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Liu J, Tong L, Zhang X, Zhang H, Tao B, Gong Q, Zeng R, Song Y. Dynamic nitrogen reallocation in rice plants upon insect herbivory by a generalist lepidopteran pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:294-307. [PMID: 37843127 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a limited nutrient for both plants and herbivores. How plants reallocate N upon herbivore attack is vital for plant tolerance to herbivores. Here we investigated N reallocation in rice during a 2-day herbivore attack by a generalist herbivore Spodoptera litura and 2 days after herbivore removal. Labeled 15 N was translocated during insect attack from feeding-damaged leaves to roots, particularly to young roots. The amounts of chlorophyll and Rubisco were significantly reduced in the attacked leaves. Both free amino acids and nitrate accumulated in the damaged leaves and young roots, while ammonium content was decreased. Activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were enhanced in feeding-damaged leaves but inhibited in young roots. The expression of amino acid transporters OsAAP6, OsAAT15, and jasmonate-responsive genes OsAOS, OsMAPK3, OsMAPK6 was induced in the damaged leaves. However, 2 days after herbivore removal, N uptake was increased and herbivory-induced 15 N transfer to roots was partially reverted back to the damaged leaves, resulting in N levels in the previously damaged leaves were even higher than that in control leaves. Collectively, our results indicate a dynamic N reallocation in rice responses to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Biological Breeding for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baoxiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiangbin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Dutta A, Choudhary P, Gupta-Bouder P, Chatterjee S, Liu PP, Klessig DF, Raina R. Arabidopsis SMALL DEFENSE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 Modulates Pathogen Defense and Tolerance to Oxidative Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:703. [PMID: 32582244 PMCID: PMC7283558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be key modulators of plant defense. However, mechanisms of molecular signal perception and appropriate physiological responses to SA and ROS during biotic or abiotic stress are poorly understood. Here we report characterization of SMALL DEFENSE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (SDA1), which modulates defense against bacterial pathogens and tolerance to oxidative stress. sda1 mutants are compromised in defense gene expression, SA accumulation, and defense against bacterial pathogens. External application of SA rescues compromised defense in sda1 mutants. sda1 mutants are also compromised in tolerance to ROS-generating chemicals. Overexpression of SDA1 leads to enhanced resistance against bacterial pathogens and tolerance to oxidative stress. These results suggest that SDA1 regulates plant immunity via the SA-mediated defense pathway and tolerance to oxidative stress. SDA1 encodes a novel small plant-specific protein containing a highly conserved seven amino acid (S/G)WA(D/E)QWD domain at the N-terminus that is critical for SDA1 function in pathogen defense and tolerance to oxidative stress. Taken together, our studies suggest that SDA1 plays a critical role in modulating both biotic and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and appears to be a plant-specific stress responsive protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Dutta
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Po-Pu Liu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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Groen SC, Humphrey PT, Chevasco D, Ausubel FM, Pierce NE, Whiteman NK. Pseudomonas syringae enhances herbivory by suppressing the reactive oxygen burst in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26205072 PMCID: PMC4721946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in the presence of plant-colonizing microbes. These microbes can have important third-party effects on herbivore ecology, as exemplified by drosophilid flies that evolved from ancestors feeding on plant-associated microbes. Leaf-mining flies in the genus Scaptomyza, which is nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila, show strong associations with bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas, including Pseudomonas syringae. Adult females are capable of vectoring these bacteria between plants and larvae show a preference for feeding on P. syringae-infected leaves. Here we show that Scaptomyza flava larvae can also vector P. syringae to and from feeding sites, and that they not only feed more, but also develop faster on plants previously infected with P. syringae. Our genetic and physiological data show that P. syringae enhances S. flava feeding on infected plants at least in part by suppressing anti-herbivore defenses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Groen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Parris T Humphrey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Daniela Chevasco
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
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Vos IA, Moritz L, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Impact of hormonal crosstalk on plant resistance and fitness under multi-attacker conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:639. [PMID: 26347758 PMCID: PMC4538242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) generally induces plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its oxylipin derivatives together with ethylene (ET) are generally important hormonal regulators of induced plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens, whereas JAs together with abscisic acid (ABA) are implicated in induced plant defenses against herbivorous insects. Hormonal crosstalk between the different plant defense pathways has often been hypothesized to be a cost-saving strategy that has evolved as a means of the plant to reduce allocation costs by repression of unnecessary defenses, thereby minimizing trade-offs between plant defense and growth. However, proof for this hypothesis has not been demonstrated yet. In this study the impact of hormonal crosstalk on disease resistance and fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana when under multi-species attack was investigated. Induction of SA- or JA/ABA-dependent defense responses by the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis or the herbivorous insect Pieris rapae, respectively, was shown to reduce the level of induced JA/ET-dependent defense against subsequent infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. However, despite the enhanced susceptibility to this second attacker, no additional long-term negative effects were observed on plant fitness when plants had been challenged by multiple attackers. Similarly, when plants were grown in dense competition stands to enlarge fitness effects of induced defenses, treatment with a combination of SA and MeJA did not cause additional negative effects on plant fitness in comparison to the single MeJA treatment. Together, these data support the notion that hormonal crosstalk in plants during multi-attacker interactions allows plants to prioritize their defenses, while limiting the fitness costs associated with induction of defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- *Correspondence: Saskia C. M. Van Wees, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 800.56, Kruyt Building, Padualaan 8, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands,
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Appel HM, Fescemyer H, Ehlting J, Weston D, Rehrig E, Joshi T, Xu D, Bohlmann J, Schultz J. Transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to chewing and sucking insect herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25452759 PMCID: PMC4231836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Arabidopsis can recognize and respond differentially to insect species at the transcriptional level using a genome wide microarray. Transcriptional reprogramming was characterized using co-expression analysis in damaged and undamaged leaves at two times in response to mechanical wounding and four insect species. In all, 2778 (10.6%) of annotated genes on the array were differentially expressed in at least one treatment. Responses differed mainly between aphid and caterpillar and sampling times. Responses to aphids and caterpillars shared only 10% of up-regulated and 8% of down-regulated genes. Responses to two caterpillars shared 21 and 12% of up- and down-regulated genes, whereas responses to the two aphids shared only 7 and 4% of up-regulated and down-regulated genes. Overlap in genes expressed between 6 and 24 h was 3-15%, and depended on the insect species. Responses in attacked and unattacked leaves differed at 6 h but converged by 24 h. Genes responding to the insects are also responsive to many stressors and included primary metabolism. Aphids down-regulated amino acid catabolism; caterpillars stimulated production of amino acids involved in glucosinolate synthesis. Co-expression analysis revealed 17 response networks. Transcription factors were a major portion of differentially expressed genes throughout and responsive genes shared most of the known or postulated binding sites. However, cis-element composition of genes down regulated by the aphid M. persicae was unique, as were those of genes down-regulated by caterpillars. As many as 20 cis-elements were over-represented in one or more treatments, including some from well-characterized classes and others as yet uncharacterized. We suggest that transcriptional changes elicited by wounding and insects are heavily influenced by transcription factors and involve both enrichment of a common set of cis-elements and a unique enrichment of a few cis-elements in responding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Appel
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Howard Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Juergen Ehlting
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - David Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Erin Rehrig
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Fitchburg State UniversityFitchburg, MA, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jack Schultz
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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