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Zhou Z, Li Z, Fan F, Qin H, Ding G. Effects of exogenous GA 3 on stem secondary growth of Pinus massoniana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108254. [PMID: 38056037 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) play a crucial role in regulating secondary growth in angiosperms, but their effects on the secondary growth of gymnosperms are rarely reported. In this study, we administered exogenous GA3 to two-year-old P. massoniana seedlings, and examined its effects on anatomical structure, physiological and biochemical changes, and gene expression in stems. The results showed that exogenous GA3 could enhance xylem development in P. massoniana by promoting cell division. The content of endogenous hormone (including auxins, brassinosteroids, and gibberellins) were changed and the genes related to phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathway, such as GID1, DELLA, TIR1, ARF, SAUR, CPD, BR6ox1, and CYCD3, were differentially expressed under GA3 treatment. Furthermore, GA3 and BR (brassinosteroid) might act synergistically in promoting secondary growth in P. massoniana. Additionally, lignin content was significantly increased after GA3 treatment accompanied by the express of lignin biosynthesis related genes. PmCAD (TRINITY_DN142116_c0_g1), a crucial gene involved in the lignin biosynthesis, was cloned and overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, significantly promoting the xylem development and enhancing stem lignification. It was regarded as a key candidate gene for improving stem growth of P. massoniana. The findings of this study have demonstrated the impact of GA3 treatment on secondary growth of stems in P. massoniana, providing a foundation for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of stem secondary growth in Pinaceae seedlings and offering theoretical guidance for cultivating new germplasm with enhanced growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Zhou
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province & Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province & College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhengchun Li
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province & Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province & College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fuhua Fan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province & Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province & College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Huijuan Qin
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province & Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province & College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou Province & Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province & College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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2
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Yin Q, Wu T, Gao R, Wu L, Shi Y, Wang X, Wang M, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Su X, Su Y, Han X, Yuan L, Xiang L, Chen S. Multi-omics reveal key enzymes involved in the formation of phenylpropanoid glucosides in Artemisia annua. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107795. [PMID: 37301186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although mainly known for producing artemisinin, Artemisia annua is enriched in phenylpropanoid glucosides (PGs) with significant bioactivities. However, the biosynthesis of A. annua PGs is insufficiently investigated. Different A. annua ecotypes from distinct growing environments accumulate varying amounts of metabolites, including artemisinin and PGs such as scopolin. UDP-glucose:phenylpropanoid glucosyltransferases (UGTs) transfers glucose from UDP-glucose in PG biosynthesis. Here, we found that the low-artemisinin ecotype GS produces a higher amount of scopolin, compared to the high-artemisinin ecotype HN. By combining transcriptome and proteome analyses, we selected 28 candidate AaUGTs from 177 annotated AaUGTs. Using AlphaFold structural prediction and molecular docking, we determined the binding affinities of 16 AaUGTs. Seven of the AaUGTs enzymatically glycosylated phenylpropanoids. AaUGT25 converted scopoletin to scopolin and esculetin to esculin. The lack of accumulation of esculin in the leaf and the high catalytic efficiency of AaUGT25 on esculetin suggest that esculetin is methylated to scopoletin, the precursor of scopolin. We also discovered that AaOMT1, a previously uncharacterized O-methyltransferase, converts esculetin to scopoletin, suggesting an alternative route for producing scopoletin, which contributes to the high-level accumulation of scopolin in A. annua leaves. AaUGT1 and AaUGT25 responded to induction of stress-related phytohormones, implying the involvement of PGs in stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Yin
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Tianze Wu
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, No. 122, Lo Lion Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150006, China
| | - Yueliang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaojia Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yanyan Su
- Amway(China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi, 214115, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- China National Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA; Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0236, USA
| | - Li Xiang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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3
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Potential of the combination of Artemisia absinthium extract and cisplatin in inducing apoptosis cascades through the expression of p53, BAX, caspase 3 ratio, and caspase 9 in lung cancer cells (Calu-6). Eur J Integr Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2022.102193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chao N, Huang S, Kang X, Yidilisi K, Dai M, Liu L. Systematic functional characterization of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family members revealed their functional divergence in lignin biosynthesis and stress responses in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:145-156. [PMID: 35849944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus) is used as a feed additive and biofuel materials. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.95) catalyzes the final step of monolignol biosynthesis and is responsible for various monolignols. Five MaCADs from Morus alba were cloned and functionally characterized in the present study. These MaCADs encoded proteins with 357-364 amino acids, and the putative protein sequences conservatively possessed two Zn2+ binding motifs and an NADP(H) cofactor binding motif. However, MaCAD1, 2, and 5 shared similar amino acids at substrate binding positions that differed from those possessed by bona fide CADs. MaCAD3 and 4 had conservative substrate binding sites, and both phylogenetic and expression profile analysis indicated they were bona fide CADs involved in lignin biosynthesis. The enzymatic assay showed that MaCAD1 and 5 had a high affinity to p-coumaryl aldehyde. MaCAD4 preferentially used coniferyl aldehyde and sinapyl aldehyde as substrates. His-72 and Tyr-124 in MaCAD1 stabilized p-coumaryl aldehyde, and may have resulted in the substrate preference for p-coumaryl aldehyde. Down-regulation of MaCADs in mulberry showed that MaCAD3/4 were dominant CADs that functioned in monolignol biosynthesis, and decreased MaCAD3/4 resulted in significant decreases of lignin content in both stems and leaves. MaCADs exhibited different expression patterns in response to various stresses, indicating their possible diverse roles. MaCAD2 and MaCAD5 may play positive roles in response to drought and cold stresses, respectively. These results provide a systematic functional analysis of MaCADs in mulberry and an important foundation for the genetic modification of the monolignol pathway in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Xiaoru Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Keermula Yidilisi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Mingjie Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China
| | - Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212018, China.
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Genome-wide analysis of the CAD gene family reveals two bona fide CAD genes in oil palm. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:149. [PMID: 35747504 PMCID: PMC9209623 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is the key enzyme for lignin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, genome-wide analysis was performed to identify CAD genes in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Phylogenetic analysis was then conducted to select the bona fide EgCADs. The bona fide EgCAD genes and their respective 5' flanking regions were cloned and analysed. Their expression profiles were evaluated in various organs using RT-PCR. Seven EgCAD genes (EgCAD1-7) were identified and divided into four phylogenetic groups. EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 display high sequence similarities with other bona fide CADs and possess all the signature motifs of the bona fide CAD. They also display similar 3D protein structures. Gene expression analysis showed that EgCAD1 was expressed most abundantly in the root tissues, while EgCAD2 was expressed constitutively in all the tissues studied. EgCAD1 possesses only one transcription start site, while EgCAD2 has five. Interestingly, a TC microsatellite was found in the 5' flanking region of EgCAD2. The 5' flanking regions of EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 contain lignin-associated regulatory elements i.e. AC-elements, and other defence-related motifs, including W-box, GT-1 motif and CGTCA-motif. Altogether, these results imply that EgCAD1 and EgCAD2 are bona fide CAD involved in lignin biosynthesis during the normal development of oil palm and in response to stresses. Our findings shed some light on the roles of the bona fide CAD genes in oil palm and pave the way for manipulating lignin content in oil palm through a genetic approach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03208-0.
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The Complexity of Sesquiterpene Chemistry Dictates Its Pleiotropic Biologic Effects on Inflammation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082450. [PMID: 35458648 PMCID: PMC9032002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (SQs) are volatile compounds made by plants, insects, and marine organisms. SQ have a large range of biological properties and are potent inhibitors and modulators of inflammation, targeting specific components of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and nitric oxide (NO) generation. Because SQs can be isolated from over 1600 genera and 2500 species grown worldwide, they are an attractive source of phytochemical therapeutics. The chemical structure and biosynthesis of SQs is complex, and the SQ scaffold represents extraordinary structural variety consisting of both acyclic and cyclic (mono, bi, tri, and tetracyclic) compounds. These structures can be decorated with a diverse range of functional groups and substituents, generating many stereospecific configurations. In this review, the effect of SQs on inflammation will be discussed in the context of their complex chemistry. Because inflammation is a multifactorial process, we focus on specific aspects of inflammation: the inhibition of NF-kB signaling, disruption of NO production and modulation of dendritic cells, mast cells, and monocytes. Although the molecular targets of SQs are varied, we discuss how these pathways may mediate the effects of SQs on inflammation.
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Zhang T, Bao F, Ding A, Yang Y, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Endogenous Volatile Compounds, Transcriptome, and Enzyme Activity Reveals PmCAD1 Involved in Cinnamyl Alcohol Synthesis in Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820742. [PMID: 35251090 PMCID: PMC8894765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important economic and ornamental trait of Prunus mume. The floral volatiles from most cultivars of P. mume in composition exist significant differences. Cinnamyl alcohol was one of the main floral volatile compounds with distinct abundances in different cultivars, namely, 'Zaohua Lve,' 'Zao Yudie,' 'Fenpi Gongfen,' 'Jiangsha Gongfen,' and 'Fenhong Zhusha.' Based on the determination of endogenous volatiles of full-blooming flowers, vital enzyme activity and transcriptomes were comprehensively analyzed to screen the key potential genes involved in cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Transcriptome combining with enzyme activity level analysis suggested that the expression levels of three PmCADs were highly correlated with the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) enzyme activities in six cultivars. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree and transcriptome analysis suggested that PmCAD1 and PmCAD2 might contribute to the cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Relative expression analyses and enzyme activity assays showed that PmCAD1 played an important role in cinnamyl alcohol biosynthesis in vitro. Overall, this research lays a theoretical foundation for clarifying comprehensively the molecular biosynthesis mechanism of floral volatiles in P. mume.
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Li H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xie W, Guo Y, Wang Y, Li K, Guo J, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Jia KP, Miao Y. Identification and Characterization of Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Encoding Genes Involved in Lignin Biosynthesis and Resistance to Verticillium dahliae in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:840397. [PMID: 35574065 PMCID: PMC9096875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.840397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating diseases in cotton (Gossypium spp.). Lignin in the cell wall forms a physical barrier to inhibit pathogen invasion, and defense-induced lignification reinforces secondary cell wall to prevent pathogens from further spreading. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CADs) catalyze the production of three main monolignols, p-coumaryl- (H), coniferyl- (G), and sinapyl-alcohols (S), which are the fundamental blocks of lignin. Here, we identified CAD genes in G. hirsutum, analyzed their expression profiles in cotton leaf, stem, and root from different developmental stages, and selected GhCAD35, GhCAD45, and GhCAD43, which were consistently induced by V. dahliae inoculation in G. hirsutum cultivars resistant or susceptible to V. dahliae. On the basis of confirmation of the in vitro enzymatic activity of the three proteins in generation of the three monolignols, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to investigate the effects of silencing of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 on resistance to V. dahliae as well as on deposition and the composition of lignin. Silencing each of the three CADs impaired the defense-induced lignification and salicylic acid biosynthesis in stem, and compromised resistance to V. dahliae. Moreover, our study showed that silencing the three GhCADs severely affected the biosynthesis of S-lignin, leading to a decrease of the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Heterogeneous overexpression of GhCAD35, GhCAD45, or GhCAD43 in Arabidopsis enhanced disease resistance. Taken together, our study demonstrates a role of the three GhCADs in defense-induced lignin biosynthesis and resistance to V. dahliae in G. hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Innovation and Practice Base for Postdoctors, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yunlei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yutao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Kun-Peng Jia,
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Yuchen Miao,
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Dong Y, Ye X, Cao L, Yu X, Qu S. The regulation of DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 in scion dwarfing with Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. PLANTA 2021; 254:113. [PMID: 34739601 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing and yeast one and two-hybrid library screening reveal that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 are involved in the regulation of scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks. Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi ('Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi') interstocks play a critical role in the scion dwarfing. However, the understanding of the molecular signaling pathways that regulate the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks remain unclear. In this work, the regulatory network in the scion dwarfing with 'Nan-tong-xiao-fang-shi' as interstocks was identified. Using a yeast one-hybrid library screening, luciferase activity analysis, luciferase complementation imaging assays and GFP signal detection, a SPL transcription factor named Diospyros kaki SPL (DKSPL), potentially functioning as a transcriptional activator of the Diospyros kaki GA2ox1 (DKGA2ox1) gene, was identified as a key stimulating factor in the persimmon growth and development. The DKSPL was found in the nucleus, and might play a role in the transcriptional regulation system. A microRNA named miR171f_3 was identified, which might act as a negative regulator of Diospyros kaki SCR (DKSCR) in persimmon. The interactions between DKSCR and seven proteins were experimentally validated with a yeast two-hybrid library screening. Compared to the non-grafted wildtype persimmon, the tissue section of graft union healed well due to the increased expression of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase. These results indicate that DKGA2ox1 and miR171f_3 may co-promote the scion dwarfing by plant hormone signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xialin Ye
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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Jeena GS, Joshi A, Shukla RK. Bm-miR172c-5p Regulates Lignin Biosynthesis and Secondary Xylem Thickness by Altering the Ferulate 5 Hydroxylase Gene in Bacopa monnieri. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:894-912. [PMID: 34009389 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding, endogenous RNAs containing 20-24 nucleotides that regulate the expression of target genes involved in various plant processes. A total of 1,429 conserved miRNAs belonging to 95 conserved miRNA families and 12 novel miRNAs were identified from Bacopa monnieri using small RNA sequencing. The Bm-miRNA target transcripts related to the secondary metabolism were further selected for validation. The Bm-miRNA expression in shoot and root tissues was negatively correlated with their target transcripts. The Bm-miRNA cleavage sites were mapped within the coding or untranslated region as depicted by the modified RLM-RACE. In the present study, we validate three miRNA targets, including asparagine synthetase, cycloartenol synthase and ferulate 5 hydroxylase (F5H) and elucidate the regulatory role of Bm-miR172c-5p, which cleaves the F5H gene involved in the lignin biosynthesis. Overexpression (OE) of Bm-miR172c-5p precursor in B. monnieri suppresses F5H gene, leading to reduced lignification and secondary xylem thickness under control and drought stress. By contrast, OE of endogenous target mimics (eTMs) showed enhanced lignification and secondary xylem thickness leading to better physiological response under drought stress. Taken together, we suggest that Bm-miRNA172c-5p might be a key player in maintaining the native phenotype of B. monnieri under control and different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Ashutosh Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow 226015, India
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Yan Y, Wang P, Lu Y, Bai Y, Wei Y, Liu G, Shi H. MeRAV5 promotes drought stress resistance in cassava by modulating hydrogen peroxide and lignin accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:847-860. [PMID: 34022096 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava, an important food and energy crop, is relatively more resistant to drought stress than other crops. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this resistance remains elusive. Herein, we report that silencing a drought stress-responsive transcription factor MeRAV5 significantly reduced drought stress resistance, with higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and less lignin during drought stress. Yeast two-hybrid, pull down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed that MeRAV5 physically interacted with peroxidase (MePOD) and lignin-related cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 15 (MeCAD15) in vitro and in vivo. MeRAV5 promoted the activities of both MePOD and MeCAD15 to affect H2 O2 and endogenous lignin accumulation respectively, which are important in drought stress resistance in cassava. When either MeCAD15 or MeRAV5 was silenced, or both were co-silenced, cassava showed lower lignin content and drought-sensitive phenotype, whereas exogenous lignin alkali treatment increased drought stress resistance and alleviated the drought-sensitive phenotype of these silenced cassava plants. This study documents that the modulation of H2 O2 and lignin by MeRAV5 is essential for drought stress resistance in cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, 570228, China
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12
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Nandakumar M, Malathi P, Sundar AR, Rajadurai CP, Philip M, Viswanathan R. Role of miRNAs in the host-pathogen interaction between sugarcane and Colletotrichum falcatum, the red rot pathogen. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:851-870. [PMID: 33818644 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Sugarcane microRNAs specifically involved during compatible and incompatible interactions with red rot pathogen Colletotrichum falcatum were identified. We have identified how the miRNAs regulate their gene targets and elaborated evidently on the underlying molecular mechanism of sugarcane defense response to C. falcatum for the first time. Resistance against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum falcatum causing red rot is one of the most desirable traits for sustainable crop cultivation in sugarcane. To gain new insight into the host defense mechanism against C. falcatum, we studied the role of sugarcane microRNAs during compatible and incompatible interactions by adopting the NGS platform. We have sequenced a total of 80 miRNA families that comprised 980 miRNAs, and the putative targets of the miRNAs include transcription factors, membrane-bound proteins, glutamate receptor proteins, lignin biosynthesis proteins, signaling cascade proteins, transporter proteins, mitochondrial proteins, ER proteins, defense-related, stress response proteins, translational regulation proteins, cell proliferation, and ubiquitination proteins. Further, qRT-PCR analyses of 8 differentially regulated miRNAs and 26 gene transcript targets expression indicated that these miRNAs have a regulatory effect on the expression of respective target genes in most of the cases. Also, the results suggest that certain miRNA regulates many target genes that are involved in inciting early responses to the pathogen infection, signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and resistance gene activation through feedback response from various cellular processes during the compatible and incompatible interaction with the red rot pathogen C. falcatum. The present study revealed the role of sugarcane miRNAs and their target genes during sugarcane-C. falcatum interaction and provided new insight into the miRNA-mediated defense mechanism in sugarcane for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nandakumar
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - P Malathi
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - A R Sundar
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India
| | - C P Rajadurai
- AgriGenome Labs, Infopark-Smart City Short Rd, Kochi, Kerala, 682030, India
| | - Manuel Philip
- AgriGenome Labs, Infopark-Smart City Short Rd, Kochi, Kerala, 682030, India
| | - R Viswanathan
- ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641007, India.
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13
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Kok ADX, Mohd Yusoff NF, Sekeli R, Wee CY, Lamasudin DU, Ong-Abdullah J, Lai KS. Pluronic F-68 Improves Callus Proliferation of Recalcitrant Rice Cultivar via Enhanced Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Nutrients Uptake. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:667434. [PMID: 34149763 PMCID: PMC8207202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.667434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) is a non-ionic surfactant used in plant tissue culture as a growth additive. Despite its usage as a plant growth enhancer, the mechanism underlying the growth-promoting effects of PF-68 remains largely unknown. Hence, this study was undertaken to elucidate the growth-promoting mechanism of PF-68 using recalcitrant MR 219 callus as a model. Supplementation of 0.04% PF-68 (optimum concentration) was shown to enhance callus proliferation. The treated callus recorded enhanced sugar content, protein content, and glutamate synthase activity as exemplified in the comparative proteome analysis, showing protein abundance involved in carbohydrate metabolism (alpha amylase), protein biosynthesis (ribosomal proteins), and nitrogen metabolism (glutamate synthase), which are crucial to plant growth and development. Moreover, an increase in nutrients uptake was also noted with potassium topping the list, suggesting a vital role of K in governing plant growth. In contrast, 0.10% PF-68 (high concentration) induced stress response in the callus, revealing an increment in phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, malondialdehyde content, and peroxidase activity, which were consistent with high abundance of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and peroxiredoxin proteins detected and concomitant with a reduced level of esterase activity. The data highlighted that incorporation of PF-68 at optimum concentration improved callus proliferation of recalcitrant MR 219 through enhanced carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and nutrient uptake. However, growth-promoting effects of PF-68 are concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew De-Xian Kok
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fatihah Mohd Yusoff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rogayah Sekeli
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chien-Yeong Wee
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dhilia Udie Lamasudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong-Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Janna Ong-Abdullah
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Kok-Song Lai
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14
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li R, Yi Y, Yang H, Wang C, Wang Z, Liu Y. RgC3H Involves in the Biosynthesis of Allelopathic Phenolic Acids and Alters Their Release Amount in Rehmannia glutinosa Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E567. [PMID: 32365552 PMCID: PMC7284580 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa production is affected by replanting disease, in which autotoxic harm to plants is mediated by endogenous phenolic acids as allelopathic compounds found in root exudates. These phenolic acids are mostly phenylpropanoid products of plants' secondary metabolisms. The molecular mechanism of their biosynthesis and release has not been explored in R. glutinosa. P-coumarate-3-hydroxylase (C3H) is the second hydroxylase gene involved in the phenolic acid/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. C3Hs have been functionally characterized in several plants. However, limited information is available on the C3H gene in R. glutinosa. Here, we identified a putative RgC3H gene and predicted its potential function by in silico analysis and subcellular localization. Overexpression or repression of RgC3H in the transgenic R. glutinosa roots indicated that the gene was involved in allelopathic phenolic biosynthesis. Moreover, we found that these phenolic acid release amount of the transgenic R. glutinosa roots were altered, implying that RgC3H positively promotes their release via the molecular networks of the activated phenolic acid/phenylpropanoid pathways. This study revealed that RgC3H plays roles in the biosynthesis and release of allelopathic phenolic acids in R. glutinosa roots, laying a basis for further clarifying the molecular mechanism of the replanting disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Crop Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Ruifang Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanjie Yi
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Heng Yang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chaojie Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zushiqi Wang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunyi Liu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Street 100, Zhengzhou High-Technology Zero, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.)
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15
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Li M, Cheng C, Zhang X, Zhou S, Li L, Yang S. Overexpression of Pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia) CAD2 in Tomato Affects Lignin Content. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142595. [PMID: 31319487 PMCID: PMC6680972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PpCAD2 was originally isolated from the ‘Wangkumbae’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai), and it encodes for cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which is a key enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In order to verify the function of PpCAD2, transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ‘Micro-Tom’ plants were generated using over-expression constructs via the agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The results showed that the PpCAD2 over-expression transgenic tomato plant had a strong growth vigor. Furthermore, these PpCAD2 over-expression transgenic tomato plants contained a higher lignin content and CAD enzymatic activity in the stem, leaf and fruit pericarp tissues, and formed a greater number of vessel elements in the stem and leaf vein, compared to wild type tomato plants. This study clearly indicated that overexpressing PpCAD2 increased the lignin deposition of transgenic tomato plants, and thus validated the function of PpCAD2 in lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtong Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109, China
| | - Chenxia Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109, China
| | - Suping Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, 3500 John Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Lixia Li
- Dongying Academy of Agricultural Science, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Shaolan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao City 266109, China.
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16
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Nair P, Mall M, Sharma P, Khan F, Nagegowda DA, Rout PK, Gupta MM, Pandey A, Shasany AK, Gupta AK, Shukla AK. Characterization of a class III peroxidase from Artemisia annua: relevance to artemisinin metabolism and beyond. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:527-541. [PMID: 31093899 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A class III peroxidase from Artemisia annua has been shown to indicate the possibility of cellular localization-based role diversity, which may have implications in artemisinin catabolism as well as lignification. Artemisia annua derives its importance from the antimalarial artemisinin. The -O-O- linkage in artemisinin makes peroxidases relevant to its metabolism. Earlier, we identified three peroxidase-coding genes from A. annua, whereby Aa547 showed higher expression in the low-artemisinin plant stage whereas Aa528 and Aa540 showed higher expression in the artemisinin-rich plant stage. Here we carried out tertiary structure homology modelling of the peroxidases for docking studies. Maximum binding affinity for artemisinin was shown by Aa547. Further, Aa547 showed greater binding affinity for post-artemisinin metabolite, deoxyartemisinin, as compared to pre-artemisinin metabolites (dihydroartemisinic hydroperoxide, artemisinic acid, dihydroartemisinic acid). It also showed significant binding affinity for the monolignol, coniferyl alcohol. Moreover, Aa547 expression was related inversely to artemisinin content and directly to total lignin content as indicated by its transient silencing and overexpression in A. annua. Artemisinin reduction assay also indicated inverse relationship between Aa547 expression and artemisinin content. Subcellular localization using GFP fusion suggested that Aa547 is peroxisomal. Nevertheless, dual localization (intracellular/extracellular) of Aa547 could not be ruled out due to its effect on both, artemisinin and lignin. Taken together, this indicates possibility of localization-based role diversity for Aa547, which may have implications in artemisinin catabolism as well as lignification in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Nair
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Maneesha Mall
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Prasant K Rout
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Madan M Gupta
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Ajit K Shasany
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Anil K Gupta
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, U.P., 226015, India.
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17
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Zhao X, Huang L, Kang L, Jetter R, Yao L, Li Y, Xiao Y, Wang D, Xiao Q, Ni Y, Guo Y. Comparative analyses of cuticular waxes on various organs of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:102-112. [PMID: 30884413 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes cover the plant surface and serve as hydrophobic layer, exhibiting various wax profiles between plant species and plant organs. This paper reports comprehensive analysis of the waxes on organs exposed to air, including leaf, stem, pod pericarp, and petals (banner, wing and keel), and on seed coat enwrapped in pod pericarp of faba bean (Vicia faba). In total 7 classes of wax compounds were identified, including fatty acids, primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, cinnamyl alcohol esters, and alkylresorcinols. Overall, primary alcohols dominated the waxes on leaves and the seed coat enwrapped in pod pericarp, alkanes accumulated largely in stem and petals, whereas alkylresorcinols were observed in leaf, stem and pod pericarp. Organs exposed to air had higher coverage (>1.2 μg/cm2) than those on seed coat (<0.8 μg/cm2), and keel having the highest wax coverage. Meanwhile, the wax coverage on seed coat reduced during the seed development. The variations of wax coverages, compound class distributions and chain length profiles among organs suggested that wax depositions were associated with their ecophysiological functions, and the enzymes involved in wax biosynthesis also showed organ-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lin Kang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Luhua Yao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dengke Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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18
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Czechowski T, Rinaldi MA, Famodimu MT, Van Veelen M, Larson TR, Winzer T, Rathbone DA, Harvey D, Horrocks P, Graham IA. Flavonoid Versus Artemisinin Anti-malarial Activity in Artemisia annua Whole-Leaf Extracts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31417596 PMCID: PMC6683762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced by Artemisia annua glandular secretory trichomes, is the active ingredient in the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Other metabolites in A. annua or related species, particularly flavonoids, have been proposed to either act as antimalarials on their own or act synergistically with artemisinin to enhance antimalarial activity. We identified a mutation that disrupts the CHALCONE ISOMERASE 1 (CHI1) enzyme that is responsible for the second committed step of flavonoid biosynthesis. Detailed metabolite profiling revealed that chi1-1 lacks all major flavonoids but produces wild-type artemisinin levels, making this mutant a useful tool to test the antiplasmodial effects of flavonoids. We used whole-leaf extracts from chi1-1 and mutant lines impaired in artemisinin production in bioactivity in vitro assays against intraerythrocytic P. falciparum Dd2. We found that chi1-1 extracts did not differ from wild-type extracts in antiplasmodial efficacy nor initial rate of cytocidal action. Furthermore, extracts from the A. annua cyp71av1-1 mutant and RNAi lines impaired in amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression, which are both severely compromised in artemisinin biosynthesis but unaffected in flavonoid metabolism, showed very low or no antiplasmodial activity. These results demonstrate that in vitro bioactivity against P. falciparum of flavonoids is negligible when compared to that of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Czechowski
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro A. Rinaldi
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tony R. Larson
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Winzer
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Rathbone
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Biorenewables Development Centre, Dunnington, United Kingdom
| | - David Harvey
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Horrocks
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ian A. Graham,
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