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Duan G, Zou T, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Mei C. Neuroprotective role of geniposide-loaded UMSC nanovesicles in depression via P2ry12 downregulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2025; 140:156581. [PMID: 40085991 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.156581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a prevalent mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress and inflammation play crucial roles in its pathogenesis. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms are needed to improve treatment outcomes. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to gauge the therapeutic effectiveness of geniposide (GEN)-loaded umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell membrane biomimetic nanovesicles (CSPG@UMSC NPs) targeting the P2ry12 factor for depression management, considering its association with oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. STUDY DESIGN A combination of in vitro neuronal cell culture experiments and an in vivo chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model was used to assess the effects of CSPG@UMSC NPs. METHODS In vitro investigations involved culture and characterization of CSPG@UMSC NPs and transcriptome sequencing analysis to identify DEGs in neurons. In vivo experiments utilized a depression mouse model treated with CSPG@UMSC NPs, followed by behavioral tests, biomarker analysis, and histological assessments. RESULTS CSPG@UMSC NPs successfully downregulated P2ry12 expression, leading to improved neuronal activity, decreased inflammation, reduced cell apoptosis, and lowered reactive oxygen species levels in both in vitro and in vivo settings. CONCLUSION CSPG@UMSC NPs loaded with GEN inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation by downregulating P2ry12. This research unveils, for the initial instance, the vital role of P2ry12 in depression and proposes a novel nano-therapy strategy based on MSCs and GEN, offering new insights and potential clinical applications for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Duan
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Room 602, Zone C, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Tianyu Zou
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shenzhen Luohu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Continuing Education, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Room 602, Zone C, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Cheng Mei
- Department of Acupuncture, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Room 602, Zone C, No. 33 Xidazhi Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China.
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Huang Y, Liang T, Liu J, Yu H, Li J, Han L. Dietary Zinc activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit pyroptosis and attenuate the lung inflammatory response in COPD. Cytotechnology 2025; 77:62. [PMID: 39980839 PMCID: PMC11836256 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-025-00725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis and inflammation play crucial roles in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and Zinc deficiency is commonly observed in COPD patients. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of Zinc supplementation on pyroptosis and inflammation in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced COPD mouse model, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The COPD mouse model was established through CS exposure, and mouse pulmonary epithelial cells (MLE-12) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to further validate the effects of Zinc supplementation. CS exposure resulted in significant alveolar wall damage, increased thickening of the alveolar walls, and elevated levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the lung tissues of COPD mice. However, treatment with dexamethasone (a positive control) or Zinc supplementation alleviated these damages. Furthermore, the expressions of pyroptosis markers, including NLRP3, cleaved-Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N proteins, were upregulated in the lung tissues after CS exposure. Zinc supplementation, however, reversed these changes. Additionally, Zinc supplementation upregulated the protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and promoted the ubiquitination of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mediated by tripartite motif 25 (TRIM25) in the lung tissues of CS-induced mice. Importantly, the Nrf2 signaling inhibitor ML385 abolished the beneficial effects of Zinc in CS-exposed mice. Similar results were observed in MLE-12 lung epithelial cells exposed to CSE. In summary, Zinc supplementation inhibits pyroptosis and attenuates inflammation in COPD mice by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-025-00725-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei China
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care I, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei China
| | - Junfei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, 81 Congtai Road, Handan, 056002 Hebei China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei China
| | - Jingna Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, 81 Congtai Road, Handan, 056002 Hebei China
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3
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Yang S, Zou Y, Zhong C, Zhou Z, Peng X, Tang C. Dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases: mechanisms, implications, and therapeutic perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2025; 13:1522206. [PMID: 39917567 PMCID: PMC11798966 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1522206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death induced by inflammasome with a mechanism distinct from that of apoptosis, occurs via one of the three pathway types: classical, non-classical, and granzyme A/B-dependent pyroptosis pathways. Pyroptosis is implicated in various diseases, notably exhibiting a dual role in liver diseases. It facilitates the clearance of damaged hepatocytes, preventing secondary injury, and triggers immune responses to eliminate pathogens and damaged cells. Conversely, excessive pyroptosis intensifies inflammatory responses, exacerbates hepatocyte damage and promotes the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, accelerating liver fibrosis. Furthermore, by sustaining an inflammatory state, impacts the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. This review comprehensively summarizes the dual role of pyroptosis in liver diseases and its therapeutic strategies, offering new theoretical foundations and practical guidance for preventing and treating of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zuoqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changfa Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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4
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Sui G, Jiang W, Guan L. Gardenoside attenuates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis by inhibiting inflammation and ferroptosis through Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway. Microbiol Spectr 2025; 13:e0226224. [PMID: 39612214 PMCID: PMC11705956 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02262-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of mastitis is mainly due to the infection of mammary tissue by pathogens, which causes the inflammation of mammary tissue. Gardenoside (GAD), an iridoid active ingredient extracted from Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis, has been revealed to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative roles. However, the therapeutic effect of GAD on mastitis remains unclear. Our aim was to identify the therapeutic effect of GAD on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis and clarify its mechanism. To carry out this work, S. aureus-induced mastitis of mice model was established. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was conducted to detect the production of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The biochemical method was used to detect the antioxidant factors glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and iron content. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signal-related proteins. The results demonstrated that GAD alleviated Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, IL-1β and TNF-α production, and NF-κB activation. MDA and iron contents were also inhibited by GAD. Meanwhile, GSH level and GPX4, SLC7A11, and ferritin expressions were increased by GAD treatment. In addition, the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were upregulated by GAD. In conclusion, GAP may inhibit S. aureus-induced mastitis in mice by triggering the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway and alleviating inflammation and ferroptosis. IMPORTANCE Mastitis, as an important disease that endangers the development of the dairy industry, causes huge economic losses to the breeding industry. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the important pathogenic bacteria that cause mastitis. Antibiotics are considered to be the first choice in the treatment of the S. aureus-induced mastitis. However, the overuse of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues. Therefore, this study explored whether effective extracts of traditional herbs could be used as alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Sui
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianyue Guan
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xu HL, Wan SR, An Y, Wu Q, Xing YH, Deng CH, Zhang PP, Long Y, Xu BT, Jiang ZZ. Targeting cell death in NAFLD: mechanisms and targeted therapies. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:399. [PMID: 39244571 PMCID: PMC11380694 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a group of chronic liver disease which ranges from simple steatosis (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammation activation, fibrosis, and cell death. To date, a number of preclinical studies or clinical trials associated with therapies targeting fatty acid metabolism, inflammatory factors and liver fibrosis are performed to develop effective drugs for NAFLD/NASH. However, few therapies are cell death signaling-targeted even though the various cell death modes are present throughout the progression of NAFLD/NASH. Here we summarize the four types of cell death including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis in the NAFLD and the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the pathogenic factors such as free fatty acid and LPS induce cell death in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. In addition, we also review the effects of cell death-targeted therapies on NAFLD. In summary, our review provides comprehensive insight into the roles of various cell death modes in the progression of NAFLD, which we hope will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sheng-Rong Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases Key Laboratory of LuZhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi-Hang Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen-Hao Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases Key Laboratory of LuZhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bu-Tuo Xu
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Zong-Zhe Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.
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6
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Cheng Z, Chu H, Seki E, Lin R, Yang L. Hepatocyte programmed cell death: the trigger for inflammation and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1431921. [PMID: 39071804 PMCID: PMC11272544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1431921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
By replacing and removing defective or infected cells, programmed cell death (PCD) contributes to homeostasis maintenance and body development, which is ubiquitously present in mammals and can occur at any time. Besides apoptosis, more novel modalities of PCD have been described recently, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. PCD not only regulates multiple physiological processes, but also participates in the pathogenesis of diverse disorders, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MASLD is mainly classified into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver (MASL) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and the latter putatively progresses to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Owing to increased incidence and obscure etiology of MASH, its management still remains a tremendous challenge. Recently, hepatocyte PCD has been attracted much attention as a potent driver of the pathological progression from MASL to MASH, and some pharmacological agents have been proved to exert their salutary effects on MASH partly via the regulation of the activity of hepatocyte PCD. The current review recapitulates the pathogenesis of different modalities of PCD, clarifies the mechanisms underlying how metabolic disorders in MASLD induce hepatocyte PCD and how hepatocyte PCD contributes to inflammatory and fibrotic progression of MASH, discusses several signaling pathways in hepatocytes governing the execution of PCD, and summarizes some potential pharmacological agents for MASH treatment which exert their therapeutic effects partly via the regulation of hepatocyte PCD. These findings indicate that hepatocyte PCD putatively represents a new therapeutic point of intervention for MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rong Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Li SJ, Liu AB, Yu YY, Ma JH. The role and mechanism of pyroptosis and potential therapeutic targets in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1407738. [PMID: 39022762 PMCID: PMC11251954 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1407738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical pathological syndrome characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat within liver cells, which can progress to end-stage liver disease in severe cases, posing a threat to life. Pyroptosis is a distinct, pro-inflammatory form of cell death, differing from traditional apoptosis. In recent years, there has been growing research interest in the association between pyroptosis and NAFLD, encompassing the mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis in the progression of NAFLD, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Controlled pyroptosis can activate immune cells, eliciting host immune responses to shield the body from harm. However, undue activation of pyroptosis may worsen inflammatory responses, induce cellular or tissue damage, disrupt immune responses, and potentially impact liver function. This review elucidates the involvement of pyroptosis and key molecular players, including NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the caspase family, in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD. It emphasizes the promising prospects of targeting pyroptosis as a therapeutic approach for NAFLD and offers valuable insights into future directions in the field of NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - An-Bu Liu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jin-Hai Ma
- Department of Pediatrics Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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8
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Chen Z, Guo Q, Huang S, Li L, Wu F, Liu Z, Li Z, Chen T, Song G, Xu S, Chen J, Hou Y. Overcoming adaptive resistance in AML by synergistically targeting FOXO3A-GNG7-mTOR axis with FOXO3A inhibitor Gardenoside and rapamycin. Genes Dis 2024; 11:397-412. [PMID: 37588187 PMCID: PMC10425752 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting FOXO3A (a forkhead transcription factor) represents a promising strategy to suppress acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the effective inhibitors that target FOXO3A are lacking and the adaptive response signaling weakens the cytotoxic effect of FOXO3A depletion on AML cells. Here, we show that FOXO3A deficiency induces a compensatory response involved in the reactive activation of mTOR that leads to signaling rebound and adaptive resistance. Mitochondrial metabolism acts downstream of mTOR to provoke activation of JNK/c-JUN via reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the molecular level, FOXO3A directly binds to the promoter of G protein gamma subunit 7 (GNG7) and preserves its expression, while GNG7 interacts with mTOR and restricts phosphorylated activation of mTOR. Consequently, combinatorial inhibition of FOXO3A and mTOR show a synergistic cytotoxic effect on AML cells and prolongs survival in a mouse model of AML. Through a structure-based virtual screening, we report one potent small-molecule FOXO3A inhibitor (Gardenoside) that exhibits a strong effect of anti-FOXO3A DNA binding. Gardenoside synergizes with rapamycin to substantially reduce tumor burden and extend survival in AML patient-derived xenograft model. These results demonstrate that mTOR can mediate adaptive resistance to FOXO3A inhibition and validate a combinatorial approach for treating AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shichen Huang
- Chongqing Foreign Language School, Chongqing 400039, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuangnian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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9
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He W, Xu C, Mao D, Zheng Y, Wang N, Wang M, Mao N, Wang T, Li Y. Recent advances in pyroptosis, liver disease, and traditional Chinese medicine: A review. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5473-5494. [PMID: 37622684 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of liver disease has increased, becoming a major cause of death. Various liver diseases are intricately linked to pyroptosis, which is one of the most common forms of programmed cell death. As a powerful weapon in the fight against liver diseases, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can affect pyroptosis via a number of routes, including the classical, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors protein 3/caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) pathway, the nonclassical lipopolysaccharide/caspase-11/GSDMD pathway, the ROS/caspase-3/gasdermin E pathway, the caspase-9/caspase-3/GSDMD pathway, and the Apaf-1/caspase-11/caspase-3 pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of pyroptosis, the interplay between pyroptosis and liver diseases, and the mechanisms through which TCM regulates pyroptosis in liver diseases. The information used in the text was collected and compiled from the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, and Wanfang Data up to June 2023. The search was not limited with regard to the language and country of the articles. Research and review articles were included, and papers with duplicate results or unrelated content were excluded. We examined the current understanding of the relationship between pyroptosis and liver diseases as well as the advances in TCM interventions to provide a resource for the identification of potential targets for TCM in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing He
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Canli Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dewen Mao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Nan Mao
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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10
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Meng Z, Wang K, Lan Q, Zhou T, Lin Y, Jiang Z, Chen J, Lin Y, Liu X, Lin H, Lin D. Saxagliptin promotes random skin flap survival. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110364. [PMID: 37224651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flap necrosis is a common issue encountered in clinical flap transplantation surgery. Here, we assessed the effects of saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on flap survival and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A dorsal McFarlane flap model was established in 36 rats, which were randomly divided into a high-dose saxagliptin (HS) group (saxagliptin, 30 mg/kg/day, n = 12), low-dose saxagliptin (LS) group (saxagliptin, 10 mg/kg/day, n = 12), and control group (n = 12). On day 7, flap survival was examined by eye in six rats from each group, along with determination of blood perfusion by laser Doppler flowmetry and angiogenesis by angiography. The remaining rats were sacrificed for harvesting of flap tissue. The status of the flap tissue was examined histopathologically by staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Oxidative stress was evaluated by determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) content. Gasdermin D (GSDMD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-1β, caspase-1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The experimental group exhibited a larger area of flap survival, with more blood perfusion and neovascularization and better histopathological status than the control group. The degree of oxidative stress and the levels of NF-κB, TLR4, proinflammatory cytokines, and pyroptosis-associated protein were decreased in the experimental group, while the VEGF level was increased in a saxagliptin dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Saxagliptin promotes random skin flap survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefeng Meng
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Kaitao Wang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qicheng Lan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Taotao Zhou
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhikai Jiang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianpeng Chen
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xuao Liu
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First School of Clinical Medical, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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11
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Qiu Y, Shi YN, Zhu N, Zhang S, Zhang CJ, Gu J, He P, Dai AG, Qin L. A Lipid Perspective on Regulated Pyroptosis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2333-2348. [PMID: 37215994 PMCID: PMC10197892 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a novel pro-inflammatory cell programmed death dependent on Gasdermin (GSMD) family-mediated membrane pore formation and subsequent cell lysis, accompanied by the release of inflammatory factors and expanding inflammation in multiple tissues. All of these processes have impacts on a variety of metabolic disorders. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is one of the most prominent metabolic alterations in many diseases, including the liver, cardiovascular system, and autoimmune diseases. Lipid metabolism produces many bioactive lipid molecules, which are important triggers and endogenous regulators of pyroptosis. Bioactive lipid molecules promote pyroptosis through intrinsic pathways involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal disruption, and the expression of related molecules. Pyroptosis can also be regulated during the processes of lipid metabolism, including lipid uptake and transport, de novo synthesis, lipid storage, and lipid peroxidation. Taken together, understanding the correlation between lipid molecules such as cholesterol and fatty acids and pyroptosis during metabolic processes can help to gain insight into the pathogenesis of many diseases and develop effective strategies from the perspective of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qiu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ya-Ning Shi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Neng Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Chan-Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Peng He
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Ai-Guo Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410021, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation with Chinese Medicine and Its Application, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Translational Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
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12
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Xia T, Zhao R, He S, Wang L, Fu X, Zhao Y, Qiao S, An J. Gardenoside ameliorates inflammation and inhibits ECM degradation in IL-1β-treated rat chondrocytes via suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 640:164-172. [PMID: 36512848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) places a significant burden on society and finance, and there is presently no effective treatment beside late replacement surgery and symptomatic relief. The therapy of OA requires additional research. Gardenoside is a naturally compound extracted from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which has a variety of anti-inflammatory effects. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the role of gardenoside in OA. This study aimed to explore whether gardenoside has effect in OA treatment. Rat primary chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β to simulate inflammatory environmental conditions and OA in vitro. We examined the effects of gardenoside at concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 μM on the viability of rat chondrocytes and selected 10 μM for further study. Via in vitro experiments, our study found that gardenoside lowers the gene expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and reduced the ROS production of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β. Moreover, it effectively alleviates ECM degradation caused by IL-1β and promotes the ECM synthesis in chondrocytes by upregulating collagen-II and the ACAN expression, downregulating the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 expression. Further, our study showed that gardenoside inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway activated by IL-1β in chondrocytes. We established an OA rat model by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The animals were then periodically injected with gardenoside into the knee articular cavity. In vivo study suggested that gardenoside attenuates OA progression in rats. As a whole, in vitro and in vivo results highlight gardenoside is a promising OA treatment agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Runze Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Orthopedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangjian He
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejie Fu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianzhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, 215153, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Liu T, Xu G, Liang L, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Bai Z. Pharmacological effects of Chinese medicine modulating NLRP3 inflammasomes in fatty liver treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:967594. [PMID: 36160411 PMCID: PMC9492967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.967594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key contributing factor in the pathogenesis of fatty liver diseases (FLD), such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-associated liver diseases (ALDs). The NLRP3 inflammasome is widely present in the hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, which are assembled and activated by sensing intracellular and extracellular danger signals resulting in the matures of IL-1β/IL-18 and pyroptosis. Moreover, the aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is considered the main factor to drives immune outbreaks in relation to hepatic injury, inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Therefore, inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome may be a promising therapeutic target for FLD. Currently, accumulating evidence has revealed that a number of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) exert beneficial effects on liver injury via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we summarized the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasomes in the progression of FLD, and TCM exerts beneficial effects on FLD via positive modulation of inflammation. We describe that TCM is a promising valuable resource for the prevention and treatment agents against FLD and has the potential to be developed into clinical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Guizhou, China
| | - Guang Xu
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaofang Bai, ; Guang Xu, ; Yanling Zhao,
| | - Longxin Liang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaofang Bai, ; Guang Xu, ; Yanling Zhao,
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaofang Bai, ; Guang Xu, ; Yanling Zhao,
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14
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Huang Q, Xin X, Sun Q, An Z, Gou X, Feng Q. Plant-derived bioactive compounds regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome to treat NAFLD. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896899. [PMID: 36016562 PMCID: PMC9396216 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of hepatic fat and inflammatory response with complex pathogenesis. Over activation of the pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, induces pyroptosis, and promotes the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory proteins. All of which contribute to the development of NAFLD. There is a great deal of evidence indicating that plant-derived active ingredients are effective and safe for NAFLD management. This review aims to summarize the research progress of 31 active plant-derived components (terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols) that alleviate lipid deposition, inflammation, and pyroptosis by acting on the NLRP3 inflammasome studied in both in vitro and in vivo NAFLD models. These studies confirmed that the NLRP3 inflammasome and its related genes play a key role in NAFLD amelioration, providing a starting point for further study on the correlation of plant-derived compounds treatment with the NLRP3 inflammasome and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - QinMei Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziming An
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Gou
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Feng,
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15
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Potential role of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115011. [PMID: 35314166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) are dynamic membrane coupling regions formed by the coupling of the mitochondrial outer membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). MAMs are involved in the mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, Ca2+ exchange, and ER stress. A large number of studies indicate that many proteins are involved in the formation of MAMs, including dynamic-related protein 1 (Drp1), DJ-1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK), α-synuclein (α-syn), sigma-1 receptor (S1R), mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), presenilin-1 (PS1), protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), Parkin, Cyclophilin D (CypD), glucose-related protein 75 (Grp75), FUN14 domain containing 1 (Fundc1), vesicle-associated membrane-protein-associated protein B (VAPB), phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2), ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1), and receptor expression-enhancing protein 1 (REEP1). These proteins play an important role in the structure and functions of the MAMs. Abnormalities in these MAM proteins further contribute to the occurrence and development of related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, non-alcoholicfattyliverdisease (NALFD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and diabetic kidney (DN). In this review, we introduce important proteins involved in the structure and the functions of the MAMs. Furthermore, we effectively summarize major insights about these proteins that are involved in the physiopathology of several diseases through the effect on MAMs.
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