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Li D, Yang J, Dai Z, Chen Y, Shao Z, Wang C, Jin X, Wang Y, Feng L. Prohexadione-calcium improves grape quality by regulating endogenous hormones, sugar and acid metabolism and related enzyme activities in grape berries. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38373883 PMCID: PMC10875774 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Prohexadione-Calcium (Pro-Ca) plays key roles in improving fruit quality and yield by regulating various aspects of plant growth. However, the effects of how Pro-Ca regulates the regulation of sugar and acid balance and its impact on the production of volatile aroma substances during fruit growth and development are poorly understood. In this study, the Pro-Ca solutions developed at concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg·L-1 were sprayed on the entire "Chardonnay" grape tree 22, 42, 62 and 82 days after initial flowering. The values of endogenous hormones, sugar and acid content, enzyme activities and flavor content were then measured in grapes 45, 65, 85 and 105 days (ripeness stage) after the initial flowering. The results showed that Pro-Ca had significant effects on fruits during development, including reducing ABA content, increasing ZT, GA3 and IAA levels, promoting fruit ripening and enhancing enzymes, which are involved in sugar and acid synthesis. Consequently, these effects led to an increase in sugar and acid content in the berries. Particularly during the ripening phase, the application of 600 mg L-1 Pro-Ca resulted in an increase in soluble sugar content of 11.28% and a significant increase in citric acid and malic acid content of 97.80% and 68.86%, respectively. Additionally, Pro-Ca treatment enhanced both the variety and quantity of aroma compounds present in the berries, with the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment showcasing the most favorable impact on volatile aroma compounds in 'Chardonnay' grapes. The levels of aldehydes, esters, alcohols, phenols, acids, ketones, and terpenes were significantly higher under the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment compared to those of control with 51.46 - 423.85% increase. In conclusion, Pro-Ca can regulate the content of endogenous hormones and the activities of enzymes related to sugar and acid metabolism in fruit, thereby increasing the content of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruit and the diversity and concentration of fruit aroma substances. Among them, foliar spraying 600 mg · L-1 Pro-Ca has the best effect. In the future, we need to further understand the molecular mechanism of Pro-Ca in grape fruit to lay a solid foundation for quality improvement breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiangshan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Zibo Dai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhang Shao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Chunheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lidan Feng
- Research and Development Center of Wine Industry in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Choi S, Prabhakar PK, Chowdhury R, Pendergast TH, Urbanowicz BR, Maranas C, Devos KM. A single amino acid change led to structural and functional differentiation of PvHd1 to control flowering in switchgrass. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5532-5546. [PMID: 37402629 PMCID: PMC10540729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass, a forage and bioenergy crop, occurs as two main ecotypes with different but overlapping ranges of adaptation. The two ecotypes differ in a range of characteristics, including flowering time. Flowering time determines the duration of vegetative development and therefore biomass accumulation, a key trait in bioenergy crops. No causal variants for flowering time differences between switchgrass ecotypes have, as yet, been identified. In this study, we mapped a robust flowering time quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 4K in a biparental F2 population and characterized the flowering-associated transcription factor gene PvHd1, an ortholog of CONSTANS in Arabidopsis and Heading date 1 in rice, as the underlying causal gene. Protein modeling predicted that a serine to glycine substitution at position 35 (p.S35G) in B-Box domain 1 greatly altered the global structure of the PvHd1 protein. The predicted variation in protein compactness was supported in vitro by a 4 °C shift in denaturation temperature. Overexpressing the PvHd1-p.35S allele in a late-flowering CONSTANS-null Arabidopsis mutant rescued earlier flowering, whereas PvHd1-p.35G had a reduced ability to promote flowering, demonstrating that the structural variation led to functional divergence. Our findings provide us with a tool to manipulate the timing of floral transition in switchgrass cultivars and, potentially, expand their cultivation range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Choi
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Pradeep K Prabhakar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ratul Chowdhury
- Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Thomas H Pendergast
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeanna R Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Costas Maranas
- Chemical Engineering, Penn State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wang Q, Gao G, Chen X, Liu X, Dong B, Wang Y, Zhong S, Deng J, Fang Q, Zhao H. Genetic studies on continuous flowering in woody plant Osmanthus fragrans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1049479. [PMID: 36407607 PMCID: PMC9671776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1049479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flowering is a key horticultural trait in ornamental plants, whereas the specific molecular regulation mechanism remains largely unknown. In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.), plants based on their flowering characteristics are divided into once-flowering (OF) habit and continuous flowering (CF) habit. Here, we first described the flowering phenology shifts of OF and CF habits in sweet osmanthus through paraffin section and microscope assay. Phenotypic characterization showed that CF plants had constant new shoot growth, floral transition, and blooming for 1 year, which might lead to a continuous flowering trait. We performed the transcriptome sequencing of OF and CF sweet osmanthus and analyzed the transcriptional activity of flowering-related genes. Among the genes, three floral integrators, OfFT, OfTFL1, and OfBFT, had a differential expression during the floral transition process in OF and CF habits. The expression patterns of the three genes in 1 year were revealed. The results suggested that their accumulations corresponded to the new shoots occurring and the floral transition process. Function studies suggested that OfFT acted as a flowering activator, whereas OfBFT was a flowering inhibitor. Yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that OfSPL8 was a common upstream transcription factor of OfFT and OfBFT, suggesting the vital role of OfSPL8 in continuous flowering regulation. These results provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism of continuous flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiu Fang
- *Correspondence: Hongbo Zhao, ; Qiu Fang,
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Chang D, Dong H, Bai S, Wu Y. Mapping QTLs for spring green-up, plant vigor, and plant biomass in two lowland switchgrass populations. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:27. [PMID: 37309534 PMCID: PMC10248649 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important perennial C4 species due to its large potential for cellulosic bioenergy feedstock production. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling important developmental traits is valuable to understanding the genetic basis and using marker-assisted selection (MAS) in switchgrass breeding. One F1 hybrid population derived from NL94 (♀) × SL93 (♂) and one S1 (first-generation selfed) population from NL94 were used in this study. Both the populations showed significant variations for genotype and genotype by environment interactions for three traits studied: plant vigor, spring green-up, and plant biomass. Plant vigor had strong and positive correlations with plant biomass in both populations. Broad-sense heritability estimates for plant vigor ranged from 0.46 to 0.74 and 0.45 to 0.74 in the hybrid and selfed population, respectively. Spring green-up had similar heritability estimates, 0.42-0.78 in the hybrid population, and 0.47-0.82 in the selfed population. Heritability of plant biomass was 0.54-0.64 in the hybrid population and 0.64-0.74 in the selfed population. Fifteen QTLs for spring green-up, 6 QTLs for plant vigor, and 3 QTLs for biomass yield were detected in the hybrid population, whereas 4 QTLs for spring green-up, 4 QTLs for plant vigor, and 1 QTL for biomass yield were detected in the selfed population. Markers associated with these QTLs can be used in MAS to accelerate switchgrass breeding program. This study provided new information in understanding the genetic control of biomass components and demonstrated substantial heterotic vigor that could be explored for breeding hybrid cultivars in switchgrass. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01296-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Xipu, Chengdu, 611731 Sichuan China
| | - Hongxu Dong
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762 USA
| | - Shiqie Bai
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Xipu, Chengdu, 611731 Sichuan China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
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Bhattarai G, Yang W, Shi A, Feng C, Dhillon B, Correll JC, Mou B. High resolution mapping and candidate gene identification of downy mildew race 16 resistance in spinach. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:478. [PMID: 34174825 PMCID: PMC8234665 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Downy mildew, the most devastating disease of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), is caused by the oomycete Peronospora effusa [=P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae]. The P. effusa shows race specificities to the resistant host and comprises 19 reported races and many novel isolates. Sixteen new P. effusa races were identified during the past three decades, and the new pathogen races are continually overcoming the genetic resistances used in commercial cultivars. A spinach breeding population derived from the cross between cultivars Whale and Lazio was inoculated with P. effusa race 16 in an environment-controlled facility; disease response was recorded and genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS). The main objective of this study was to identify resistance-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the cultivar Whale against the P. effusa race 16. Results Association analysis conducted using GBS markers identified six significant SNPs (S3_658,306, S3_692697, S3_1050601, S3_1227787, S3_1227802, S3_1231197). The downy mildew resistance locus from cultivar Whale was mapped to a 0.57 Mb region on chromosome 3, including four disease resistance candidate genes (Spo12736, Spo12784, Spo12908, and Spo12821) within 2.69–11.28 Kb of the peak SNP. Conclusions Genomewide association analysis approach was used to map the P. effusa race 16 resistance loci and identify associated SNP markers and the candidate genes. The results from this study could be valuable in understanding the genetic basis of downy mildew resistance, and the SNP marker will be useful in spinach breeding to select resistant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehendra Bhattarai
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Chunda Feng
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Braham Dhillon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida - Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - James C Correll
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Beiquan Mou
- USDA-ARS Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93906, USA.
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Jensen E, Shafiei R, Ma X, Serba DD, Smith DP, Slavov GT, Robson P, Farrar K, Thomas Jones S, Swaller T, Flavell R, Clifton‐Brown J, Saha MC, Donnison I. Linkage mapping evidence for a syntenic QTL associated with flowering time in perennial C 4 rhizomatous grasses Miscanthus and switchgrass. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2021; 13:98-111. [PMID: 33381230 PMCID: PMC7756372 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flowering in perennial species is directed via complex signalling pathways that adjust to developmental regulations and environmental cues. Synchronized flowering in certain environments is a prerequisite to commercial seed production, and so the elucidation of the genetic architecture of flowering time in Miscanthus and switchgrass could aid breeding in these underdeveloped species. In this context, we assessed a mapping population in Miscanthus and two ecologically diverse switchgrass mapping populations over 3 years from planting. Multiple flowering time quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in both species. Remarkably, the most significant Miscanthus and switchgrass QTL proved to be syntenic, located on linkage groups 4 and 2, with logarithm of odds scores of 17.05 and 21.8 respectively. These QTL regions contained three flowering time transcription factors: Squamosa Promoter-binding protein-Like, MADS-box SEPELLATA2 and gibberellin-responsive bHLH137. The former is emerging as a key component of the age-related flowering time pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Jensen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Reza Shafiei
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
- University of Dundee at JHIDundeeUK
| | - Xue‐Feng Ma
- Ceres, Inc.Thousand OaksCAUSA
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOKUSA
| | - Desalegn D. Serba
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOKUSA
- Agricultural Research Center‐HaysKansas State UniversityHaysKSUSA
| | - Daniel P. Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
- ScionRotoruaNew Zealand
| | - Gancho T. Slavov
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
- ScionRotoruaNew Zealand
| | - Paul Robson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Kerrie Farrar
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Sian Thomas Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | - Timothy Swaller
- Ceres, Inc.Thousand OaksCAUSA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Richard Flavell
- Ceres, Inc.Thousand OaksCAUSA
- International Wheat Yield PartnershipTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John Clifton‐Brown
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
| | | | - Iain Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth UniversityAberystwythUK
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Koch KG, Palmer NA, Donze-Reiner T, Scully ED, Seravalli J, Amundsen K, Twigg P, Louis J, Bradshaw JD, Heng-Moss TM, Sarath G. Aphid-Responsive Defense Networks in Hybrid Switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32849703 PMCID: PMC7412557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphid herbivory elicits plant defense-related networks that are influenced by host genetics. Plants of the upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivar Summer can be a suitable host for greenbug aphids (Schizaphis graminum; GB), and yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava, YSA), whereas the lowland cultivar Kanlow exhibited multi-species resistance that curtails aphid reproduction. However, stabilized hybrids of Summer (♀) x Kanlow (♂) (SxK) with improved agronomics can be damaged by both aphids. Here, hormone and metabolite analyses, coupled with RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes, were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs that potentially regulate these responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in GB infested plants at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI). ABA levels were highest at 15DAI in YSA infested plants. Jasmonic acid levels were significantly elevated under GB infestation, while salicylic acid levels were signifi40cantly elevated only at 15 DAI in YSA infested plants. Similarly, levels of several metabolites were altered in common or specifically to each aphid. YSA infestation induced a significant enrichment of flavonoids consistent with an upregulation of many genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis at 15DAI. Gene co-expression modules that responded singly to either aphid or in common to both aphids were differentiated and linked to specific TFs. Together, these data provide important clues into the interplay of metabolism and transcriptional remodeling accompanying defense responses to aphid herbivory in hybrid switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Biology Department, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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