1
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Nair VD, Pincas H, Smith GR, Zaslavsky E, Ge Y, Amper MAS, Vasoya M, Chikina M, Sun Y, Raja AN, Mao W, Gay NR, Esser KA, Smith KS, Zhao B, Wiel L, Singh A, Lindholm ME, Amar D, Montgomery S, Snyder MP, Walsh MJ, Sealfon SC. Molecular adaptations in response to exercise training are associated with tissue-specific transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures. CELL GENOMICS 2024:100421. [PMID: 38697122 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Regular exercise has many physical and brain health benefits, yet the molecular mechanisms mediating exercise effects across tissues remain poorly understood. Here we analyzed 400 high-quality DNA methylation, ATAC-seq, and RNA-seq datasets from eight tissues from control and endurance exercise-trained (EET) rats. Integration of baseline datasets mapped the gene location dependence of epigenetic control features and identified differing regulatory landscapes in each tissue. The transcriptional responses to 8 weeks of EET showed little overlap across tissues and predominantly comprised tissue-type enriched genes. We identified sex differences in the transcriptomic and epigenomic changes induced by EET. However, the sex-biased gene responses were linked to shared signaling pathways. We found that many G protein-coupled receptor-encoding genes are regulated by EET, suggesting a role for these receptors in mediating the molecular adaptations to training across tissues. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying EET-induced health benefits across organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopalan D Nair
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gregory R Smith
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mary Anne S Amper
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mital Vasoya
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yifei Sun
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Weiguang Mao
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole R Gay
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bingqing Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurens Wiel
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Malene E Lindholm
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Amar
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen Montgomery
- Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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2
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Bittel AJ, Chen YW. DNA Methylation in the Adaptive Response to Exercise. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02011-6. [PMID: 38561436 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence published over the past decade has highlighted the role of DNA methylation in skeletal muscle function and health, including as an epigenetic transducer of the adaptive response to exercise. In this review, we aim to synthesize the latest findings in this field to highlight: (1) the shifting understanding of the genomic localization of altered DNA methylation in response to acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise in skeletal muscle (e.g., promoter, gene bodies, enhancers, intergenic regions, un-annotated regions, and genome-wide methylation); (2) how these global/regional methylation changes relate to transcriptional activity following exercise; and (3) the factors (e.g., individual demographic or genetic features, dietary, training history, exercise parameters, local epigenetic characteristics, circulating hormones) demonstrated to alter both the pattern of DNA methylation after exercise, and the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression. Finally, we discuss the changes in non-CpG methylation and 5-hydroxymethylation after exercise, as well as the importance of emerging single-cell analyses to future studies-areas of increasing focus in the field of epigenetics. We anticipate that this review will help generate a framework for clinicians and researchers to begin developing and testing exercise interventions designed to generate targeted changes in DNA methylation as part of a personalized exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bittel
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, 2121 I St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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3
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Smith JAB, Murach KA, Dyar KA, Zierath JR. Exercise metabolism and adaptation in skeletal muscle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:607-632. [PMID: 37225892 PMCID: PMC10527431 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viewing metabolism through the lens of exercise biology has proven an accessible and practical strategy to gain new insights into local and systemic metabolic regulation. Recent methodological developments have advanced understanding of the central role of skeletal muscle in many exercise-associated health benefits and have uncovered the molecular underpinnings driving adaptive responses to training regimens. In this Review, we provide a contemporary view of the metabolic flexibility and functional plasticity of skeletal muscle in response to exercise. First, we provide background on the macrostructure and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibres, highlighting the current understanding of sarcomeric networks and mitochondrial subpopulations. Next, we discuss acute exercise skeletal muscle metabolism and the signalling, transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of adaptations to exercise training. We address knowledge gaps throughout and propose future directions for the field. This Review contextualizes recent research of skeletal muscle exercise metabolism, framing further advances and translation into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Dyar
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Sexton CL, Godwin JS, McIntosh MC, Ruple BA, Osburn SC, Hollingsworth BR, Kontos NJ, Agostinelli PJ, Kavazis AN, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Smith R, Young KC, Dwaraka VB, Frugé AD, Mobley CB, Sharples AP, Roberts MD. Skeletal Muscle DNA Methylation and mRNA Responses to a Bout of Higher versus Lower Load Resistance Exercise in Previously Trained Men. Cells 2023; 12:263. [PMID: 36672198 PMCID: PMC9856538 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the skeletal muscle genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA responses to one bout of lower load (LL) versus higher load (HL) resistance exercise. Trained college-aged males (n = 11, 23 ± 4 years old, 4 ± 3 years self-reported training) performed LL or HL bouts to failure separated by one week. The HL bout (i.e., 80 Fail) consisted of four sets of back squats and four sets of leg extensions to failure using 80% of participants estimated one-repetition maximum (i.e., est. 1-RM). The LL bout (i.e., 30 Fail) implemented the same paradigm with 30% of est. 1-RM. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before, 3 h, and 6 h after each bout. Muscle DNA and RNA were batch-isolated and analyzed using the 850k Illumina MethylationEPIC array and Clariom S mRNA microarray, respectively. Performed repetitions were significantly greater during the 30 Fail versus 80 Fail (p < 0.001), although total training volume (sets × reps × load) was not significantly different between bouts (p = 0.571). Regardless of bout, more CpG site methylation changes were observed at 3 h versus 6 h post exercise (239,951 versus 12,419, respectively; p < 0.01), and nuclear global ten-eleven translocation (TET) activity, but not global DNA methyltransferase activity, increased 3 h and 6 h following exercise regardless of bout. The percentage of genes significantly altered at the mRNA level that demonstrated opposite DNA methylation patterns was greater 3 h versus 6 h following exercise (~75% versus ~15%, respectively). Moreover, high percentages of genes that were up- or downregulated 6 h following exercise also demonstrated significantly inversed DNA methylation patterns across one or more CpG sites 3 h following exercise (65% and 82%, respectively). While 30 Fail decreased DNA methylation across various promoter regions versus 80 Fail, transcriptome-wide mRNA and bioinformatics indicated that gene expression signatures were largely similar between bouts. Bioinformatics overlay of DNA methylation and mRNA expression data indicated that genes related to "Focal adhesion," "MAPK signaling," and "PI3K-Akt signaling" were significantly affected at the 3 h and 6 h time points, and again this was regardless of bout. In conclusion, extensive molecular profiling suggests that post-exercise alterations in the skeletal muscle DNA methylome and mRNA transcriptome elicited by LL and HL training bouts to failure are largely similar, and this could be related to equal volumes performed between bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L. Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hector L. Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH 44406, USA
| | | | - Kaelin C. Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 24060, USA
| | | | - Andrew D. Frugé
- College of Nursing, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 24060, USA
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Gorski PP, Raastad T, Ullrich M, Turner DC, Hallén J, Savari SI, Nilsen TS, Sharples AP. Aerobic exercise training resets the human skeletal muscle methylome 10 years after breast cancer treatment and survival. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22720. [PMID: 36542473 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201510rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer survivors suffer impairments in skeletal muscle in terms of reduced mass and function. Interestingly, human skeletal muscle possesses an epigenetic memory of earlier stimuli, such as exercise. Long-term retention of epigenetic changes in skeletal muscle following cancer survival and/or exercise training has not yet been studied. We, therefore, investigated genome-wide DNA methylation (methylome) in skeletal muscle following a 5-month, 3/week aerobic-training intervention in breast cancer survivors 10-14 years after diagnosis and treatment. These results were compared to breast cancer survivors who remained untrained and to age-matched controls with no history of cancer, who undertook the same training intervention. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 23 females before(pre) and after(post) the 5-month training period. InfiniumEPIC 850K DNA methylation arrays and RT-PCR for gene expression were performed. The breast cancer survivors displayed a significant retention of increased DNA methylation (i.e., hypermethylation) at a larger number of differentially methylated positions (DMPs) compared with healthy age-matched controls pre training. Training in cancer survivors led to an exaggerated number of DMPs with a hypermethylated signature occurring at non-regulatory regions compared with training in healthy age-matched controls. However, the opposite occurred in important gene regulatory regions, where training in cancer survivors elicited a considerable reduction in methylation (i.e., hypomethylation) in 99% of the DMPs located in CpG islands within promoter regions. Importantly, training was able to reverse the hypermethylation identified in cancer survivors back toward a hypomethylated signature that was observed pre training in healthy age-matched controls at 300 (out of 881) of these island/promoter-associated CpGs. Pathway enrichment analysis identified training in cancer survivors evoked a predominantly hypomethylated signature in pathways associated with cell cycle, DNA replication/repair, transcription, translation, mTOR signaling, and the proteosome. Differentially methylated region (DMR) analysis also identified genes: BAG1, BTG2, CHP1, KIFC1, MKL2, MTR, PEX11B, POLD2, S100A6, SNORD104, and SPG7 as hypermethylated in breast cancer survivors, with training reversing these CpG island/promoter-associated DMRs toward a hypomethylated signature. Training also elicited a largely different epigenetic response in healthy individuals than that observed in cancer survivors, with very few overlapping changes. Only one gene, SIRT2, was identified as having altered methylation in cancer survivors at baseline and after training in both the cancer survivors and healthy controls. Overall, human skeletal muscle may retain a hypermethylated signature as long as 10-14 years after breast cancer treatment/survival. Five months of aerobic training reset the skeletal muscle methylome toward signatures identified in healthy age-matched individuals in gene regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P Gorski
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Max Ullrich
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel C Turner
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Imre Savari
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Precision Health Center for Optimized Cardiac Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tormod S Nilsen
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance (IFP), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Li J, Wang Z, Li C, Song Y, Wang Y, Bo H, Zhang Y. Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132086. [PMID: 35805170 PMCID: PMC9266156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes degenerative changes such as epigenetic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Exercise can upregulate muscle mitochondrial homeostasis and enhance antioxidant capacity and represents an effective treatment to prevent muscle aging. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and microRNA expression are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced adaptive changes in muscle mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in signaling molecules in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial health benefits, and strong evidence emphasizes that exercise-induced ROS can regulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosol, so mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by nuclear epigenetic mechanisms. Exercise can reverse aging-induced changes in myokine expression by modulating epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of exercise-generated ROS in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, the potential epigenetic mechanisms involved in exercise-induced myokine expression are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Can Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hai Bo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Military Training Medicines, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Institute of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.L.); (Z.W.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (Y.Z.)
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Abstract
Trainability is an adaptive response to given exercise loads and must be localized to the targeted physiological function since exercise-induced acute and chronic adaptations are systemic. Lack of adaptation or moderate level of adaptation in one organ or one physiological function would not mean that other organs or functions would not benefit from exercise training. The most beneficial training load could easily be different for skeletal muscle, brain, the gastro-intestinal track, or the immune systems. Hence, the term of non-responders should be used with caution and just referred to a given organ, cell type, molecular signaling, or function. The present paper aims to highlight some, certainly not all, issues on trainability especially related to muscle and cardiovascular system. The specificity of trainability and the systemic nature of exercise-induced adaptation are discussed, and the paper aims to provide suggestions on how to improve performance when faced with non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Radak,
| | - Albert W. Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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9
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Plaza-Diaz J, Izquierdo D, Torres-Martos Á, Baig AT, Aguilera CM, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010126. [PMID: 35052805 PMCID: PMC8773693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
| | - David Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Torres-Martos
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 85M, Canada
| | - Concepción M. Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (D.I.); (C.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain;
- RG Adipocytes and Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz, Center Munich, Neuherberg, 85764 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.P.-D.); (F.J.R.-O.); Tel.: +34-9-5824-1000 (ext. 20314) (F.J.R.-O.)
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10
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Sharples AP. Skeletal Muscle Possesses an Epigenetic Memory of Exercise: Role of Nucleus Type-Specific DNA Methylation. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab047. [PMID: 35330953 PMCID: PMC8788876 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ruple BA, Godwin JS, Mesquita PHC, Osburn SC, Vann CG, Lamb DA, Sexton CL, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Frugé AD, Kavazis AN, Young KC, Seaborne RA, Sharples AP, Roberts MD. Resistance training rejuvenates the mitochondrial methylome in aged human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21864. [PMID: 34423880 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100873rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) dynamically alters the skeletal muscle nuclear DNA methylome. However, no study has examined if RT affects the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylome. Herein, ten older, Caucasian untrained males (65 ± 7 y.o.) performed six weeks of full-body RT (twice weekly). Body composition and knee extensor torque were assessed prior to and 72 h following the last RT session. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were also obtained. VL DNA was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing providing excellent coverage across the ~16-kilobase mtDNA methylome (254 CpG sites). Biochemical assays were also performed, and older male data were compared to younger trained males (22 ± 2 y.o., n = 7, n = 6 Caucasian & n = 1 African American). RT increased whole-body lean tissue mass (p = .017), VL thickness (p = .012), and knee extensor torque (p = .029) in older males. RT also affected the mtDNA methylome, as 63% (159/254) of the CpG sites demonstrated reduced methylation (p < .05). Several mtDNA sites presented a more "youthful" signature in older males after RT in comparison to younger males. The 1.12 kilobase mtDNA D-loop/control region, which regulates replication and transcription, possessed enriched hypomethylation in older males following RT. Enhanced expression of mitochondrial H- and L-strand genes and complex III/IV protein levels were also observed (p < .05). While limited to a shorter-term intervention, this is the first evidence showing that RT alters the mtDNA methylome in skeletal muscle. Observed methylome alterations may enhance mitochondrial transcription, and RT evokes mitochondrial methylome profiles to mimic younger men. The significance of these findings relative to broader RT-induced epigenetic changes needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Shelby C Osburn
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Donald A Lamb
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew D Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A Seaborne
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Olso, Norway
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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