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Cheang I, Zhu X, Lu X, Shi S, Yue X, Tang Y, Gao Y, Liao S, Yao W, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Li X. Correlation of ventricle epicardial fat volume and triglyceride-glucose index in patients with chronic heart failure. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2024; 40:789-799. [PMID: 38212592 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-024-03048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
To explore the association of ventricle epicardial fat volume (EFV) calculated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and the insulin resistance indicator of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in patients with chronic HF (CHF), this retrospective cohort study included adult CHF patients with confirmed diagnosis of heart failure from January 2018 to December 2020. All patients underwent 3.0T CMR, and EFV were measured under short-axis cine. Spearman correlation, multivariate linear regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were used to analyze their association. There were 516 patients with CHF, of whom 69.8% were male. Median EFV was 57.14mL and mean TyG index was 8.48. Spearman correlation analysis showed that TyG index was significantly correlated with the EFV in CHF patients (r = 0.247, P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that TyG index levels were significantly associated with EFV as both continuous variables (Unstandardized β = 6.556, P < 0.001) and across the increasing quartiles (β = 7.50, 95% CI [1.41, 13.59], P < 0.05). RCS demonstrated there were a positive trend and linear association between EFV and TyG index in CHF patients (P for nonliearity = 0.941). In patients with CHF, the TyG index was positively and linearly associated with the EFV, which supports the metabolic roles of epicardial adipose tissue regarding insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iokfai Cheang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shi Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xin Yue
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yujie Gao
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wenming Yao
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Yinsu Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Xinli Li
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Krauz K, Kempiński M, Jańczak P, Momot K, Zarębiński M, Poprawa I, Wojciechowska M. The Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Acute Coronary Syndromes, Post-Infarct Remodeling and Cardiac Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3583. [PMID: 38612394 PMCID: PMC11011833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a fat deposit surrounding the heart and located under the visceral layer of the pericardium. Due to its unique features, the contribution of EAT to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders is extensively studied. Especially, EAT can be associated with the onset and development of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and post-infarct heart failure which all are significant problems for public health. In this article, we focus on the mechanisms of how EAT impacts acute coronary syndromes. Particular emphasis was placed on the role of inflammation and adipokines secreted by EAT. Moreover, we present how EAT affects the remodeling of the heart following myocardial infarction. We further review the role of EAT as a source of stem cells for cardiac regeneration. In addition, we describe the imaging assessment of EAT, its prognostic value, and its correlation with the clinical characteristics of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Krauz
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (P.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Marcel Kempiński
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (P.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Paweł Jańczak
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (P.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Karol Momot
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (P.J.); (K.M.)
| | - Maciej Zarębiński
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Independent Public Specialist Western Hospital John Paul II, Lazarski University, Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland; (M.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Independent Public Specialist Western Hospital John Paul II, Lazarski University, Daleka 11, 05-825 Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland; (M.Z.); (I.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Wojciechowska
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.K.); (P.J.); (K.M.)
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Gavara J, Merenciano-Gonzalez H, Llopis-Lorente J, Molina-Garcia T, Perez-Solé N, de Dios E, Marcos-Garces V, Monmeneu JV, Lopez-Lereu MP, Canoves J, Bonanad C, Moratal D, Núñez J, Bayés-Genis A, Sanchis J, Chorro FJ, Rios-Navarro C, Bodí V. Impact of Epicardial Adipose Tissue on Infarct Size and Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients with Anterior ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:368. [PMID: 38396407 PMCID: PMC10888463 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the correlation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) with infarct size (IS) and residual systolic function in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We enrolled patients discharged for a first anterior reperfused STEMI submitted to undergo CMR. EAT, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), and IS were quantified at the 1-week (n = 221) and at 6-month CMR (n = 167). At 1-week CMR, mean EAT was 31 ± 13 mL/m2. Patients with high EAT volume (n = 72) showed larger 1-week IS. After adjustment, EAT extent was independently related to 1-week IS. In patients with large IS at 1 week (>30% of LV mass, n = 88), those with high EAT showed more preserved 6-month LVEF. This association persisted after adjustment and in a 1:1 propensity score-matched patient subset. Overall, EAT decreased at 6 months. In patients with large IS, a greater reduction of EAT was associated with more preserved 6-month LVEF. In STEMI, a higher presence of EAT was associated with a larger IS. Nevertheless, in patients with large infarctions, high EAT and greater subsequent EAT reduction were linked to more preserved LVEF in the chronic phase. This dual and paradoxical effect of EAT fuels the need for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gavara
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Hector Merenciano-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Jordi Llopis-Lorente
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Tamara Molina-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Nerea Perez-Solé
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Elena de Dios
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Víctor Marcos-Garces
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V. Monmeneu
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, ASCIRES Biomedical Group, 46004 Valencia, Spain; (J.V.M.); (M.P.L.-L.)
| | - Maria P. Lopez-Lereu
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, ASCIRES Biomedical Group, 46004 Valencia, Spain; (J.V.M.); (M.P.L.-L.)
| | - Joaquim Canoves
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Bonanad
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (J.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Julio Núñez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genis
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
- Cardiology Department and Heart Failure Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08193 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchis
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Chorro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cesar Rios-Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Bodí
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (H.M.-G.); (T.M.-G.); (N.P.-S.); (V.M.-G.); (J.C.); (C.B.); (J.N.); (J.S.); (F.J.C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red—Cardiovascular (CIBER-CV), 28022 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.D.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Alvarez-Argote S, Paddock SJ, Flinn MA, Moreno CW, Knas MC, Almeida VA, Buday SL, Bakhshian Nik A, Patterson M, Chen YG, Lin CW, O’Meara CC. IL-13 promotes functional recovery after myocardial infarction via direct signaling to macrophages. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e172702. [PMID: 38051583 PMCID: PMC10906228 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in identifying signaling pathways that promote cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). Prior studies suggest a beneficial role for IL-13 signaling in neonatal heart regeneration; however, the cell types mediating cardiac regeneration and the extent of IL-13 signaling in the adult heart after injury are unknown. We identified an abundant source of IL-13 and the related cytokine, IL-4, in neonatal cardiac type 2 innate lymphoid cells, but this phenomenon declined precipitously in adult hearts. Moreover, IL-13 receptor deletion in macrophages impaired cardiac function and resulted in larger scars early after neonatal MI. By using a combination of recombinant IL-13 administration and cell-specific IL-13 receptor genetic deletion models, we found that IL-13 signaling specifically to macrophages mediated cardiac functional recovery after MI in adult mice. Single transcriptomics revealed a subpopulation of cardiac macrophages in response to IL-13 administration. These IL-13-induced macrophages were highly efferocytotic and were identified by high IL-1R2 expression. Collectively, we elucidated a strongly proreparative role for IL-13 signaling directly to macrophages following cardiac injury. While this pathway is active in proregenerative neonatal stages, reactivation of macrophage IL-13 signaling is required to promote cardiac functional recovery in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sydney L. Buday
- Department of Physiology
- Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
| | | | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Chhor M, Law W, Pavlovic M, Aksentijevic D, McGrath K, McClements L. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers reflective of cardiac remodelling in diabetes mellitus: A scoping review. Diabet Med 2023; 40:e15064. [PMID: 36782075 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the current biomarkers used in the assessment of adverse cardiac remodelling in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and in the diagnosis and prognosis of subsequent cardiovascular disease. We aim to discuss the biomarkers' pathophysiological roles as a reflection of the cardiac remodelling mechanisms in the presence of DM. METHODS We performed the literature search to include studies from 2003 to 2021 using the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane library. Articles that met our inclusion criteria were screened and appraised before being included in this review. The PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews were followed. RESULTS Our literature search identified a total of 43 eligible articles, which were included in this scoping review. We identified 15 different biomarkers, each described by at least two studies, that were used to determine signs of cardiac remodelling in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and people with DM. NT-proBNP was identified as the most frequently employed biomarker in this context; however, we also identified emerging biomarkers including hs-CRP, hs-cTnT, and Galectin-3. CONCLUSION There is a complex relationship between DM and cardiovascular health, where more research is needed. Current biomarkers reflective of adverse cardiac remodelling in DM are often used to diagnose other CVDs, such as NT-proBNP for heart failure. Hence there is a need for identification of specific biomarkers that can detect early signs of cardiac remodelling in the presence of DM. Further research into these biomarkers and mechanisms can deepen our understanding of their role in DM-associated CVD and lead to better preventative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chhor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Law
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Milan Pavlovic
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dunja Aksentijevic
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristine McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lana McClements
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Islas F, Gutiérrez E, Cachofeiro V, Martínez-Martínez E, Marín G, Olmos C, Carrión I, Gil S, Mahía P, Cobos MÁ, de Agustín A, Luaces M. Importance of cardiac imaging assessment of epicardial adipose tissue after a first episode of myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:995367. [PMID: 36451918 PMCID: PMC9702512 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.995367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past years, information about the crosstalk between the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and the cardiovascular system has emerged. Notably, in the context of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), EAT might have a potential role in the pathophysiology of ventricular structural changes and function, and the clinical evolution of patients. This study aims to assess the impact of EAT on morpho-functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) and the outcome of patients after an AMI. METHODS We studied prospectively admitted patients to our hospital with a first episode of AMI. All patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during admission. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed within 24-48 h after PCI, as well as blood samples to assess levels of galectin-3 (Gal-3). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed 5-7 days after PCI. Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 and 5 years after MI. RESULTS Mean age of our cohort (n = 41) was 57.5 ± 10 years, and 38 (93%) were male. Nine patients had normal BMI, 15 had overweight (BMI 25-30), and 17 were obese (BMI > 30). Twenty three patients (56%) had ≥ 4 mm thickness of EAT measured with echo. In these patients, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after AMI was significantly lower, as well as global longitudinal strain. EAT thickness ≥ 4 m patients presented larger infarct size, higher extracellular volume, and higher T1 times than patients with EAT < 4 mm. As for Gal-3, the median was 16.5 ng/mL [12.7-25.2]. At five-year follow-up 5 patients had major cardiac events, and all of them had EAT ≥ 4 mm. CONCLUSIONS Patients with EAT >4 mm have worse LVEF and GLS, larger infarct size and longer T1 values after a MI, and higher levels of Gal-3. EAT >4 mm was an independent predictor of MACE at 5-year follow-up. EAT thickness is a feasible, noninvasive, low-cost parameter that might provide important information regarding the chronic inflammatory process in the myocardium after an infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Islas
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Gutiérrez
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Marín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Olmos
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Carrión
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Gil
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Mahía
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cobos
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto de Agustín
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luaces
- Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdSSC), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Ding T, Ge S. Metabolic regulation of type 2 immune response during tissue repair and regeneration. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1013-1023. [PMID: 35603496 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0422-665r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are mediated by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and associated cell types, including T helper (Th)2 cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and IL-4- and IL-13-activated macrophages. It can suppress type 1-driven autoimmune diseases, promote antihelminth immunity, maintain cellular metabolic homeostasis, and modulate tissue repair pathways following injury. However, when type 2 immune responses become dysregulated, they can be a significant pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic diseases. As such, there is an intense interest in studying the pathways that modulate type 2 immune response so as to identify strategies of targeting and controlling these responses for tissue healing. Herein, we review recent literature on the metabolic regulation of immune cells initiating type 2 immunity and immune cells involved in the effector phase, and talk about how metabolic regulation of immune cell subsets contribute to tissue repair. At last, we discuss whether these findings can provide a novel prospect for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ding
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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Bakhshian Nik A, Alvarez-Argote S, O'Meara CC. Interleukin 4/13 signaling in cardiac regeneration and repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H833-H844. [PMID: 36149768 PMCID: PMC9602781 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00310.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 13 (IL13) are closely related cytokines that have been classically attributed to type II immunity, namely, differentiation of T-helper 2 (TH2) cells and alternative activation of macrophages. Although the role of IL4/13 has been well described in various contexts such as defense against helminth parasites, pathogenesis of allergic disease, and several models of wound healing, relatively little is known about the role of IL4/13 in the heart following injury. Emerging literature has identified various roles for IL4/13 in animal models of cardiac regeneration as well as in the adult mammalian heart following myocardial injury. Notably, although IL4 and IL13 signal to hematopoietic cell types following myocardial infarction (MI) to promote wound healing phenotypes, there is substantial evidence that these cytokines can signal directly to non-hematopoietic cell types in the heart during development, homeostasis, and following injury. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular actions of IL4/13 in the heart is still lacking, but overall evidence to date suggests that activation of these cytokines results in beneficial outcomes with respect to cardiac repair. Here, we aim to comprehensively review the role of IL4 and IL13 and their prospective mechanisms in cardiac regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirala Bakhshian Nik
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Argote
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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9
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Tatu AL, Nadasdy T, Arbune A, Chioncel V, Bobeica C, Niculet E, Iancu AV, Dumitru C, Popa VT, Kluger N, Clatici VG, Vasile CI, Onisor C, Nechifor A. Interrelationship and Sequencing of Interleukins4, 13, 31, and 33 - An Integrated Systematic Review: Dermatological and Multidisciplinary Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5163-5184. [PMID: 36110506 PMCID: PMC9468867 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s374060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interrelations and sequencing of interleukins are complex (inter)actions where each interleukin can stimulate the secretion of its preceding interleukin. In this paper, we attempt to summarize the currently known roles of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and IL-33 from a multi-disciplinary perspective. In order to conduct a comprehensive review of the current literature, a search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpToDate, and Key Elsevier for keywords. The results were compiled from case reports, case series, letters, and literature review papers, and analyzed by a panel of multi-disciplinary specialist physicians for relevance. Based on 173 results, we compiled the following review of interleukin signaling and its clinical significance across a multitude of medical specialties. Interleukins are at the bed rock of a multitude of pathologies across different organ systems and understanding their role will likely lead to novel treatments and better outcomes for our patients. New interleukins are being described, and the role of this inflammatory cascade is still coming to light. We hope this multi-discipline review on the role interleukins play in current pathology assists in this scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Dermatology Department, "Sf. Cuvioasa Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania.,Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania.,Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Thomas Nadasdy
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Municipal Emergency Hospital, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Anca Arbune
- Neurology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Chioncel
- Neurology Department, "Bagdasar-Arseni" Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Bobeica
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Elena Niculet
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania
| | - Alina Viorica Iancu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Caterina Dumitru
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Valentin Tudor Popa
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research (MIC-DIR) [Centrul Integrat Multi disciplinar de Cercetare de Interfata Dermatologica (CIM-CID)], Galați, Romania.,Dermatology Department, Center for the Morphologic Study of the Skin MORPHODERM, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Nicolas Kluger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Apolo Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Claudiu Ionut Vasile
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
| | - Cristian Onisor
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunărea de Jos" University, Galați, Romania
| | - Alexandru Nechifor
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University, Galati, Romania
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10
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Conte M, Petraglia L, Cabaro S, Valerio V, Poggio P, Pilato E, Attena E, Russo V, Ferro A, Formisano P, Leosco D, Parisi V. Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Cardiac Arrhythmias: Focus on Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:932262. [PMID: 35845044 PMCID: PMC9280076 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.932262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia and its prevalence increases with age. AF is strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Among the risk factors associated with AF onset and severity, obesity and inflammation play a prominent role. Numerous recent evidence suggested a role of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), the visceral fat depot of the heart, in the development of AF. Several potential arrhythmogenic mechanisms have been attributed to EAT, including myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and fat infiltration. EAT is a local source of inflammatory mediators which potentially contribute to atrial collagen deposition and fibrosis, the anatomical substrate for AF. Moreover, the close proximity between EAT and myocardium allows the EAT to penetrate and generate atrial myocardium fat infiltrates that can alter atrial electrophysiological properties. These observations support the hypothesis of a strong implication of EAT in structural and electrical atrial remodeling, which underlies AF onset and burden. The measure of EAT, through different imaging methods, such as echocardiography, computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance, has been proposed as a useful prognostic tool to predict the presence, severity and recurrence of AF. Furthermore, EAT is increasingly emerging as a promising potential therapeutic target. This review aims to summarize the recent evidence exploring the potential role of EAT in the pathogenesis of AF, the main mechanisms by which EAT can promote structural and electrical atrial remodeling and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the cardiac visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Casa di Cura San Michele, Maddaloni, Italy
| | - Laura Petraglia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Pilato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Attena
- Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Chair of Cardiology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" - Monaldi and Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Adele Ferro
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Leosco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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D'Esposito V, Ambrosio MR, Liguoro D, Perruolo G, Lecce M, Cabaro S, Aprile M, Marino A, Pilone V, Forestieri P, Miele C, Bruzzese D, Terracciano D, Beguinot F, Formisano P. In severe obesity, subcutaneous adipose tissue cell-derived cytokines are early markers of impaired glucose tolerance and are modulated by quercetin. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1811-1820. [PMID: 33993191 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive adiposity provides an inflammatory environment. However, in people with severe obesity, how systemic and local adipose tissue (AT)-derived cytokines contribute to worsening glucose tolerance is not clear. METHODS Ninty-two severely obese (SO) individuals undergoing bariatric surgery were enrolled and subjected to detailed clinical phenotyping. Following an oral glucose tolerance test, participants were included in three groups, based on the presence of normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Serum and subcutaneous AT (SAT) biopsies were obtained and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated, characterized, and differentiated in adipocytes in vitro. TNFA and PPARG mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. Circulating, adipocyte- and MSC-released cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were assessed by multiplex ELISA. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-9, IL-13, and MIP-1β were increased in SO individuals with T2D, as compared with those with either IGT or NGT. At variance, SAT samples obtained from SO individuals with IGT displayed levels of TNFA which were threefold higher compared to those with NGT, but not different from those with T2D. Elevated levels of TNFα were also found in differentiated adipocytes, isolated from the SAT specimens of individuals with IGT and T2D, compared to those with NGT. Consistent with the pro-inflammatory milieu, IL-1β and IP-10 secretion was significantly higher in adipocytes from individuals with IGT and T2D. Moreover, increased levels of TNFα, both mRNA and secreted protein were detected in MSCs obtained from IGT and T2D, compared to NGT SO individuals. Exposure of T2D and IGT-derived MSCs to the anti-inflammatory flavonoid quercetin reduced TNFα levels and was paralleled by a significant decrease of the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION In severe obesity, enhanced SAT-derived inflammatory phenotype is an early step in the progression toward T2D and maybe, at least in part, attenuated by quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria D'Esposito
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Liguoro
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perruolo
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Lecce
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Cabaro
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Aprile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Ada Marino
- Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pilone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro Forestieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT "Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy. .,Department of Translational Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Both visceral adipose tissue and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) have pro-inflammatory properties. The former is associated with Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) severity. We aimed to investigate whether an association also exists for EAT. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively measured EAT volume using computed tomography (CT) scans (semi-automatic software) of inpatients with COVID-19 and analyzed the correlation between EAT volume and anthropometric characteristics and comorbidities. We then analyzed the clinicobiological and radiological parameters associated with severe COVID-19 (O2 [Formula: see text] 6 l/min), intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death, and 25% or more CT lung involvement, which are three key indicators of COVID-19 severity. RESULTS We included 100 consecutive patients; 63% were men, mean age was 61.8 ± 16.2 years, 47% were obese, 54% had hypertension, 42% diabetes, and 17.2% a cardiovascular event history. Severe COVID-19 (n = 35, 35%) was associated with EAT volume (132 ± 62 vs 104 ± 40 cm3, p = 0.02), age, ferritinemia, and 25% or more CT lung involvement. ICU admission or death (n = 14, 14%) was associated with EAT volume (153 ± 67 vs 108 ± 45 cm3, p = 0.015), hypertension and 25% or more CT lung involvement. The association between EAT volume and severe COVID-19 remained after adjustment for sex, BMI, ferritinemia and lung involvement, but not after adjustment for age. Instead, the association between EAT volume and ICU admission or death remained after adjustment for all five of these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that measuring EAT volume on chest CT scans at hospital admission in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 might help to assess the risk of disease aggravation.
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13
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Qian N, Gao Y, Wang J, Wang Y. Emerging role of interleukin-13 in cardiovascular diseases: A ray of hope. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5351-5357. [PMID: 33943014 PMCID: PMC8184673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress made in the treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the morbidity and mortality of CVDs remains high due to the lack of effective treatment strategy. Inflammation is a central pathophysiological feature of the heart in response to both acute and chronic injury, while the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms remains obscure. Interleukin (IL)-13, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been known as a critical mediator in allergy and asthma. Recent studies appraise the role of IL-13 in CVDs, revealing that IL-13 is not only involved in more obvious cardiac inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis but also relevant to acute or chronic CVDs of other origins, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. The goal of this review is to summarize the advancement in our knowledge of the regulations and functions of IL-13 in CVDs and to discuss the possible mechanisms of IL-13 involved in CVDs. We highlight that IL-13 may be a promising target for immunotherapy in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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