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Kelly MK, Bowe SJ, Jardine WT, Condo D, Guy JH, Snow RJ, Carr AJ. Heat Adaptation for Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Physiological Adaptations and Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports Med 2023; 53:1395-1421. [PMID: 37222863 PMCID: PMC10289939 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat adaptation regimes are used to prepare athletes for exercise in hot conditions to limit a decrement in exercise performance. However, the heat adaptation literature mostly focuses on males, and consequently, current heat adaptation guidelines may not be optimal for females when accounting for the biological and phenotypical differences between sexes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine: (1) the effects of heat adaptation on physiological adaptations in females; (2) the impact of heat adaptation on performance test outcomes in the heat; and (3) the impact of various moderators, including duration (minutes and/or days), total heat dose (°C.min), exercise intensity (kcal.min-1), total energy expended (kcal), frequency of heat exposures and training status on the physiological adaptations in the heat. METHODS SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE Complete and Embase databases were searched to December 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses for resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, plasma volume and performance tests in the heat were completed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. Sub-group meta-analyses were performed to explore the effect of duration, total heat dose, exercise intensity, total energy expended, frequency of heat exposure and training status on resting and exercise core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate and sweat rate. An explorative meta-regression was conducted to determine the effects of physiological adaptations on performance test outcomes in the heat following heat adaptation. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in the systematic review; 22 studies were meta-analysed. After heat adaptation, a reduction in resting core temperature (effect size [ES] = - 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.69, - 0.22; p < 0.001), exercise core temperature (ES = - 0.81; 95% CI - 1.01, - 0.60; p < 0.001), skin temperature (ES = - 0.64; 95% CI - 0.79, - 0.48; p < 0.001), heart rate (ES = - 0.60; 95% CI - 0.74, - 0.45; p < 0.001) and an increase in sweat rate (ES = 0.53; 95% CI 0.21, 0.85; p = 0.001) were identified in females. There was no change in plasma volume (ES = - 0.03; 95% CI - 0.31, 0.25; p = 0.835), whilst performance test outcomes were improved following heat adaptation (ES = 1.00; 95% CI 0.56, 1.45; p < 0.001). Across all moderators, physiological adaptations were more consistently observed following durations of 451-900 min and/or 8-14 days, exercise intensity ≥ 3.5 kcal.min-1, total energy expended ≥ 3038 kcal, consecutive (daily) frequency and total heat dose ≥ 23,000 °C.min. The magnitude of change in performance test outcomes in the heat was associated with a reduction in heart rate following heat adaptation (standardised mean difference = - 10 beats.min-1; 95% CI - 19, - 1; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Heat adaptation regimes induce physiological adaptations beneficial to thermoregulation and performance test outcomes in the heat in females. Sport coaches and applied sport practitioners can utilise the framework developed in this review to design and implement heat adaptation strategies for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Faculty and School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Joshua H Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Zouhal H, Rhibi F, Salhi A, Jayavel A, Hackney AC, Saeidi A, Govindasamy K, Tourny-Chollet C, Clark CCT, Abderrahman AB. The Effects of Exercise Training on Plasma Volume Variations: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med 2023. [PMID: 34638157 DOI: 10.1055/a-1667-6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence on the acute and long-term effects of exercise training on PV, in both trained and untrained individuals and to examine associations between changes in %PVV and change in physical/physiological performance. Despite the status of participants and the exercise duration or intensity, all the acute studies reported a significant decrease of PV (effect size: 0.85<d<3.45, very large), and ranged between 7 and 19.9%. In untrained individuals, most of studies reported a significant increase of PV in response to different kind of training including endurance training and high intensity interval training (effect size: 0.19<d<3.52, small to very large), and ranged from 6.6 to 16%. However, in trained individuals the results are equivocal. We showed that acute exercise appears to induce a significant decrease of PV in both healthy untrained and trained individuals in response to several exercise modalities. Moreover, there is evidence that long-term exercise training induced a significant increase of PV in healthy untrained individuals. However, it seems that there is no consensus concerning the effect of long-term exercise training on PV in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- University of Rennes 2, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- University of Rennes 2, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France.,HP2 laboratory, INSERM U1042, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amal Salhi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Ayyappan Jayavel
- SRM College of Physiotherapy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Kancheepuram (DT), Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Departments of Exercise & Sport Science and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United-Kingdom
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Alkemade P, Daanen HAM, Janssen TWJ, Broad E, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Ibusuki T, Kneepkens H, Périard JD, Eijsvogels TMH. Heat preparedness and exertional heat illness in Paralympic athletes: A Tokyo 2020 survey. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 10:264-275. [PMID: 37332304 PMCID: PMC10274519 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2147364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralympic athletes may be at increased risk for exertional heat illness (EHI) due to reduced thermoregulatory ability as a consequence of their impairment. This study investigated the occurrence of heat-stress related symptoms and EHI, and the use of heat mitigation strategies in Paralympic athletes, both in relation to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games and previous events. Paralympic athletes competing in Tokyo 2020 were invited to complete an online survey five weeks prior to the Paralympics and up to eight weeks after the Games. 107 athletes (30 [24-38] years, 52% female, 20 nationalities, 21 sports) completed the survey. 57% of respondents had previously experienced heat-stress related symptoms, while 9% had been medically diagnosed with EHI. In Tokyo, 21% experienced at least one heat-stress related symptom, while none reported an EHI. The most common symptom and EHI were, respectively, dizziness and dehydration. In preparation for Tokyo, 58% of respondents used a heat acclimation strategy, most commonly heat acclimatization, which was more than in preparation for previous events (45%; P = 0.007). Cooling strategies were used by 77% of athletes in Tokyo, compared to 66% during past events (P = 0.18). Cold towels and packs were used most commonly. Respondents reported no medically-diagnosed EHIs during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, despite the hot and humid conditions in the first seven days of competition. Heat acclimation and cooling strategies were used by the majority of athletes, with heat acclimation being adopted more often than for previous competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck Alkemade
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein A. M. Daanen
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. J. Janssen
- Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LeicestershireLE11 3TU, UK
| | - Tatsuru Ibusuki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akeno Central Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiske Kneepkens
- Sport Medisch Centrum Papendal, NOC*NSF, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Julien D. Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, New south wales, Australia
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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De Sousa-De Sousa L, Espinosa HG, Maté-Muñoz JL, Lozano-Estevan MDC, Cerrolaza-Tudanca S, Rozalén-Bustín M, Fernández-Carnero S, García-Fernández P. Effects of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer on Sports Performance in Paralympic Swimmers: A Stopped Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14620. [PMID: 36361500 PMCID: PMC9656992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Throughout history a variety of therapeutic tools have been studied as possible enhancers of sports activities. This study proposes the use of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer (CRET) as a performance booster to paralympic athletes, specifically those belonging to the Spanish Paralympic swimming committee. The study was a randomized, single-blind, and observer-blind, crossover clinical trial. Six athletes were randomly assigned to three groups: one treated with CRET (A); a placebo group (B) and a control group (C). The CRET group attended a twenty-minute session before being subjected to pool trials at distances of 50 and 100 m at maximum performance. Measurements were in two dimensions: time in seconds and the Borg scale for perceived exertion. Comparisons between groups were made with respect to distance and the main variables. In the case of perceived exertion, no significant changes were observed in any of the distances; however, in the case of the time variable, a significant difference was observed between Group A vs. Personal Record at 100 m distance (76.3 ± 6.8 vs. 68.4 ± 3.3). The proposed protocol and level of hyperthermia applied suggest refusal of CRET use for the 100-m distance a few minutes before sports practice. Our analysis suggests the need to modify the presented protocol. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier under NCT number: NCT04336007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis De Sousa-De Sousa
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo G. Espinosa
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jose Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sara Cerrolaza-Tudanca
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rozalén-Bustín
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Alfonso X University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Fernández-Carnero
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Alcalá University, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Fenemor S, Driller MW, Gill N, Mills B, Casadio J, Beaven CM. Practical application of a mixed active and passive heat acclimation protocol in elite male Olympic team sport athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:981-991. [PMID: 35793560 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate effectiveness and retention of heat acclimation (HA) integrated within an elite rugby sevens team training program, 12 elite male rugby sevens athletes undertook 10-days of mixed active/passive HA across two-weeks of normal training. Physiological and performance variables were assessed using a sport specific, repeated high-intensity heat-response test Pre-HA; after five days (Mid-HA); after 10 days (Post-HA); and 16-days post-HA (Decay). Resting, submaximal, and end-exercise core temperature were lower at Mid-HA (≤ -0.26 °C; d ≥-0.47), Post-HA (≤ -0.30 °C; d ≥-0.72), and Decay (≤ -0.29 °C; d ≥-0.56), compared to Pre-HA. Sweat rate was greater Post-HA compared to Pre-HA (0.3 ± 0.3 L·hr-1; d =0.63). Submaximal HR was lower at Mid (-9 ±4 bpm; d =-0.68) and Post-HA (-11 ± 4 bpm; d =-0.90) compared to Pre-HA. Mean and peak 6-s power output improved Mid-HA (83 ± 52 W; 112 ± 67 W; d ≥0.47) and Post-HA (125 ± 62 W; 172 ± 85 W; d ≥0.72) compared to Pre-HA. Improvements in HR and performance persisted at Decay (d ≥0.66). The initial five days of mixed-methods HA elicited many typical HA adaptations, with an additional five days eliciting further thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and performance improvements. Adaptations were well-retained after 16-days of normal training, without any further heat stimulus. The trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12622000732785).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fenemor
- University of Waikato, 3717, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, Waikato, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, 540744, Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Matthew W Driller
- La Trobe University School of Allied Health Human Services and Sport, 110570, Sport and Exercise Science, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Nicholas Gill
- University of Waikato, 3717, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, Waikato, New Zealand.,New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand;
| | - Blair Mills
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand;
| | - Julia Casadio
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, 540744, Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Christopher Martyn Beaven
- University of Waikato, 3717, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, Tauranga, Waikato, New Zealand;
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Gee CM, Lacroix MA, Stellingwerff T, Gavel EH, Logan-Sprenger HM, West CR. Physiological Considerations to Support Podium Performance in Para-Athletes. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:732342. [PMID: 36188768 PMCID: PMC9397986 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.732342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The twenty-first century has seen an increase in para-sport participation and the number of research publications on para-sport and the para-athlete. Unfortunately, the majority of publications are case reports/case series or study single impairment types in isolation. Indeed, an overview of how each International Paralympic Committee classifiable impairment type impact athlete physiology, health, and performance has not been forthcoming in the literature. This can make it challenging for practitioners to appropriately support para-athletes and implement evidence-based research in their daily practice. Moreover, the lack of a cohesive publication that reviews all classifiable impairment types through a physiological lens can make it challenging for researchers new to the field to gain an understanding of unique physiological challenges facing para-athletes and to appreciate the nuances of how various impairment types differentially impact para-athlete physiology. As such, the purpose of this review is to (1) summarize how International Paralympic Committee classifiable impairments alter the normal physiological responses to exercise; (2) provide an overview of "quick win" physiological interventions targeted toward specific para-athlete populations; (3) discuss unique practical considerations for the para-sport practitioner; (4) discuss research gaps and highlight areas for future research and innovation, and (5) provide suggestions for knowledge translation and knowledge sharing strategies to advance the field of para-sport research and its application by para-sport practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Erica H. Gavel
- Canadian Sport Institute-Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M. Logan-Sprenger
- Canadian Sport Institute-Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Health Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher R. West
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Pokora I, Sadowska-Krępa E, Wolowski Ł, Wyderka P, Michnik A, Drzazga Z. The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6906. [PMID: 34199101 PMCID: PMC8297353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Pokora
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Department of Physiological-Medical Sciences, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Wolowski
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Piotr Wyderka
- Doctoral Studies, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (Ł.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Anna Michnik
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
| | - Zofia Drzazga
- The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; (A.M.); (Z.D.)
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Postexercise Hot-Water Immersion Does Not Further Enhance Heat Adaptation or Performance in Endurance Athletes Training in a Hot Environment. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:480-488. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Hot-water immersion (HWI) after training in temperate conditions has been shown to induce thermophysiological adaptations and improve endurance performance in the heat; however, the potential additive effects of HWI and training in hot outdoor conditions remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of repeated postexercise HWI in athletes training in a hot environment. Methods: A total of 13 (9 female) elite/preelite racewalkers completed a 15-day training program in outdoor heat (mean afternoon high temperature = 34.6°C). Athletes were divided into 2 matched groups that completed either HWI (40°C for 30–40 min) or seated rest in 21°C (CON), following 8 training sessions. Pre–post testing included a 30-minute fixed-intensity walk in heat, laboratory incremental walk to exhaustion, and 10,000-m outdoor time trial. Results: Training frequency and volume were similar between groups (P = .54). Core temperature was significantly higher during immersion in HWI (38.5 [0.3]) than CON (37.8°C [0.2°C]; P < .001). There were no differences between groups in resting or exercise rectal temperature or heart rate, skin temperature, sweat rate, or the speed at lactate threshold 2, maximal O2 uptake, or 10,000-m performance (P > .05). There were significant (P < .05) pre–post differences for both groups in submaximal exercising heart rate (∼11 beats·min−1), sweat rate (0.34–0.55 L·h−1) and thermal comfort (1.2–1.5 arbitrary units), and 10,000-m racewalking performance time (∼3 min). Conclusions: Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in markers of heat adaptation and performance; however, the addition of HWI did not provide further enhancements. Improvements in adaptation appeared to be maximized by the training program in hot conditions.
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Taylor NAS, Notley SR, Lindinger MI. Heat adaptation in humans: the significance of controlled and regulated variables for experimental design and interpretation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2583-2595. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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