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Variability in frost occurrence under climate change and consequent risk of damage to trees of western Quebec, Canada. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7220. [PMID: 35508611 PMCID: PMC9068889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change affects timings, frequency, and intensity of frost events in northern ecosystems. However, our understanding of the impacts that frost will have on growth and survival of plants is still limited. When projecting the occurrence of frost, the internal variability and the different underlying physical formulations are two major sources of uncertainty of climate models. We use 50 climate simulations produced by a single-initial large climate ensemble and five climate simulations produced by different pairs of global and regional climate models based on the concentration pathway (RCP 8.5) over a latitudinal transect covering the temperate and boreal ecosystems of western Quebec, Canada, during 1955–2099 to provide a first-order estimate of the relative importance of these two sources of uncertainty on the occurrence of frost, i.e. when air temperature is < 0 °C, and their potential damage to trees. The variation in the date of the last spring frost was larger by 21 days (from 46 to 25 days) for the 50 climate simulations compared to the 5 different pairs of climate models. When considering these two sources of uncertainty in an eco-physiological model simulating the timings of budbreak for trees of northern environment, results show that 20% of climate simulations expect that trees will be exposed to frost even in 2090. Thus, frost damage to trees remains likely under global warming.
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Ismael A, Xue J, Meason DF, Klápště J, Gallart M, Li Y, Bellè P, Gomez-Gallego M, Bradford KT, Telfer E, Dungey H. Genetic Variation in Drought-Tolerance Traits and Their Relationships to Growth in Pinus radiata D. Don Under Water Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:766803. [PMID: 35058945 PMCID: PMC8764257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The selection of drought-tolerant genotypes is globally recognized as an effective strategy to maintain the growth and survival of commercial tree species exposed to future drought periods. New genomic selection tools that reduce the time of progeny trials are required to substitute traditional tree breeding programs. We investigated the genetic variation of water stress tolerance in New Zealand-grown Pinus radiata D. Don using 622 commercially-used genotypes from 63 families. We used quantitative pedigree-based (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction or ABLUP) and genomic-based (Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction or GBLUP) approaches to examine the heritability estimates associated with water stress tolerance in P. radiata. Tree seedling growth traits, foliar carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (Y) were monitored before, during and after 10 months of water stress. Height growth showed a constant and moderate heritability level, while the heritability estimate for diameter growth and δ13C decreased with water stress. In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence exhibited low heritability after 5 and 10 months of water stress. The GBLUP approach provided less breeding value accuracy than ABLUP, however, the relative selection efficiency of GBLUP was greater compared with ABLUP selection techniques. Although there was no significant relationship directly between δ13C and Y, the genetic correlations were significant and stronger for GBLUP. The positive genetic correlations between δ13C and tree biomass traits under water stress indicated that intraspecific variation in δ13C was likely driven by differences in the genotype's photosynthetic capacity. The results show that foliar δ13C can predict P. radiata genotype tolerance to water stress using ABLUP and GBLUP approaches and that such approaches can provide a faster screening and selection of drought-tolerant genotypes for forestry breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismael
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- Research and Development, Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Marta Gallart
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Yongjun Li
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Center, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Bellè
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Mireia Gomez-Gallego
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
- INRAE, IAM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Emily Telfer
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Heidi Dungey
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Rotorua, New Zealand
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Schueler S, George JP, Karanitsch-Ackerl S, Mayer K, Klumpp RT, Grabner M. Evolvability of Drought Response in Four Native and Non-native Conifers: Opportunities for Forest and Genetic Resource Management in Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:648312. [PMID: 34305960 PMCID: PMC8295755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.648312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in drought response is expected to play an important role in determining the persistence of tree populations in global change as it (1) allows for spontaneous selection and local adaptation of tree populations, (2) supports assisted seed transfer of less-drought-sensitive provenance, and (3) enables the integration of drought-sensitivity traits into tree breeding. Estimating the potential of such adaptation options requires quantitative genetic knowledge of drought sensitivity across significant parts of species distributions and a comparative assessment of genetic variation within economically and ecologically important tree species. We quantified genetic variation within and among populations of four conifers growing within common garden experiments in the drought-prone eastern Austria. This region experienced three strong drought periods between 1980 and 2010 that resulted in significant reductions in radial growth. Among the four tested species, Douglas-fir revealed the highest resistance during drought and silver fir the best recovery after drought, while European larch and Norway spruce showed the lowest resistance. High genetic variation among populations and phenotypic stability across all three drought events was found for Norway spruce and silver fir, but not for the other species. Heritability and evolvability of drought traits, both approximated via genetic repeatability, revealed strong differences among populations of all four species. Repeatability and evolvability for resistance were highest in Norway spruce and, for recovery, highest in European larch. Our comparison indicates that the mean drought sensitivity of a species is not related to the intraspecific genetic variation in drought response. Thus, also highly drought-sensitive species, such as Norway spruce and European larch, harbor significant genetic variation in drought response within and among populations to justify targeted tree breeding, assisted gene flow, and supportive forest management to foster local adaptations to future conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Schueler
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Silvio Schueler
| | - Jan-Peter George
- Department of Forest Growth, Silviculture and Genetics, Austrian Research Centre for Forests BFW, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Karanitsch-Ackerl
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Konrad Mayer
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Raphael Thomas Klumpp
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grabner
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Marquis B, Bergeron Y, Simard M, Tremblay F. Growing-season frost is a better predictor of tree growth than mean annual temperature in boreal mixedwood forest plantations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6537-6554. [PMID: 32865303 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increase in frost damage to trees due to earlier spring dehardening could outweigh the expected increase in forest productivity caused by climate warming. We quantified the impact of growing-season frosts on the performance of three spruce species (white, black, and Norway spruce) and various seed sources with different frost tolerance in two plantations, established on both sides of the eastern Canadian boreal-temperate forest ecotone. The objectives of this study were to determine (a) if spruce species and seed sources planted in sites far from their natural provenance would be less adapted to local site conditions, leading to increased frost damage and reduced height growth; (b) at which height above the ground growing-season frosts ceased to damage apical meristems; and (c) if height growth was best predicted by extreme climatic events (growing-season frosts) or by mean annual or summer temperature. At each site and for all spruce species and seed sources, we cross-sectioned spruce trees at different heights above the ground. Tree rings were cross-dated and screened for frost rings, which were then given a severity score based on cellular damage. Frost severity reduced height growth of all spruce species and provenances at both sites. Height growth of the non-native Norway spruce was the most reduced by frost severity and was the smallest species at both sites. Frost caused the highest growth reduction in white spruce at the boreal mixedwood site and had the least effect on black spruce at both sites. For all spruce species, height growth was affected up to 2 m above the ground. Model selection based on corrected Akaike's information criteria (AICc) identified that minimum temperature in May was by far the best climate variable predicting tree growth (AICc weight = 1), highlighting the importance of considering extreme climatic events, which are likely to increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marquis
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Simard
- Department of Geography, Center for Forest Research, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Center for Northern Studies, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Tremblay
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
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Marquis B, Bergeron Y, Simard M, Tremblay F. Probability of Spring Frosts, Not Growing Degree-Days, Drives Onset of Spruce Bud Burst in Plantations at the Boreal-Temperate Forest Ecotone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1031. [PMID: 32849673 PMCID: PMC7396537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming-driven early leaf-out is expected to increase forest productivity but concurrently increases leaf exposure to spring frosts, which could reduce forests' net productivity. We hypothesized that due to their damaging effect on buds, spring frosts exert a stronger control on bud phenology than do growing degree-days. We monitored bud flush phenology of three white spruce seed sources (one local seed source from the boreal mixedwood forest and two seed sources from the temperate forest), one black spruce seed source originating from the boreal mixedwood forest and four nonlocal Norway spruce seed sources in 2016 and 2017 in two plantations located on both sides of the temperate-boreal mixedwood forest ecotone in eastern Canada (Quebec). We aimed to determine inter- and intraspecies variations in bud break timing and sensitivity to air temperature and photoperiod. We expected that bud break timing for boreal species and seed sources would be better synchronized with the decrease in frost probability than for nonlocal species and seed sources. We used mixed binomial regressions and AICc model selection to determine the best environmental variables predicting each transition from one stage of bud phenology to the next. At both plantation sites, white spruce bud flush began and ended earlier compared to black and Norway spruce. Buds of all spruce species were sensitive to frost probability for early phenological stages, whereas growing degree-days controlled the remaining stages. Photoperiod sensitivity was higher for white spruce compared to black and Norway spruce and reached its maximum in the temperate forest. At intraspecies level, the two southern white spruce seed sources opened their buds earlier than the local source and were more sensitive to photoperiod, which increased their exposure to spring frosts. Onset of spruce bud flush is driven by spring frosts and photoperiod, but once started, bud phenology responds to temperature. The high photoperiod sensitivity in white spruces could counterbalance climate warming and limit future premature leaf-out, whereas the low photoperiod sensitivity in black spruce should not restrain leaf-out advancement with climate warming. Our results call for adapting the temperature-driven hypotheses of ecophysiological models predicting leaf-out to include spring frost probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Marquis
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Simard
- Department of Geography, Centre for Forest Research, and Centre for Northern Studies, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Tremblay
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
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Klápště J, Meason D, Dungey HS, Telfer EJ, Silcock P, Rapley S. Genotype-by-environment interaction in coast redwood outside natural distribution - search for environmental cues. BMC Genet 2020; 21:15. [PMID: 32041527 PMCID: PMC7011450 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective matching of genotypes and environments is required for the species to reach optimal productivity and act effectively for carbon sequestration. A common garden experiment across five different environments was undertaken to assess genotype x environment interaction (GxE) of coast redwood in order to understand the performance of genotypes across environments. Results The quantitative genetic analysis discovered no GxE between investigated environments for diameter at breast height (DBH). However, no genetic component was detected at one environment possibly due to stressful conditions. The implementation of universal response function allowed for the identification of important environmental factors affecting species productivity. Additionally, this approach enabled us to predict the performance of species across the New Zealand environmental conditions. Conclusions In combination with quantitative genetic analysis which identified genetically superior material, the URF model can directly identify the optimal geographical regions to maximize productivity. However, the finding of ideally uncorrelated climatic variables for species with narrow ecological amplitude is rather challenging, which complicates construction of informative URF model. This, along with a small number of tested environments, tended to overfit a prediction model which resulted in extreme predictions in untested environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Klápště
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand.
| | - Dean Meason
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Heidi S Dungey
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Emily J Telfer
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand
| | - Paul Silcock
- NZ Forestry Ltd., 701A Pollen Street, Thames, 3500, New Zealand
| | - Simon Rapley
- The New Zealand Redwood Company, P.O. Box 1343, Taupō, 3351, New Zealand
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The Effect of Insect Defoliations and Seed Production on the Dynamics of Radial Growth Synchrony among Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris L. Provenances. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intraspecific variation of climate–growth relationships observed on provenance trials results from among–provenance differences in phenotypic plasticity. Temporal variation in radial growth synchrony among provenances may be modified by adverse climatic/biotic conditions such as drought or insect defoliation. However, these factors can potentially diminish provenance–specific growth reactions and, consequently, prevent the identification of provenances with the highest adaptive potential. Thus, understanding the influence of major biotic conditions on provenance–specific climate–growth relationships seems to be important to anticipate climate change. To determine provenance–specific growth patterns in relation to climate conditions (drought), seed production (reproductive effort), and insect defoliation in a common garden of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), we applied dendroecological techniques to time–series of tree–ring widths and basal area increments. The long–term records of seed production and insect outbreaks from the local Scots pine stands were used to explain the potential effect of biotic factors on the temporal dynamics of radial growth synchrony. During a period of favorable growth conditions, Scots pine provenances showed a decline in inter–provenance synchronicity in growth patterns, while during years affected by severe soil water deficit and insect defoliation, they manifested high uniformity in growth dynamics. The long–term trend in growth synchrony among P. sylvestris provenances depend on both abiotic and biotic environmental factors. This gains significance following an introduction of the appropriate selection of tree provenances for climate–smart forestry.
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Manzanedo RD, Fischer M, María Navarro‐Cerrillo R, Allan E. A new approach to study local adaptation in long‐lived woody species: Virtual transplant experiments. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén D. Manzanedo
- Biology Department University of Washington Seattle WA USA
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham MA USA
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Allan
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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