1
|
Choi JC, Kim YJ, Kim KG, Kim EY. An Analysis of the Efficacy of Deep Learning-Based Pectoralis Muscle Segmentation in Chest CT for Sarcopenia Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF IMAGING INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE 2025:10.1007/s10278-025-01443-4. [PMID: 40011347 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-025-01443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle function and mass and is a poor prognostic factor. This condition is typically diagnosed by measuring skeletal muscle mass at the L3 level. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans do not include the L3 level. We aimed to determine if these scans can be used to diagnose sarcopenia and thus guide patient management and treatment decisions. This study compared the ResNet-UNet, Recurrent Residual UNet, and UNet3 + models for segmenting and measuring the pectoralis muscle area in chest CT images. A total of 4932 chest CT images were collected from 1644 patients, and additional abdominal CT data were collected from 294 patients. The performance of the models was evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Furthermore, the correlation between the segmented pectoralis and L3 muscle areas was compared using linear regression analysis. All three models demonstrated a high segmentation performance, with the UNet3 + model achieving the best performance (DSC 0.95 ± 0.03). Pearson correlation coefficient between the pectoralis and L3 muscle areas showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.65). The correlation coefficient between the transformed pectoralis and L3 muscle areas showed a stronger positive correlation in both univariate analysis using only muscle area (r = 0.74) and multivariate analysis considering sex, weight, age, and muscle area (r = 0.83). Segmentation of the pectoralis muscle area using artificial intelligence (AI) on chest CT was highly accurate, and the measured values showed a strong correlation with the L3 muscle area. Chest CT using AI technology could play a significant role in the diagnosis of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Chan Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health & Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Gachon Biomedical & Convergence Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Gi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health & Science, Gachon University, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, 38-13 Dokjeom-Ro 3Beon-Gil, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (GAIHIST), Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicien 21, Namdong-Daero 774Beon-Gil, Namdong-Gu, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea.
- Radiology Department, Incheon Sejong Hospital, 20, Gyeyangmunhwa-Ro, Gyeyang-Gu, Incheon, 21080, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naseem MT, Kim NH, Seo H, Lee J, Chung CM, Shin S, Lee CS. Sarcopenia diagnosis using skeleton-based gait sequence and foot-pressure image datasets. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1443188. [PMID: 39664552 PMCID: PMC11631742 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1443188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarcopenia is a common age-related disease, defined as a decrease in muscle strength and function owing to reduced skeletal muscle. One way to diagnose sarcopenia is through gait analysis and foot-pressure imaging. Motivation and research gap We collected our own multimodal dataset from 100 subjects, consisting of both foot-pressure and skeleton data with real patients, which provides a unique resource for future studies aimed at more comprehensive analyses. While artificial intelligence has been employed for sarcopenia detection, previous studies have predominantly focused on skeleton-based datasets without exploring the combined potential of skeleton and foot pressure dataset. This study conducts separate experiments for foot-pressure and skeleton datasets, it demonstrates the potential of each data type in sarcopenia classification. Methods This study had two components. First, we collected skeleton and foot-pressure datasets and classified them into sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups based on grip strength, gait performance, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Second, we performed experiments on the foot-pressure dataset using the ResNet-18 and spatiotemporal graph convolutional network (ST-GCN) models on the skeleton dataset to classify normal and abnormal gaits due to sarcopenia. For an accurate diagnosis, real-time walking of 100 participants was recorded at 30 fps as RGB + D images. The skeleton dataset was constructed by extracting 3D skeleton information comprising 25 feature points from the image, whereas the foot-pressure dataset was constructed by exerting pressure on the foot-pressure plates. Results As a baseline evaluation, the accuracies of sarcopenia classification performance from foot-pressure image using Resnet-18 and skeleton sequences using ST-GCN were identified as 77.16 and 78.63%, respectively. Discussion The experimental results demonstrated the potential applications of sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia classifications based on foot-pressure images and skeleton sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Naseem
- Laboratory of Computer Vision and Human Visual Perception, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Computer Vision and Human Visual Perception, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneol Seo
- Laboratory of Computer Vision and Human Visual Perception, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeMok Lee
- Laboratory of Computer Vision and Human Visual Perception, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Min Chung
- Sport Science Major, School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Shin
- Sport Science Major, School of Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Su Lee
- Laboratory of Computer Vision and Human Visual Perception, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bae JH, Seo JW, Li X, Ahn S, Sung Y, Kim DY. Neural network model for prediction of possible sarcopenic obesity using Korean national fitness award data (2010-2023). Sci Rep 2024; 14:14565. [PMID: 38914603 PMCID: PMC11196656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by concomitant sarcopenia and obesity and presents a high risk of disability, morbidity, and mortality among older adults. However, predictions based on sequential neural network SO studies and the relationship between physical fitness factors and SO are lacking. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for SO in older adults by focusing on physical fitness factors. A comprehensive dataset of older Korean adults participating in national fitness programs was analyzed using sequential neural networks. Appendicular skeletal muscle/body weight was defined as SO using an anthropometric equation. Independent variables included body fat (BF, %), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and various physical fitness factors. The dependent variable was a binary outcome (possible SO vs normal). We analyzed hyperparameter tuning and stratified K-fold validation to optimize a predictive model. The prevalence of SO was significantly higher in women (13.81%) than in men, highlighting sex-specific differences. The optimized neural network model and Shapley Additive Explanations analysis demonstrated a high validation accuracy of 93.1%, with BF% and absolute grip strength emerging as the most influential predictors of SO. This study presents a highly accurate predictive model for SO in older adults, emphasizing the critical roles of BF% and absolute grip strength. We identified BF, absolute grip strength, and sit-and-reach as key SO predictors. Our findings underscore the sex-specific nature of SO and the importance of physical fitness factors in its prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyun Bae
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Able-Art Sport, Department of Theory, Hyupsung University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Seo
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinxing Li
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SoYoung Ahn
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Sung
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Senior Exercise Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Gerokinesiology, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongsanbuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li N, Ou J, He H, He J, Zhang L, Peng Z, Zhong J, Jiang N. Exploration of a machine learning approach for diagnosing sarcopenia among Chinese community-dwelling older adults using sEMG-based data. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2024; 21:69. [PMID: 38725065 PMCID: PMC11080130 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-024-01369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the practical application of sarcopenia screening, there is a need for faster, time-saving, and community-friendly detection methods. The primary purpose of this study was to perform sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults and investigate whether surface electromyogram (sEMG) from hand grip could potentially be used to detect sarcopenia using machine learning (ML) methods with reasonable features extracted from sEMG signals. The secondary aim was to provide the interpretability of the obtained ML models using a novel feature importance estimation method. METHODS A total of 158 community-dwelling older residents (≥ 60 years old) were recruited. After screening through the diagnostic criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019 (AWGS 2019) and data quality check, participants were assigned to the healthy group (n = 45) and the sarcopenic group (n = 48). sEMG signals from six forearm muscles were recorded during the hand grip task at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 50% MVC. After filtering recorded signals, nine representative features were extracted, including six time-domain features plus three time-frequency domain features. Then, a voting classifier ensembled by a support vector machine (SVM), a random forest (RF), and a gradient boosting machine (GBM) was implemented to classify healthy versus sarcopenic participants. Finally, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was utilized to investigate feature importance during classification. RESULTS Seven out of the nine features exhibited statistically significant differences between healthy and sarcopenic participants in both 20% and 50% MVC tests. Using these features, the voting classifier achieved 80% sensitivity and 73% accuracy through a five-fold cross-validation. Such performance was better than each of the SVM, RF, and GBM models alone. Lastly, SHAP results revealed that the wavelength (WL) and the kurtosis of continuous wavelet transform coefficients (CWT_kurtosis) had the highest feature impact scores. CONCLUSION This study proposed a method for community-based sarcopenia screening using sEMG signals of forearm muscles. Using a voting classifier with nine representative features, the accuracy exceeds 70% and the sensitivity exceeds 75%, indicating moderate classification performance. Interpretable results obtained from the SHAP model suggest that motor unit (MU) activation mode may be a key factor affecting sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiarui Ou
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haoru He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiayuan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- School of Electronic Information and ElectricaEngineering, Shanghaijiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering and Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
- Medical Equipment Innovation Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
- The Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee J, Yoon Y, Kim J, Kim YH. Metaheuristic-Based Feature Selection Methods for Diagnosing Sarcopenia with Machine Learning Algorithms. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:179. [PMID: 38534863 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the efficacy of metaheuristic-based feature selection in improving machine learning performance for diagnosing sarcopenia. Extraction and utilization of features significantly impacting diagnosis efficacy emerge as a critical facet when applying machine learning for sarcopenia diagnosis. Using data from the 8th Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (KLoSA), this study examines harmony search (HS) and the genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection. Evaluation of the resulting feature set involves a decision tree, a random forest, a support vector machine, and naïve bayes algorithms. As a result, the HS-derived feature set trained with a support vector machine yielded an accuracy of 0.785 and a weighted F1 score of 0.782, which outperformed traditional methods. These findings underscore the competitive edge of metaheuristic-based selection, demonstrating its potential in advancing sarcopenia diagnosis. This study advocates for further exploration of metaheuristic-based feature selection's pivotal role in future sarcopenia research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeong Lee
- Department of IT Convergence, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yourim Yoon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyuk Kim
- School of Software, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bae JH, Seo JW, Kim DY. Deep-learning model for predicting physical fitness in possible sarcopenia: analysis of the Korean physical fitness award from 2010 to 2023. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1241388. [PMID: 37614451 PMCID: PMC10443707 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1241388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical fitness is regarded as a significant indicator of sarcopenia. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a deep-learning model for predicting the decline in physical fitness due to sarcopenia in individuals with potential sarcopenia. Methods This study used the 2010-2023 Korean National Physical Fitness Award data. The data comprised exercise- and health-related measurements in Koreans aged >65 years and included body composition and physical fitness variables. Appendicular muscle mass (ASM) was calculated as ASM/height2 to define normal and possible sarcopenia. The deep-learning model was created with EarlyStopping and ModelCheckpoint to prevent overfitting and was evaluated using stratified k-fold cross-validation (k = 5). The model was trained and tested using training data and validation data from each fold. The model's performance was assessed using a confusion matrix, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve. The average performance metrics obtained from each cross-validation were determined. For the analysis of feature importance, SHAP, permutation feature importance, and LIME were employed as model-agnostic explanation methods. Results The deep-learning model proved effective in distinguishing from sarcopenia, with an accuracy of 87.55%, precision of 85.57%, recall of 90.34%, and F1 score of 87.89%. Waist circumference (WC, cm), absolute grip strength (kg), and body fat (BF, %) had an influence on the model output. SHAP, LIME, and permutation feature importance analyses revealed that WC and absolute grip strength were the most important variables. WC, figure-of-8 walk, BF, timed up-and-go, and sit-and-reach emerged as key factors for predicting possible sarcopenia. Conclusion The deep-learning model showed high accuracy and recall with respect to possible sarcopenia prediction. Considering the need for the development of a more detailed and accurate sarcopenia prediction model, the study findings hold promise for enhancing sarcopenia prediction using deep learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyun Bae
- Able-Art Sport, Department of Theory, Hyupsung University, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-won Seo
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Senior Exercise Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Gerokinesiology, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim S, Park S, Lee S, Seo SH, Kim HS, Cha Y, Kim JT, Kim JW, Ha YC, Yoo JI. Assessing physical abilities of sarcopenia patients using gait analysis and smart insole for development of digital biomarker. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10602. [PMID: 37391464 PMCID: PMC10313812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare variable importance across multiple measurement tools, and to use smart insole and artificial intelligence (AI) gait analysis to create variables that can evaluate the physical abilities of sarcopenia patients. By analyzing and comparing sarcopenia patients with non sarcopenia patients, this study aims to develop predictive and classification models for sarcopenia and discover digital biomarkers. The researchers used smart insole equipment to collect plantar pressure data from 83 patients, and a smart phone to collect video data for pose estimation. A Mann-Whitney U was conducted to compare the sarcopenia group of 23 patients and the control group of 60 patients. Smart insole and pose estimation were used to compare the physical abilities of sarcopenia patients with a control group. Analysis of joint point variables showed significant differences in 12 out of 15 variables, but not in knee mean, ankle range, and hip range. These findings suggest that digital biomarkers can be used to differentiate sarcopenia patients from the normal population with improved accuracy. This study compared musculoskeletal disorder patients to sarcopenia patients using smart insole and pose estimation. Multiple measurement methods are important for accurate sarcopenia diagnosis and digital technology has potential for improving diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinjune Kim
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyo Seo
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghan Cha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bumin Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Il Yoo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, 27, Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|