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Dai Y, Duan K, Huang G, Yang X, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P. Inhalation of electronic cigarettes slightly affects lung function and inflammation in mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1232040. [PMID: 37731664 PMCID: PMC10507352 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1232040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular, but the results of previous studies on electronic cigarette exposure in animals have been equivocal. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electronic cigarette smoke (ECS) and cigarette smoke (CS) on lung function and pulmonary inflammation in mice to investigate whether electronic cigarettes are safer when compared to cigarettes. 32 specific pathogen-free BALB/c male mice were randomly grouped and exposed to fresh air (control), mint-flavored ECS (ECS1, 6 mg/kg), cheese-flavored ECS (ECS2, 6 mg/kg), and CS (6 mg/kg). After 3 weeks exposure to ECS or CS, we measured lung function (PIF and Penh) and blood oxygen saturation. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were measured using ELISA. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissues. The levels of IL-6 in BALF and serum, and TNF-α in BALF, were elevated similarly in the ECS and CS groups compared to the control group. Significant elevation was observed in serum TNF-α levels in the CS group. The total count of cells in BALF were increased after ECS1 exposure and CS exposure. PIF and oxygen saturation decreased, and Penh increased markedly in the CS group but not in the ECS groups. Compared with the ECS groups, mice in the CS group had widened lung tissue septa and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. However, we did not detect significant differences between mint-flavored and cheese-flavored e-cigarettes in our study. Overall, our findings suggested that both ECS and CS impair lung function and histopathology while promoting inflammation. In contrast, ECS has a less negative impact than CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangye Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Feng M, Bai X, Thorpe AE, Nguyen LT, Wang M, Oliver BG, Chou ASY, Pollock CA, Saad S, Chen H. Effect of E-Vaping on Kidney Health in Mice Consuming a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:3140. [PMID: 37513558 PMCID: PMC10384319 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption and tobacco smoking are risk factors for chronic kidney disease. E-cigarettes have gained significant popularity among younger populations worldwide, especially among overweight individuals. It is unclear whether vaping interacts with HFD consumption to impact renal health. In this study, Balb/c mice (male, 7 weeks old) were fed a pellet HFD (43% fat, 20 kJ/g) for 16 weeks when exposed to nicotine or nicotine-free e-vapour from weeks 11 to 16. While HFD alone increased collagen Ia and IV depositions, it did not cause significant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the kidney itself. On the other hand, e-vapour exposure alone increased oxidative stress and damaged DNA and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes without significant impact on fibrotic markers. However, the combination of nicotine e-vapour and HFD increased inflammatory responses, oxidative stress-induced DNA injury, and pro-fibrotic markers, suggesting accelerated development of renal pathology. Nicotine-free e-vapour exposure and HFD consumption suppressed the production of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes and extracellular matrix protein deposition, which may cause structural instability that can interrupt normal kidney function in the future. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that a HFD combined with e-cigarette vapour exposure, especially when containing nicotine, can increase susceptibility to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Xu Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Andrew E Thorpe
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Long The Nguyen
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Angela S Y Chou
- NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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3
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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Mears MJ, Hookfin HL, Bandaru P, Vidal P, Stanford KI, Wold LE. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Cardiovascular/Cardiometabolic Health. Circ Res 2023; 132:1168-1180. [PMID: 37104558 PMCID: PMC10154046 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.321565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, specifically electronic cigarettes (e-cig), has risen dramatically within the last few years; the demographic purchasing these devices is now predominantly adolescents that are not trying to quit the use of traditional combustible cigarettes, but rather are new users. The composition and appearance of these devices has changed since their first entry into the market in the late 2000s, but they remain composed of a battery and aerosol delivery system that is used to deliver breakdown products of propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, flavorings, and potentially nicotine or other additives. Manufacturers have also adjusted the type of nicotine that is used within the liquid to make the inhalation more palatable for younger users, further affecting the number of youth who use these devices. Although the full spectrum of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic consequences of e-cig use is not fully appreciated, data is beginning to show that e-cigs can cause both short- and long-term issues on cardiac function, vascular integrity and cardiometabolic issues. This review will provide an overview of the cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and vascular implications of the use of e-cigs, and the potential short- and long-term health effects. A robust understanding of these effects is important in order to inform policy makers on the dangers of e-cigs use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Mears
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Harrison L. Hookfin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Priya Bandaru
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Pablo Vidal
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Chen H, Burke C, Donovan C, Faiz A, Saad S, Oliver BG. E-Cigarette Vapour Alters High-Fat Diet-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Responses but Has No Effect on High-Fat Diet-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071783. [PMID: 37049622 PMCID: PMC10096781 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiome, which can be altered by different diets or smoking, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung conditions. E-cigarette vaping is now recognised to have detrimental health effects, with several of these being similar to cigarette smoking. However, whether e-cigarettes can alter high-fat diet (HFD)-induced systemic effects and gut microbiota is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of HFD in the absence/presence of e-cigarette exposure on systemic inflammation, lipid metabolic markers, and the gut microbiome. Methods: Mice were fed a HFD (or chow) in the absence/presence of e-vapour exposure (±nicotine) and serum inflammation, lipid levels, and microbial diversity were assessed. Results: HFD increased the circulating levels of both triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, which were significantly reduced by e-vapour exposure in HFD-fed mice. Serum TNF-α was increased by HFD consumption or e-vapour. HFD had a significant effect on microbial diversity, but there were no additional effects of e-vapour exposure. Conclusions: This study highlights both similarities and differences in how the body responds to e-cigarette vapours, and it is therefore likely that the long-term sequelae of e-cigarette vapour exposure/vaping might not involve the significant alteration of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Catherine Burke
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alen Faiz
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Renal Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
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Chen H, Chan YL, Thorpe AE, Pollock CA, Saad S, Oliver BG. Inhaled or Ingested, Which Is Worse, E-Vaping or High-Fat Diet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:913044. [PMID: 35784293 PMCID: PMC9240210 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term e-cigarette vaping induces inflammation, which is largely nicotine independent. High-fat diet (HFD) consumption is anoter cause of systemic low-grade inflammation. The likelihood of using e-cigarettes as a weight control strategy is concomitant with the increase in obesity. In Australia, only nicotine-free e-fluid is legal for sale. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how nicotine-free e-cigarette vapour exposure affects inflammatory responses in mice with long term HFD consumption. Mice were fed a HFD for 16 weeks, while in the last 6 weeks, half of the chow and HFD groups were exposed to nicotine-free e-vapour, while the other half to ambient air. Serum, lung, liver and epididymal fat were collected to measure inflammatory markers. While both e-vapour exposure and HFD consumption independently increased serum IFN-γ, CX3CL1, IL-10, CCL20, CCL12, and CCL5 levels, the levels of IFN-γ, CX3CL1, and IL-10 were higher in mice exposed to e-vapour than HFD. The mRNA expression pattern in the epididymal fat mirrors that in the serum, suggesting the circulating inflammatory response to e-vapour is from the fat tissue. Of the upregulated cytokines in serum, none were found to change in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased by combining e-vapour and HFD in the liver. We conclude that short-term nicotine-free e-vapour is more potent than long term HFD consumption in causing systemic inflammation. Future studies will be needed to examine the long-term health impact of nicotine-free e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew E. Thorpe
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Brian G. Oliver,
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