use of microfluidic systems. A comprehensive understanding of bio-transport processes across the BBB in microfluidic devices is therefore necessary to develop targeted and efficient therapies for a host of diseases ranging from neurological disorders to the spread of metastases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, MIT Building, Room NE47-321, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Clara Mattu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Giménez-Mascarell P, Schirrmacher CE, Martínez-Cruz LA, Müller D. Novel Aspects of Renal Magnesium Homeostasis. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:77. [PMID: 29686978 PMCID: PMC5900390 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is indispensable for several vital functions, such as neurotransmission, cardiac conductance, blood glucose, blood pressure regulation, and proper function of more than 300 enzymes. Thus, Mg2+ homeostasis is subject to tight regulation. Besides the fast and immediate regulation of plasma Mg2+, a major part of Mg2+ homeostasis is realized by a concerted action of epithelial molecular structures that tightly control intestinal uptake and renal absorption. This mechanism is provided by a combination of para- and transcellular pathways. Whereas the first pathway provides the organism with a maximal amount of vital substances by a minimal energy expenditure, the latter enables controlling and fine-tuning by means of local and regional regulatory systems and also, hormonal control. The paracellular pathway is driven by an electrochemical gradient and realized in principal by the tight junction (TJ), a supramolecular organization of membrane-bound proteins and their adaptor and scaffolding proteins. TJ determinants are claudins (CLDN), a family of membrane spanning proteins that generate a barrier or a pore between two adjacent epithelial cells. Many insights into molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ handling have been achieved by the identification of alterations and mutations in human genes which cause disorders of paracellular Mg2+ pathways (CLDN10, CLDN14, CLDN16, CLDN19). Also, in the distal convoluted tubule, a basolateral protein, CNNM2, causes if mutated, familial dominant and also recessive renal Mg2+ wasting, albeit its true function has not been clarified yet, but is assumed to play a key role in the transcellular pathway. Moreover, mutations in human genes that are involved in regulating these proteins directly or indirectly cause, if mutated human diseases, mostly in combination with comorbidities as diabetes, cystic renal disease, or metabolic abnormalities. Generation and characterization of animal models harboring the corresponding mutations have further contributed to the elucidation of physiology and pathophysiology of Mg2+ disorders. Finally, high-end crystallization techniques allow understanding of Mg2+ handling in more detail. As this field is rapidly growing, we describe here the principles of physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial transport of renal Mg2+ homeostasis with emphasis on recently identified mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Else Schirrmacher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Müller
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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