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Mitchell SJ. Decompression illness: a comprehensive overview. Diving Hyperb Med 2024; 54:1-53. [PMID: 38537300 PMCID: PMC11098596 DOI: 10.28920/dhm54.1.suppl.1-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Decompression illness is a collective term for two maladies (decompression sickness [DCS] and arterial gas embolism [AGE]) that may arise during or after surfacing from compressed gas diving. Bubbles are the presumed primary vector of injury in both disorders, but the respective sources of bubbles are distinct. In DCS bubbles form primarily from inert gas that becomes dissolved in tissues over the course of a compressed gas dive. During and after ascent ('decompression'), if the pressure of this dissolved gas exceeds ambient pressure small bubbles may form in the extravascular space or in tissue blood vessels, thereafter passing into the venous circulation. In AGE, if compressed gas is trapped in the lungs during ascent, pulmonary barotrauma may introduce bubbles directly into the pulmonary veins and thence to the systemic arterial circulation. In both settings, bubbles may provoke ischaemic, inflammatory, and mechanical injury to tissues and their associated microcirculation. While AGE typically presents with stroke-like manifestations referrable to cerebral involvement, DCS can affect many organs including the brain, spinal cord, inner ear, musculoskeletal tissue, cardiopulmonary system and skin, and potential symptoms are protean in both nature and severity. This comprehensive overview addresses the pathophysiology, manifestations, prevention and treatment of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Mitchell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Slark Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Corresponding address: Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, ORCiD: 0000-0002-5149-6371,
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Ibrahim BMM, Elbaset MA, Abou Baker DH, Zikri EN, El Gengaihi S, Abdel Salam M. A pharmacological and toxicological biochemical study of cardiovascular regulatory effects of hibiscus, corn silk, marjoram, and chamomile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22659. [PMID: 38226236 PMCID: PMC10788201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most typical causes of morbidity and mortality. The present study investigated the possible antihypertensive cardiovascular effects of an herbal mixture extract of Hibiscus, Corn silk, Marjoram, and Chamomile. HPLC analysis of the water extract prepared from the aerial parts of four plants and their mixture was done to detect the most predominant compounds. A safety study was done prior to the efficacy study to determine the dose and ensure the extract's safety in female rats. Hypertension was induced in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized rats by oral administration of 50 mg/kg of LName for 30 days; the hypertensive rats were classified into non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized untreated groups, treated groups with high and low doses of the mixture(150,300 mg/kg) given to ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized hypertensive groups and a standard group treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The untreated group showed significant elevation of blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, angiotensin-converting enzyme, C-reactive protein, and significantly lowered reduced glutathione, high-density lipoprotein, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Treatment significantly counteracted the effects of L Name. The mixture provides a promising natural cardiovascular regulating supplement owing to its high contents of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant MM. Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Marawan A. Elbaset
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Doha H. Abou Baker
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, PO: 12622
| | - Emad N. Zikri
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Souad El Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, PO: 12622
| | - Mouchira Abdel Salam
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
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Loddé B, Giroux-Metges MA, Galinat H, Kerspern H, Pougnet R, Saliou P, Guerrero F, Lafère P. Does Decreased Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide Constitute a Risk of Decompression Sickness in Occupational Divers? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6516. [PMID: 37569056 PMCID: PMC10418885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term alterations of pulmonary function (mainly decreased airway conductance and capacity of the lungs to diffuse carbon monoxide (DLCO)) have been described after hyperbaric exposures. However, whether these alterations convey a higher risk for divers' safety has never been investigated before. The purpose of the present pilot study was to assess whether decreased DLCO is associated with modifications of the physiological response to diving. In this case-control observational study, 15 "fit-to-dive" occupational divers were split into two groups according to their DLCO measurements compared to references values, either normal (control) or reduced (DLCO group). After a standardized 20 m/40 min dive in a sea water pool, the peak-flow, vascular gas emboli (VGE) grade, micro-circulatory reactivity, inflammatory biomarkers, thrombotic factors, and plasmatic aldosterone concentration were assessed at different times post-dive. Although VGE were recorded in all divers, no cases of decompression sickness (DCS) occurred. Compared to the control, the latency to VGE peak was increased in the DLCO group (60 vs. 30 min) along with a higher maximal VGE grade (p < 0.0001). P-selectin was higher in the DLCO group, both pre- and post-dive. The plasmatic aldosterone concentration was significantly decreased in the control group (-30.4 ± 24.6%) but not in the DLCO group. Apart from a state of hypocoagulability in all divers, other measured parameters remained unchanged. Our results suggest that divers with decreased DLCO might have a higher risk of DCS. Further studies are required to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Loddé
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Occupational Diseases Center, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Giroux-Metges
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Respiratory Functional Exploration Unit, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Hubert Galinat
- Department of Biological Hematology, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Hèlène Kerspern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaco-Toxicology, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Richard Pougnet
- Occupational Diseases Center, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Philippe Saliou
- ISERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Infection Control Unit, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
| | - François Guerrero
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
| | - Pierre Lafère
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Environmental, Occupational, Ageing (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, HE2B, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Department, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
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Fan JF, Wang YK, Liu M, Liu GS, Min TJ, Chen RY, He Y. Effect of angiotensin II on irradiation exacerbated decompression sickness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11659. [PMID: 37468556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In some complicated situations, decompression sickness (DCS) combined with other injuries, such as irradiation, will seriously endanger life safety. However, it is still unclear whether irradiation will increase the incidence of DCS. This study was designed to investigate the damage effects of irradiation on decompression injury and the underlying mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to irradiation followed by hyperbaric decompressing and the mortality and decompression symptoms were observed. Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected to detect the lung lesion, inflammation response, activity of the angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and relative signal pathway by multiple methods, including Q-PCR, western blot, and ELISA. As a result, pre-exposure to radiation significantly exacerbated disease outcomes and lung lesions of DCS. Mechanically, the up-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme expression and angiotensin II levels was responsible for the exacerbated DCS and lung lesions caused by predisposing irradiation exposure. Oxidative stress and PI3K/AKT signal pathway activation in pulmonary tissue were enhanced after irradiation plus decompression treatment. In conclusion, our results suggested that irradiation could exacerbate lung injury and the outcomes of DCS by activating the angiotensin system, which included eliciting oxidative stress and activation of the PI3K/AKT signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Fu Fan
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Kai Wang
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Sheng Liu
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Min
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Yong Chen
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying He
- Naval Medical Center of PLA, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.
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Zhang K, Zhang H, Yi H, Huang G, Zhao X, Yu S, Xu W. The protective effects of 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester on decompression sickness in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:435-441. [PMID: 34166120 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00035.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inert gas bubbles are widely accepted as the causative factor of decompression sickness (DCS), resulting in gas embolism and systemic inflammatory responses. The anticonvulsive ketone ester 1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester (BD-AcAc2) was reported to have the characteristics of increasing blood oxygen partial pressure (ppO2) and anti-inflammation and was thought to have the potential to reduce bubble formation and alleviate the pathological process of DCS. This study aims to investigate the potential protection of BD-AcAc2 against DCS in a rat model. A single dose of BD-AcAc2 was administered orally to adult male rats (5 g/kg body wt), followed by pharmacokinetic analysis or simulated air dives. After decompression, signs of DCS were monitored, and blood was sampled for biochemical measurements. Blood ketosis peaked at 2 h and lasted for more than 4 h. The incidence of DCS was decreased and postponed significantly in rats treated with BD-AcAc2 compared with those treated with saline (P < 0.05). Although BD-AcAc2 failed to reduce bubble load (P > 0.05), it showed an obvious decreasing trend. BD-AcAc2 significantly increased blood ppO2 and ameliorated oxidative and inflammatory responses, represented by increased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α and decreased glutathione thiol (P < 0.05) levels, whereas blood pH remained unchanged (P > 0.05). These results suggest that BD-AcAc2 exerted beneficial effects on DCS rats mainly related to increasing ppO2 and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Together with its capacity for delaying central nervous system (CNS) oxygen toxicity seizures, BD-AcAc2 might be an ideal drug candidate for DCS prevention and treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study exploring the effects of BD-AcAc2 on DCS prevention, and it was proven to be an efficient and simple method. The role of BD-AcAc2 in increasing ppO2, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties was thought to be the critical mechanism in DCS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Special Medicine Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yi
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The First Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyang Huang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Special Medicine Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xupeng Zhao
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Special Medicine Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichong Yu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weigang Xu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Special Medicine Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Mayer D, Guerrero F, Goanvec C, Hetzel L, Linders J, Ljubkovic M, Kreczy A, Mayer C, Kirsch M, Ferenz KB. Prevention of Decompression Sickness by Novel Artificial Oxygen Carriers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2127-2135. [PMID: 32251255 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
For three decades, studies have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of perfluorocarbon (PFC) in reducing the onset of decompression trauma. However, none of these emulsion-based preparations are accepted for therapeutic use in the western world, mainly because of severe side effects and a long organ retention time. A new development to guarantee a stable dispersion without these disadvantages is the encapsulation of PFC in nanocapsules with an albumin shell. PURPOSE Newly designed albumin-derived perfluorocarbon-based artificial oxygen carriers (A-AOC) are used in a rodent in vivo model as a preventive therapy for decompression sickness (DCS). METHODS Thirty-seven rats were treated with A-AOC (n = 12), albumin nanocapsules filled with neutral oil (A-O-N, n = 12), or 5% human serum albumin solution (A-0-0, n = 13) before a simulated dive. Eleven rats, injected with A-AOC, stayed at normal pressure (A-AOC surface). Clinical, laboratory, and histological evaluations were performed. RESULTS The occurrence of DCS depended on the treatment group. A-AOC significantly reduced DCS appearance and mortality. Furthermore, a significant improvement of survival time was found (A-AOC compared with A-0-0). Histological assessment of A-AOC-dive compared with A-0-0-dive animals revealed significantly higher accumulation of macrophages, but less blood congestion in the spleen and significantly less hepatic circulatory disturbance, vacuolization, and cell damage. Compared with nondiving controls, lactate and myoglobin showed a significant increase in the A-0-0- but not in the A-AOC-dive group. CONCLUSION Intravenous application of A-AOC was well tolerated and effective in reducing the occurrence of DCS, and animals showed significantly higher survival rates and less symptoms compared with the albumin group (A-0-0). Analysis of histological results and fast reacting plasma parameters confirmed the preventive properties of A-AOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Hetzel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Essen, GERMANY
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Essen, GERMANY
| | - Marko Ljubkovic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Medical School University of Split, Split, CROATIA
| | - Alfons Kreczy
- Department of Pathology, REGIOMED Klinikum Coburg, Coburg, GERMANY
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Essen, GERMANY
| | - Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, GERMANY
| | - Katja Bettina Ferenz
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Essen, GERMANY
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Use of mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles to improve bioactivity and hemocompatibility of streptokinase: In-vitro and in-vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111427. [PMID: 33255024 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptokinase, a clot-dissolving agent, is widely used in treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as blood clots and deep thrombosis. Streptokinase is a cost-effective drug with a short biological half-life (i.e. 15 to 30 min). In addition, due to its prokaryotic source, the immune response quickly reacts to the drug. Despite these limitations, streptokinase is still the first choice for diseases associated with thrombosis. In this work, streptokinase was encapsulated in mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. The nanoparticles containing the enzyme were prepared by coaxial electrospray and their physicochemical properties, blood compatibility, circulation time and cell toxicity were evaluated. The results showed that the use of mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles to encapsulate the enzyme resulted in prolonged circulation time (up to 120 min) with a slight decrease in its activity. In vivo studies also showed that the nanoparticles containing streptokinase did not have adverse effect on blood biochemistry parameters as well as liver and kidney tissues. As a result, the mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles showed the potential for increasing the biological activity of streptokinase with no important adverse effect.
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Tang SE, Liao WI, Wu SY, Pao HP, Huang KL, Chu SJ. The Blockade of Store-Operated Calcium Channels Improves Decompression Sickness in Rats. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1616. [PMID: 32082179 PMCID: PMC7005134 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous investigations reveal that BTP2, a store-operated calcium channel blocker, has protective and anti-inflammatory properties in multiple inflammatory diseases. This study investigates whether BTP2 can protect against decompression sickness (DCS) in a rat model. Methods BTP2 (2 mg/kg) was administered to male Sprague–Dawley rats 30 min before subjecting them to hyperbaric pressure. Control rats were not treated. After decompression, signs of DCS were examined, and samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were obtained for evaluation. Results The incidence and mortality of DCS were decreased significantly in rats treated with BTP2 compared to those treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. BTP2 significantly attenuated DCS-induced lung edema, histological evidence of lung inflammation, necroptosis, and apoptosis, while it decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, BTP2 reduced the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells and early growth response protein 3 in lung tissue. BTP2 also significantly increased the levels of inhibitor kappa B alpha and suppressed the levels of nuclear factor kappa B in lung tissue. Conclusion The results suggest that BTP2 may has potential as a prophylactic therapy to attenuate DCS-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-En Tang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-I Liao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Pao
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Jye Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Desruelle AV, Louge P, Richard S, Blatteau JE, Gaillard S, De Maistre S, David H, Risso JJ, Vallée N. Demonstration by Infra-Red Imaging of a Temperature Control Defect in a Decompression Sickness Model Testing Minocycline. Front Physiol 2019; 10:933. [PMID: 31396102 PMCID: PMC6668502 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention, prognosis and resolution of decompression sickness (DCS) are not satisfactory. The etiology of DCS has highlighted thrombotic and inflammatory phenomena that could cause severe neurological disorders or even death. Given the immunomodulatory effects described for minocycline, an antibiotic in widespread use, we have decided to explore its effects in an experimental model for decompression sickness. 40 control mice (Ctrl) and 40 mice treated orally with 90 mg/kg of minocycline (MINO) were subjected to a protocol in a hyperbaric chamber, compressed with air. The purpose was to mimic a scuba dive to a depth of 90 msw and its pathogenic decompression phase. Clinical examinations and blood counts were conducted after the return to the surface. For the first time they were completed by a simple infrared (IR) imaging technique in order to assess feasibility and its clinical advantage in differentiating the sick mice (DCS) from the healthy mice (NoDCS). In this tudy, exposure to the hyperbaric protocol provoked a reduction in the number of circulating leukocytes. DCS in mice, manifesting itself by paralysis or convulsion for example, is also associated with a fall in platelets count. Cold areas ( < 25°C) were detected by IR in the hind paws and tail with significant differences (p < 0.05) between DCS and NoDCS. Severe hypothermia was also shown in the DCS mice. The ROC analysis of the thermograms has made it possible to determine that an average tail temperature below 27.5°C allows us to consider the animals to be suffering from DCS (OR = 8; AUC = 0.754, p = 0.0018). Minocycline modulates blood analysis and it seems to limit the mobilization of monocytes and granulocytes after the provocative dive. While a higher proportion of mice treated with minocycline experienced DCS symptoms, there is no significant difference. The infrared imaging has made it possible to show severe hypothermia. It suggests an modification of thermregulation in DCS animals. Surveillance by infrared camera is fast and it can aid the prognosis in the case of decompression sickness in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Virginie Desruelle
- Unité Environnements Extrêmes, Département Environnement Opérationnel, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe Résidante de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon, France
| | - Pierre Louge
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare et Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées, Toulon, France
| | | | - Jean-Eric Blatteau
- Unité Environnements Extrêmes, Département Environnement Opérationnel, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe Résidante de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon, France.,Service de Médecine Hyperbare et Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées, Toulon, France
| | | | - Sébastien De Maistre
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare et Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées, Toulon, France
| | - Hélène David
- Apricot Inhalotherapeutics, Saint-Laurent-de-l'Île-d'Orléans, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Risso
- Unité Environnements Extrêmes, Département Environnement Opérationnel, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe Résidante de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Vallée
- Unité Environnements Extrêmes, Département Environnement Opérationnel, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe Résidante de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon, France
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