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Engida BT, Wegary D, Keno T, Mekonnen TW. Combining ability and genetic distance analysis of mid altitude sub-humid agroecology adapted maize inbred lines for high grain yield. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32267. [PMID: 38873668 PMCID: PMC11170183 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the combining ability effects, heterosis, and genetic relationships between parental lines would be helpful in the maize breeding program to develop high-yielding and genetically stable maize varieties for various contrasting environments. Hence, the objective of this study was to estimate combining ability effects, heterosis, genetic distance (GD) and associations for grain yield and other agronomic traits. Forty-five F1 diallel crosses, four commercial checks, and ten inbred lines were evaluated at Bako and Jima Agricultural Research Centers, Ethiopia. Significant differences were observed among environments, genotypes and genotype by environment interaction for grain yield and almost all studied agronomic traits. Combining ability analysis showed both additive and non-additive gene effects significantly controlled grain yield and all other studied traits. The preponderance of general combining ability (GCA) effects indicates the importance of additive gene action inheriting most agronomic traits. Lines L2, L7, and L9 were the best combiners for grain yield, whereas lines L3 and L4 had desirable GCA values to improve days to flowering and plant height. Among the top ten crosses, L6 × L9, L6 × L7 and L4 × L9 were good specific combiners and had 18.8 %, 17.2 % and 16.2 % grain yield advantage over the best check, BH546. These hybrids also had high mid and better-parent heterosis compared with other crosses. The associations of GD with mean of F1 and SCA effects were positive and highly significant for grain yield and some other traits. In contrast, correlations of GD with mid and better parent heterosis were non-significant for grain yield and most other traits. The results of this study are particularly useful for breeders who envisage combining conventional and molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitew Tilahun Engida
- National Maize Breeding Program, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dagne Wegary
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tolera Keno
- National Maize Breeding Program, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Walle Mekonnen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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2
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Oubohssaine M, Hnini M, Rabeh K. Exploring lipid signaling in plant physiology: From cellular membranes to environmental adaptation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 300:154295. [PMID: 38885581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lipids have evolved as versatile signaling molecules that regulate a variety of physiological processes in plants. Convincing evidence highlights their critical role as mediators in a wide range of plant processes required for survival, growth, development, and responses to environmental conditions such as water availability, temperature changes, salt, pests, and diseases. Understanding lipid signaling as a critical process has helped us expand our understanding of plant biology by explaining how plants sense and respond to environmental cues. Lipid signaling pathways constitute a complex network of lipids, enzymes, and receptors that coordinate important cellular responses and stressing plant biology's changing and adaptable traits. Plant lipid signaling involves a wide range of lipid classes, including phospholipids, sphingolipids, oxylipins, and sterols, each of which contributes differently to cellular communication and control. These lipids function not only as structural components, but also as bioactive molecules that transfer signals. The mechanisms entail the production of lipid mediators and their detection by particular receptors, which frequently trigger downstream cascades that affect gene expression, cellular functions, and overall plant growth. This review looks into lipid signaling in plant physiology, giving an in-depth look and emphasizing its critical function as a master regulator of vital activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Oubohssaine
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Hnini
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
| | - Karim Rabeh
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, 10000, Morocco
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3
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Wang D, Coleman HD. The transcriptional regulation of a putative hemicellulose gene, PtrPARVUS2 in poplar. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12592. [PMID: 38824196 PMCID: PMC11144201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall serves as a critical interface between the plant and its environment, offering protection against various stresses and contributing to biomass production. Hemicellulose is one of the major components of the cell wall, and understanding the transcriptional regulation of its production is essential to fully understanding cell wall formation. This study explores the regulatory mechanisms underlying one of the genes involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis, PtrPARVUS2. Six transcription factors (TFs) were identified from a xylem-biased library to negatively regulate PtrPARVUS2 expression. These TFs, belonging to diverse TF families, were confirmed to bind to specific cis-elements in the PtrPARVUS2 promoter region, as validated by Yeast One-Hybrid (Y1H) assays, transient expression analysis, and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) assays. Furthermore, motif analysis identified putative cis-regulatory elements bound by these TFs, shedding light on the transcriptional regulation of SCW biosynthesis genes. Notably, several TFs targeted genes encoding uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs), crucial enzymes involved in hemicellulose glycosylation. Phylogenetic analysis of UGTs regulated by these TFs highlighted their diverse roles in modulating hemicellulose synthesis. Overall, this study identifies a set of TFs that regulate PARVUS2 in poplar, providing insights into the intricate coordination of TFs and PtrPARVUS2 in SCW formation. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms enhances our ability to engineer plant biomass for tailored applications, including biofuel production and bioproduct development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Heather D Coleman
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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4
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Al-Huqail AA, Aref NMA, Khan F, Sobhy SE, Hafez EE, Khalifa AM, Saad-Allah KM. Azolla filiculoides extract improved salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is associated with prompting osmostasis, antioxidant potential and stress-interrelated genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11100. [PMID: 38750032 PMCID: PMC11096334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth and productivity of crop plants are negatively affected by salinity-induced ionic and oxidative stresses. This study aimed to provide insight into the interaction of NaCl-induced salinity with Azolla aqueous extract (AAE) regarding growth, antioxidant balance, and stress-responsive genes expression in wheat seedlings. In a pot experiment, wheat kernels were primed for 21 h with either deionized water or 0.1% AAE. Water-primed seedlings received either tap water, 250 mM NaCl, AAE spray, or AAE spray + NaCl. The AAE-primed seedlings received either tap water or 250 mM NaCl. Salinity lowered growth rate, chlorophyll level, and protein and amino acids pool. However, carotenoids, stress indicators (EL, MDA, and H2O2), osmomodulators (sugars, and proline), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, APX, and PPO), and the expression of some stress-responsive genes (POD, PPO and PAL, PCS, and TLP) were significantly increased. However, administering AAE contributed to increased growth, balanced leaf pigments and assimilation efficacy, diminished stress indicators, rebalanced osmomodulators and antioxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of stress-induced genes in NaCl-stressed plants, with priming surpassing spray in most cases. In conclusion, AAE can be used as a green approach for sustaining regular growth and metabolism and remodelling the physio-chemical status of wheat seedlings thriving in salt-affected soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A Al-Huqail
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development, and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagwa M A Aref
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faheema Khan
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development, and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherien E Sobhy
- Plant Protection and Bimolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El‑Arab, 21934, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Plant Protection and Bimolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El‑Arab, 21934, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Khalifa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, 71524, Egypt
| | - Khalil M Saad-Allah
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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5
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Muthan B, Wang J, Welti R, Kosma DK, Yu L, Deo B, Khatiwada S, Vulavala VKR, Childs KL, Xu C, Durrett TP, Sanjaya SA. Mechanisms of Spirodela polyrhiza tolerance to FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress: Lipidomics, transcriptomics, and functional validation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133951. [PMID: 38492385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Unlike terrestrial angiosperm plants, the freshwater aquatic angiosperm duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) grows directly in water and has distinct responses to heavy-metal stress. Plantlets accumulate metabolites, including lipids and carbohydrates, under heavy-metal stress, but how they balance metabolite levels is unclear, and the gene networks that mediate heavy-metal stress responses remain unknown. Here, we show that heavy-metal stress induced by flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater reduces chlorophyll contents, inhibits growth, reduces membrane lipid biosynthesis, and stimulates membrane lipid degradation in S. polyrhiza, leading to triacylglycerol and carbohydrate accumulation. In FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, the degraded products of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, primarily polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3), were incorporated into triacylglycerols. Genes involved in early fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, and lipid degradation were upregulated while genes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis were downregulated by treatment. The transcription factor gene WRINKLED3 (SpWRI3) was upregulated in FGD wastewater-treated plantlets, and its ectopic expression increased tolerance to FGD wastewater in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed enhanced glutathione and lower malondialdehyde contents under stress, suggesting that SpWRI3 functions in S. polyrhiza tolerance of FGD wastewater-induced heavy-metal stress. These results provide a basis for improving heavy metal-stress tolerance in plants for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagyalakshmi Muthan
- Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bikash Deo
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Subhiksha Khatiwada
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sanju A Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station and Energy and Environmental Science Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112-1000, USA.
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6
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Zunaidi AA, Lim LH, Metali F. Heavy metal tolerance and accumulation in the Brassica species ( Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis and Brassica rapa L.): A pot experiment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29528. [PMID: 38655289 PMCID: PMC11036052 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the heavy metal tolerance and accumulation capabilities of Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis (B. chinensis) and Brassica rapa L. (B. rapa) in a pot experiment, specifically focusing on cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb). Agricultural topsoils were spiked with varying concentrations of these heavy metals (0 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 225 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) for each element. The experiment involved cultivating 15 pots each of B. chinensis and B. rapa over 60 days. Results indicated that both Brassica species experienced delayed germination, with B. chinensis exhibiting a significant drop in germination percentage to 53 % at the highest concentration (300 mg/kg), while B. rapa showed a tendency for an increased germination percentage of up to 80 % at elevated metal concentrations; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Both B. chinensis and B. rapa demonstrated a stable decline in growth rate from 0.05 cm/day to 0.04 cm/day with increasing heavy metal concentrations, and the he reduction in relative growth rate was significant at the highest concentration compared to the control. The stress tolerance index revealed a significant decrease in plant heights for B. chinensis, in contrast to the stable performance of B. rapa, showcasing the tolerance of B. rapa to toxic conditions. Despite insignificant differences in fresh biomass due to metal treatments, B. chinensis consistently yielded higher biomass, yet it had a lower edible index due to its higher root biomass. Leaf areas increased significantly in both species at higher soil treatments, while root lengths remained unchanged, suggesting their resilience to elevated heavy metal concentrations. Analysis of plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) using ICP-OES revealed that B. rapa accumulated the highest Cd concentration (864 mg/kg), whereas B. chinensis accumulated the highest Pb concentration (953 mg/kg) in root parts. Both species significantly accumulated Cr in roots, demonstrating a sequestration mechanism. These findings suggest that both species, particularly, B. rapa possess strong tolerance and accumulation capabilities for non-essential heavy metals, making them potential hyperaccumulators for green remediation techniques in toxic soil environments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving these responses and validating phytoremediation potential in real-world scenarios is essential for developing sustainable soil management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adzrin Asikin Zunaidi
- Chemical Sciences Programme, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Lee Hoon Lim
- Chemical Sciences Programme, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Faizah Metali
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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7
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Xue Y, Zhou C, Feng N, Zheng D, Shen X, Rao G, Huang Y, Cai W, Liu Y, Zhang R. Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Complex Regulation Mechanisms Underlying Rice Roots' Response to Salt Stress. Metabolites 2024; 14:244. [PMID: 38668372 PMCID: PMC11052231 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a crucial food crop that sustains over half the world's population, is often hindered by salt stress during various growth stages, ultimately causing a decrease in yield. However, the specific mechanism of rice roots' response to salt stress remains largely unknown. In this study, transcriptomics and lipidomics were used to analyze the changes in the lipid metabolism and gene expression profiles of rice roots in response to salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly inhibited rice roots' growth and increased the roots' MDA content. Furthermore, 1286 differentially expressed genes including 526 upregulated and 760 downregulated, were identified as responding to salt stress in rice roots. The lipidomic analysis revealed that the composition and unsaturation of membrane lipids were significantly altered. In total, 249 lipid molecules were differentially accumulated in rice roots as a response to salt stress. And most of the major phospholipids, such as phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylserine (PS), as well as major sphingolipids including ceramide (Cer), phytoceramide (CerP), monohexose ceramide (Hex1Cer), and sphingosine (SPH), were significantly increased, while the triglyceride (TG) molecules decreased. These results suggested that rice roots mitigate salt stress by altering the fluidity and integrity of cell membranes. This study enhances our comprehension of salt stress, offering valuable insights into changes in the lipids and adaptive lipid remodeling in rice's response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Xue
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Gangshun Rao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yongxiang Huang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wangxiao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Y.X.); (C.Z.); (N.F.); (D.Z.); (X.S.); (G.R.); (Y.H.)
- South China Branch of National Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Kausar R, Nishiuchi T, Komatsu S. Proteomic and molecular analyses to understand the promotive effect of safranal on soybean growth under salt stress. J Proteomics 2024; 294:105072. [PMID: 38218428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Safranal is a free radical scavenger and useful as an antioxidant molecule; however, its promotive role in soybean is not explored. Salt stress decreased soybean growth and safranal improved it even if under salt stress. To study the positive mechanism of safranal on soybean growth, a proteomic approach was used. According to functional categorization, oppositely changed proteins were further confirmed using biochemical techniques. Actin and calcium-dependent protein kinase decreased in soybean root and hypocotyl, respectively, under salt stress and increased with safranal application. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/ hydrolase increased in soybean root under salt stress but decreased with safranal application. Peroxidase increased under salt stress and further enhanced by safranal application in soybean root. Actin, RuvB-like helicase, and protein kinase domain-containing protein were upregulated under salt stress and further enhanced by safranal application under salt stress. Dynamin GTPase was downregulated under salt stress but recovered with safranal application under salt stress. Glutathione peroxidase and PfkB domain-containing protein were upregulated by safranal application under salt stress in soybean root. These results suggest that safranal improves soybean growth through the regulation of cell wall and nuclear proteins along with reactive‑oxygen species scavenging system. Furthermore, it might promote salt-stress tolerance through the regulation of membrane proteins involved in endocytosis and post-Golgi trafficking. SIGNIFICANCE: To study the positive mechanism of safranal on soybean growth, a proteomic approach was used. According to functional categorization, oppositely changed proteins were further confirmed using biochemical techniques. Actin and calcium-dependent protein kinase decreased in soybean root and hypocotyl, respectively, under salt stress and increased with safranal application. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/ hydrolase increased in soybean root under salt stress but decreased with safranal application. Peroxidase increased under salt stress and further enhanced by safranal application in soybean root. Actin, RuvB-like helicase, and protein kinase domain-containing protein were upregulated under salt stress and further enhanced by safranal application under salt stress. Dynamin GTPase was downregulated under salt stress but recovered with safranal application under salt stress. Glutathione peroxidase and PfkB domain-containing protein were upregulated by safranal application under salt stress in soybean root. These results suggest that safranal improves soybean growth through the regulation of cell wall and nuclear proteins along with reactive‑oxygen species scavenging system. Furthermore, it might promote salt-stress tolerance through the regulation of membrane proteins involved in endocytosis and post-Golgi trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Kausar
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
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9
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Conte A, Pace R, Li Q, Carloni S, Boetzkes A, Passatore L. Aula Verde (tree room) as a link between art and science to raise public awareness of nature-based solutions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2368. [PMID: 38321108 PMCID: PMC10847515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Nature-based solutions inherently require a multifaceted perspective that encompasses diverse fields. The aim of this project is to develop more effective nature-based solutions, climate action and environmental awareness by breaking down boundaries between disciplines and fostering a co-creative process. Concepts of ecology and urban forestry were combined with the research on political ecology, environmental humanities, land art, regenerative art, performing art, participatory art, and more-than-human art. This process resulted in the creation of Aula Verde Aniene. It is located in an urban park in Rome and consists of a stand of trees arranged in circles with a specific design to give the perception of being in an outdoor vegetated room. The project activities involved community participation through art performances and citizen science initiatives. Regulating and cultural ecosystem services of Aula Verde were assessed using i-Tree Eco software and citizens' surveys. Beyond numerical descriptions of ecosystem services, the manuscript introduces shinrin-yoku as a practice to raise awareness of nature. The distinctive approach here described contributed to convey a sense of belonging to the ecosystem to citizens. The project framework and study findings have been developed to formulate policy recommendations and disseminate a format that can be adapted to diverse locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Conte
- Climate Art Project, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Futurecologies Startup, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - R Pace
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- EURAC Research, Institute for Renewable Energy, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Q Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
- The Japanese Society of Forest Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - S Carloni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca CNR Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - A Boetzkes
- University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - L Passatore
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca CNR Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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Mannaa M, Mansour A, Park I, Lee DW, Seo YS. Insect-based agri-food waste valorization: Agricultural applications and roles of insect gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 17:100287. [PMID: 37333762 PMCID: PMC10275724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the demands of the growing population requires increased food and feed production, leading to higher levels of agri-food waste. As this type of waste seriously threatens public health and the environment, novel approaches to waste management should be developed. Insects have been proposed as efficient agents for biorefining waste, producing biomass that can be used for commercial products. However, challenges in achieving optimal outcomes and maximizing beneficial results remain. Microbial symbionts associated with insects are known to have a critical role in the development, fitness, and versatility of insects, and as such, they can be utilized as targets for the optimization of agri-food waste insect-based biorefinery systems. This review discusses insect-based biorefineries, focusing on the agricultural applications of edible insects, mainly as animal feed and organic fertilizers. We also describe the interplay between agri-food waste-utilizing insects and associated microbiota and the microbial contribution in enhancing insect growth, development, and involvement in organic waste bioconversion processes. The potential contribution of insect gut microbiota in eliminating pathogens, toxins, and pollutants and microbe-mediated approaches for enhancing insect growth and the bioconversion of organic waste are also discussed. The present review outlines the benefits of using insects in agri-food and organic waste biorefinery systems, describes the roles of insect-associated microbial symbionts in waste bioconversion processes, and highlights the potential of such biorefinery systems in addressing the current agri-food waste-related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mannaa
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Mansour
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Inmyoung Park
- School of Food and Culinary Arts, Youngsan University, Bansong Beltway, Busan, 48015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Weon Lee
- Department of SmartBio, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Gebru M, Alemayehu G, Bitew Y. Yield and lodging response of tef [ Eragrostis tef (Zucc) trotter] varieties to nitrogen and silicon application rates. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22576. [PMID: 38125445 PMCID: PMC10731001 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lodging, poor crop varieties and nitrogen management are among the main tef cultivation problems in acidic soils of northwestern Ethiopia. Though Si has been shown to improve crop yield and lodging resistance, knowledge of its effect on tef, along genotypes and nitrogen, is yet to be uncovered. Therefore, a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial field experiment was conducted on fixed experimental plot at the Koga irrigation scheme to assess yield and lodging responses of tef varieties to nitrogen and silicon fertilizer rates during two consecutive years of 2021 and 2022. The experiment comprised four nitrogen levels: 0 (N1), 23 (N2), 46 (N3), and 92 kg N ha-1(N4), two Si levels: 0 (Si1) and 485 (Si2) kg ha-1, and two improved varieties: Hiber-1 (V1) and Quncho (V2) treatment combinations, which were replicated four times. Results showed that regardless of silicon supply and variety, nitrogen had a significant effect (p < .0001) on agronomic attributes of tef grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, chlorophyll content, plant height, panicle length, leaf area index, and the number of plants m-2 over the two years. Application of N4, N3, and N2 improved grain yield by 166.9, 126.2, and 75.2 % over N1, respectively. The harvest index showed a declining trend with nitrogen rates, which ranged from 36.1 to 26.5 %. Hiber-1 showed a significantly (p < .01) higher panicle length than Quncho. The interaction of nitrogen, silicon, and variety significantly (p < .001) affected lodging index, with a minimum lodging index of 0 % from V1Si1N1 and a maximum lodging index (71.9 %) from V2Si1N4. Maximum net return (2552.6 USD) was obtained from V1Si1N4, while the marginal rate of return (6961.7 %) from V1Si1N3. Therefore, it can be concluded that genotype and optimum nitrogen can maximize yield and lodging resistance of tef, while silicon in the form of carbonized rice husk results no significant effect on tef lodging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen Gebru
- Wolkite University, Horticulture Department, P.O.Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia
- Bahir Dar University, Plant Sciences, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia, P.O. Box 79
| | - Getachew Alemayehu
- Bahir Dar University, Plant Sciences, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia, P.O. Box 79
| | - Yayeh Bitew
- Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Plant Sciences, P.O. Box 5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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12
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Xu H, Halford NG, Guo G, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhou L, Liu C, Xu R. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Importance of Lipid Metabolism and Photosynthesis Regulation in High Salinity Tolerance in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaves Derived from Mutagenesis Combined with Microspore Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16757. [PMID: 38069082 PMCID: PMC10705989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is the most salt-tolerant cereal crop. However, little attention has been paid to the salt-tolerant doubled haploids of barley derived from mutagenesis combined with isolated microspore culture. In the present study, barley doubled haploid (DH) line 20, which was produced by mutagenesis combined with isolated microspore culture, showed stably and heritably better salt tolerance than the wild type H30 in terms of fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, K+/Na+ ratio and photosynthetic characteristics. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were performed to compare the changes in gene expression and metabolites between DH20 and H30. A total of 462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 152 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in DH20 compared to H30 under salt stress. Among the DAMs, fatty acids were the most accumulated in DH20 under salt stress. The integration of transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that nine key biomarkers, including two metabolites and seven genes, could distinguish DH20 and H30 when exposed to high salt. The pathways of linoleic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, photosynthesis, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly enriched in DH20 with DEGs and DAMs in response to salt stress. These results suggest that DH20 may enhance resilience by promoting lipid metabolism, maintaining energy metabolism and decreasing amino acids metabolism. The study provided novel insights for the rapid generation of homozygous mutant plants by mutagenesis combined with microspore culture technology and also identified candidate genes and metabolites that may enable the mutant plants to cope with salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | | | - Guimei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Yingbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Longhua Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Rugen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Güngör B, Biró JB, Domonkos Á, Horváth B, Kaló P. Targeted mutagenesis of Medicago truncatula Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich (NCR) genes using the Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20676. [PMID: 38001333 PMCID: PMC10673856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-produced nodule specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides control the terminal differentiation of endosymbiotic rhizobia in the nodules of IRLC legumes. Although the Medicago truncatula genome encodes about 700 NCR peptides, only few of them have been proven to be crucial for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. In this study, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to generate knockout mutants of NCR genes for which no genetic or functional data were previously available. We have developed a workflow to analyse the mutation and the symbiotic phenotype of individual nodules formed on Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transgenic hairy roots. The selected NCR genes were successfully edited by the CRISPR/Cas9 system and nodules formed on knockout hairy roots showed wild type phenotype indicating that peptides NCR068, NCR089, NCR128 and NCR161 are not essential for symbiosis between M. truncatula Jemalong and Sinorhizobium medicae WSM419. We regenerated stable mutants edited for the NCR068 from hairy roots obtained by A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation. The analysis of the symbiotic phenotype of stable ncr068 mutants showed that peptide NCR068 is not required for symbiosis with S. meliloti strains 2011 and FSM-MA either. Our study reports that gene editing can help to elicit the role of certain NCRs in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Güngör
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - János Barnabás Biró
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágota Domonkos
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Horváth
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Péter Kaló
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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14
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DiMario RJ, Kophs AN, Apalla AJA, Schnable JN, Cousins AB. Multiple highly expressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase genes have divergent enzyme kinetic properties in two C4 grasses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:413-428. [PMID: 37675505 PMCID: PMC10667006 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC) catalyses the irreversible carboxylation of PEP with bicarbonate to produce oxaloacetate. This reaction powers the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) in plants that perform C4 photosynthesis. This CCM is generally driven by a single PEPC gene product that is highly expressed in the cytosol of mesophyll cells. We found two C4 grasses, Panicum miliaceum and Echinochloa colona, that each have two highly expressed PEPC genes. We characterized the kinetic properties of the two most abundant PEPCs in E. colona and P. miliaceum to better understand how the enzyme's amino acid structure influences its function. METHODS Coding sequences of the two most abundant PEPC proteins in E. colona and P. miliaceum were synthesized by GenScript and were inserted into bacteria expression plasmids. Point mutations resulting in substitutions at conserved amino acid residues (e.g. N-terminal serine and residue 890) were created via site-directed PCR mutagenesis. The kinetic properties of semi-purified plant PEPCs from Escherichia coli were analysed using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and a spectrophotometric enzyme-coupled reaction. KEY RESULTS The two most abundant P. miliaceum PEPCs (PmPPC1 and PmPPC2) have similar sequence identities (>95 %), and as a result had similar kinetic properties. The two most abundant E. colona PEPCs (EcPPC1 and EcPPC2) had identities of ~78 % and had significantly different kinetic properties. The PmPPCs and EcPPCs had different responses to allosteric inhibitors and activators, and substitutions at the conserved N-terminal serine and residue 890 resulted in significantly altered responses to allosteric regulators. CONCLUSIONS The two, significantly expressed C4Ppc genes in P. miliaceum were probably the result of genomes combining from two closely related C4Panicum species. We found natural variation in PEPC's sensitivity to allosteric inhibition that seems to bypass the conserved 890 residue, suggesting alternative evolutionary pathways for increased malate tolerance and other kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J DiMario
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ashley N Kophs
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Anthony J A Apalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - James N Schnable
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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15
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Jin J, Zhao M, Jing T, Wang J, Lu M, Pan Y, Du W, Zhao C, Bao Z, Zhao W, Tang X, Schwab W, Song C. (Z)-3-Hexenol integrates drought and cold stress signaling by activating abscisic acid glucosylation in tea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1491-1507. [PMID: 37315209 PMCID: PMC10517186 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cold and drought stresses severely limit crop production and can occur simultaneously. Although some transcription factors and hormones have been characterized in plants subjected each stress, the role of metabolites, especially volatiles, in response to cold and drought stress exposure is rarely studied due to lack of suitable models. Here, we established a model for studying the role of volatiles in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants experiencing cold and drought stresses simultaneously. Using this model, we showed that volatiles induced by cold stress promote drought tolerance in tea plants by mediating reactive oxygen species and stomatal conductance. Needle trap microextraction combined with GC-MS identified the volatiles involved in the crosstalk and showed that cold-induced (Z)-3-hexenol improved the drought tolerance of tea plants. In addition, silencing C. sinensis alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (CsADH2) led to reduced (Z)-3-hexenol production and significantly reduced drought tolerance in response to simultaneous cold and drought stress. Transcriptome and metabolite analyses, together with plant hormone comparison and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathway inhibition experiments, further confirmed the roles of ABA in (Z)-3-hexenol-induced drought tolerance of tea plants. (Z)-3-Hexenol application and gene silencing results supported the hypothesis that (Z)-3-hexenol plays a role in the integration of cold and drought tolerance by stimulating the dual-function glucosyltransferase UGT85A53, thereby altering ABA homeostasis in tea plants. Overall, we present a model for studying the roles of metabolites in plants under multiple stresses and reveal the roles of volatiles in integrating cold and drought stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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Achiro E, Okidi L, Echodu R, Alarakol SP, Anena J, Ongeng D. Prevalence of aflatoxin along processing points of locally made complementary food formulae in northern Uganda: Safety and children's exposure across seasons. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18564. [PMID: 37560682 PMCID: PMC10407127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination along the processing points of locally made complementary food composite needs to be ascertained and minimized to reduce exposure to weaning children. The study established the concentrations of total aflatoxin (TAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) along the processing points of locally made malted millet sesame soybean composite (MMSSC) across season one (wet) and season two (dry) and determined children's exposure to them. A total of 363 samples were collected in 2019. TAF and AFB1 concentrations were determined quantitatively using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Consequently, exposure of individual children was assessed as Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), (ng kg-1 bw day-1). All the samples along the processing points had detectable concentrations of TAF and AFB1 ranging from 0.578 μg kg-1 to 1.187 μg kg-1 and 0.221 μg kg-1 to 0.649 μg kg-1 respectively. Contamination was highest in raw materials; soybean (Glycine max) > sesame (Sesamum indicum), followed by stored composite, freshly prepared composite, and least in millet (Eleusine coracana). Contamination varied significantly across seasons with the wet season having higher contamination than the dry season at P = 0.05. All samples (100%) were within the European Commission (EC) acceptable maximum tolerable level for TAF and AFB1 (4 μg kg-1 and 2 μg kg-1) respectively for processed foods for general consumption. But were below the EU acceptable maximum tolerable level for TAF and AFB1 (0.4 μg kg-1 and 0.1 μg kg-1) respectively for processed baby foods cereals. However, all were within the United States- Food and Drug Authority (US-FDA) and East African Community (EAC) set maximum acceptable limit of 20 μg kg-1 for TAFs, 10 μg kg-1 and 5 μg kg-1 for TAF and AFB1 respectively. Conversely, exposure to these toxins was much higher than the Provisional Maximum Tolerable Dietary Intake (PMTDI) of 0.4 ng kg-1 bw day-1 to 1.0 ng kg-1 bw day-1. A significant difference in exposure to both toxins was observed with the weight. The age of 5 months was the most exposed. A concerted effort is needed to reduce children's exposure to MMSSC to TAF and AFB1, taking sesame and soybean as priority ingredients and proper storage based on season to control contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Achiro
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Okidi
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Richard Echodu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 166 Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Simon Peter Alarakol
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Juliet Anena
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Duncan Ongeng
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
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Dutta D. Interplay between membrane proteins and membrane protein-lipid pertaining to plant salinity stress. Cell Biochem Funct 2023. [PMID: 37158622 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High salinity in agricultural lands is one of the predominant issues limiting agricultural yields. Plants have developed several mechanisms to withstand salinity stress, but the mechanisms are not effective enough for most crops to prevent and persist the salinity stress. Plant salt tolerance pathways involve membrane proteins that have a crucial role in sensing and mitigating salinity stress. Due to a strategic location interfacing two distinct cellular environments, membrane proteins can be considered checkpoints to the salt tolerance pathways in plants. Related membrane proteins functions include ion homeostasis, osmosensing or ion sensing, signal transduction, redox homeostasis, and small molecule transport. Therefore, modulating plant membrane proteins' function, expression, and distribution can improve plant salt tolerance. This review discusses the membrane protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions related to plant salinity stress. It will also highlight the finding of membrane protein-lipid interactions from the context of recent structural evidence. Finally, the importance of membrane protein-protein and protein-lipid interaction is discussed, and a future perspective on studying the membrane protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions to develop strategies for improving salinity tolerance is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
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18
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Poza-Viejo L, Redondo-Nieto M, Matías J, Granado-Rodríguez S, Maestro-Gaitán I, Cruz V, Olmos E, Bolaños L, Reguera M. Shotgun proteomics of quinoa seeds reveals chitinases enrichment under rainfed conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4951. [PMID: 36973333 PMCID: PMC10043034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractQuinoa is an Andean crop whose cultivation has been extended to many different parts of the world in the last decade. It shows a great capacity for adaptation to diverse climate conditions, including environmental stressors, and, moreover, the seeds are very nutritious in part due to their high protein content, which is rich in essential amino acids. They are gluten-free seeds and contain good amounts of other nutrients such as unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, or minerals. Also, the use of quinoa hydrolysates and peptides has been linked to numerous health benefits. Altogether, these aspects have situated quinoa as a crop able to contribute to food security worldwide. Aiming to deepen our understanding of the protein quality and function of quinoa seeds and how they can vary when this crop is subjected to water-limiting conditions, a shotgun proteomics analysis was performed to obtain the proteomes of quinoa seeds harvested from two different water regimes in the field: rainfed and irrigated conditions. Differentially increased levels of proteins determined in seeds from each field condition were analysed, and the enrichment of chitinase-related proteins in seeds harvested from rainfed conditions was found. These proteins are described as pathogen-related proteins and can be accumulated under abiotic stress. Thus, our findings suggest that chitinase-like proteins in quinoa seeds can be potential biomarkers of drought. Also, this study points to the need for further research to unveil their role in conferring tolerance when coping with water-deficient conditions.
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Hamouda MM, Badr A, Ali SS, Adham AM, Ahmed HIS, Saad-Allah KM. Growth, physiological, and molecular responses of three phaeophyte extracts on salt-stressed pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:32. [PMID: 36929363 PMCID: PMC10020410 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seaweeds are a viable bioresource for suffering plants against salt stress, as they abundant in nutrients, hormones, vitamins, secondary metabolites, and many other phytochemicals that sustain plants' growth under both typical and stressful situations. The alleviating capacity of extracts from three brown algae (Sargassum vulgare, Colpomenia sinuosa, and Pandia pavonica) in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated in this study. METHODS Pea seeds were primed for 2 h either with seaweed extracts (SWEs) or distilled water. Seeds were then subjected to salinity levels of 0.0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. On the 21st day, seedlings were harvested for growth, physiological and molecular investigations. RESULTS SWEs helped reduce the adverse effects of salinity on pea, with S. vulgare extract being the most effective. Furthermore, SWEs diminished the effect of NaCl-salinity on germination, growth rate, and pigment content and raised the osmolytes proline and glycine betaine levels. On the molecular level, two low-molecular-weight proteins were newly synthesized by the NaCl treatments and three by priming pea seeds with SWEs. The number of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers increased from 20 in the control to 36 in 150 mM NaCl-treated seedlings, including four unique markers. Priming with SWEs triggered more markers than the control, however about ten of the salinity-induced markers were not detected following seed priming before NaCl treatments. By priming with SWEs, seven unique markers were elicited. CONCLUSION All in all, priming with SWEs alleviated salinity stress on pea seedlings. Salinity-responsive proteins and ISSR markers are produced in response to salt stress and priming with SWEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Hamouda
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Badr
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 117900, Egypt
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Alia M Adham
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of AL-Muthanna, Samawah, Iraq
| | - Hanan I Sayed Ahmed
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Khalil M Saad-Allah
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Nagrale DT, Chaurasia A, Kumar S, Gawande SP, Hiremani NS, Shankar R, Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Renu, Prasad YG. PGPR: the treasure of multifarious beneficial microorganisms for nutrient mobilization, pest biocontrol and plant growth promotion in field crops. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:100. [PMID: 36792799 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have multifarious beneficial activities for plant growth promotion; act as source of metabolites, enzymes, nutrient mobilization, biological control of pests, induction of disease resistance vis-a-vis bioremediation potentials by phytoextraction and detoxification of heavy metals, pollutants and pesticides. Agrochemicals and synthetic pesticides are currently being utilized widely in all major field crops, thereby adversely affecting human and animal health, and posing serious threats to the environments. Beneficial microorganisms like PGPR could potentially substitute and supplement the toxic chemicals and pesticides with promising application in organic farming leading to sustainable agriculture practices and bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites. Among field crops limited bio-formulations have been prepared till now by utilization of PGPR strains having plant growth promotion, metabolites, enzymes, nutrient mobilization and biocontrol activities. The present review contributes comprehensive description of PGPR applications in field crops including commercial, oilseeds, leguminous and cereal crops to further extend the utilization of these potent groups of beneficial microorganisms so that even higher level of crop productivity and quality produce of field crops could be achieved. PGPR and bacteria based commercialized bio-formulations available worldwide for its application in the field crops have been compiled in this review which can be a substitute for the harmful synthetic chemicals. The current knowledge gap and potential target areas for future research have also been projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Nagrale
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India.
| | - A Chaurasia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221305, India.
| | - S Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S P Gawande
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - N S Hiremani
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Raja Shankar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, 560089, India
| | - N Gokte-Narkhedkar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Renu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Y G Prasad
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
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21
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Shaaban A, El-Mageed TAA, El-Momen WRA, Saudy HS, Al-Elwany OAAI. The Integrated Application of Phosphorous and Zinc Affects the Physiological Status, Yield and Quality of Canola Grown in Phosphorus-suffered Deficiency Saline Soil. GESUNDE PFLANZEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10343-023-00843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDespite the soil could contain high amount of phosphorus (P), salinity reduce its availability for crop plants. Hence, farmers should practice several tactics to ameliorate P deficiency in soils. The current study aimed to assess the importance of zinc (Zn) supply for mitigating the deficiency of P for canola grown in saline soil. The effects of three Zn rates (0, 150 and 300 mg L−1, Zn0, Zn150 and Zn300, respectively) under three P rates (0, 36 and 72 kg P2O5 ha−1, P0, P36, and P72, respectively) on physiological status, yield and quality of canola were measured. Treatments were arranged in the strip plot design based on completely randomized blocks with three replicates. Findings exhibited that P36 recorded the highest values of membrane stability index in the 2nd season, while statistically leveled P72 for relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence in both seasons. Zn300 exhibited potent effect on all canola physiological traits in both seasons. In both seasons, P36 × Zn300, P72 × Zn150 and P72 × Zn300 showed the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence and performance index values. Plots treated with P72 achieved 70.0% increase in canola seed yield, greater than the untreated ones. Seed yield obtained with Zn300 were higher than Zn0 and Zn150 by1.30 and 1.10 times in 2019/20 season and 1.23 and 1.05 times in 2020/21 season. The highest oil % was recorded with P0 × Zn150 and P72 × Zn0 in the 1st season and with P72 × Zn150 in the 2nd season.
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22
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Gaudin AG, Wubben MJ, McCarty JC, Jenkins JN. Virulence of Two Isolates of Meloidogyne enterolobii (Guava Root-Knot Nematode) from North Carolina on Cotton Lines Resistant to Southern Root-Knot Nematode ( M. incognita) and Reniform Nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis). J Nematol 2023; 55:20230021. [PMID: 37359195 PMCID: PMC10288305 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii [the guava root-knot nematode (RKN)] is an emerging plant-parasitic nematode that poses a threat to Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production in the southeastern United States. Like other RKN spp., M. enterolobii has a wide host range and proven ability to overcome resistance sources that have helped protect crops from other Meloidogyne spp., including the southern RKN (Meloidogyne incognita). In this study we evaluated the virulence of two North Carolina M. enterolobii isolates on Upland cotton germplasm lines having resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) to RKN (M240 RNR, MRk-Rn-1) and/or reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) (M713 Ren1, MRk-Rn-1) in comparison to their susceptible recurrent parents (DPL61, SG747). Multiple assays using eggs or J2 as inoculum demonstrated that both isolates reproduced equally well on all germplasm lines, producing reproductive factor (RF) values ≥ 6 on the otherwise nematode-resistant lines. Measurements of seedling growth in control and inoculated containers suggested that existing nematode-resistance QTL may offer a level of tolerance to M. enterolobii infection that should be further explored in greenhouse and field environments. Meloidogyne enterolobii infection of SG747 and MRk-Rn-1 showed nearly identical stages of symptom and nematode development over a time-course of 24 days. These data demonstrate that existing RKN and RN resistance QTL available in elite cotton varieties to producers are most likely insufficient in preventing yield loss due to M. enterolobii and that future research should focus on (i) understanding the M. enterolobii-cotton interaction at the molecular level, and (ii) screening novel germplasm collections to identify resistance loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. Gaudin
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Lab, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, 150 Twelve Lane, Mississippi State, MS39762USA
| | - Martin J. Wubben
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Lab, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, 150 Twelve Lane, Mississippi State, MS39762USA
| | - Jack C. McCarty
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Lab, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, 150 Twelve Lane, Mississippi State, MS39762USA
| | - Johnie N. Jenkins
- USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Lab, Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Research Unit, 150 Twelve Lane, Mississippi State, MS39762USA
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23
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Runge P, Ventura F, Kemen E, Stam R. Distinct Phyllosphere Microbiome of Wild Tomato Species in Central Peru upon Dysbiosis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:168-183. [PMID: 35041070 PMCID: PMC9849306 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants are colonized by myriads of microbes across kingdoms, which affect host development, fitness, and reproduction. Hence, plant microbiomes have been explored across a broad range of host species, including model organisms, crops, and trees under controlled and natural conditions. Tomato is one of the world's most important vegetable crops; however, little is known about the microbiota of wild tomato species. To obtain insights into the tomato microbiota occurring in natural environments, we sampled epiphytic microbes from leaves of four tomato species, Solanum habrochaites, S. corneliomulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. pimpinellifolium, from two geographical locations within the Lima region of Peru over 2 consecutive years. Here, a high-throughput sequencing approach was applied to investigate microbial compositions including bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes across tomato species and geographical locations. The phyllosphere microbiome composition varies between hosts and location. Yet, we identified persistent microbes across tomato species that form the tomato microbial core community. In addition, we phenotypically defined healthy and dysbiotic samples and performed a downstream analysis to reveal the impact on microbial community structures. To do so, we compared microbial diversities, unique OTUs, relative abundances of core taxa, and microbial hub taxa, as well as co-occurrence network characteristics in healthy and dysbiotic tomato leaves and found that dysbiosis affects the phyllosphere microbial composition in a host species-dependent manner. Yet, overall, the present data suggests an enrichment of plant-promoting microbial taxa in healthy leaves, whereas numerous microbial taxa containing plant pathogens occurred in dysbiotic leaves.Concluding, we identify the core phyllosphere microbiome of wild tomato species, and show that the overall phyllosphere microbiome can be impacted by sampling time point, geographical location, host genotype, and plant health. Future studies in these components will help understand the microbial contribution to plant health in natural systems and can be of use in cultivated tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Runge
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Freddy Ventura
- Plant Pathology and Bacteriology, International Potato Centre, Avenida La Molina 1895, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Eric Kemen
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Remco Stam
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Science, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Sánchez-Sanuy F, Mateluna-Cuadra R, Tomita K, Okada K, Sacchi GA, Campo S, San Segundo B. Iron Induces Resistance Against the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Through Potentiation of Immune Responses. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:68. [PMID: 36566483 PMCID: PMC9790844 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient required for plant growth and development. The availability of iron might also influence disease resistance in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant response to iron availability and immunity have been investigated separately from each other. In this work, we found that exposure of rice plants to high iron enhances resistance to infection by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that blast resistance in iron-treated rice plants was associated with superinduction of defense-related genes during pathogen infection, including Pathogenesis-Related genes. The expression level of genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins, both diterpene phytoalexins and the flavonoid phytoalexin sakuranetin, was also higher in iron-treated plants compared with control plants, which correlated well with increased levels of phytoalexins in these plants during M. oryzae infection. Upon pathogen infection, lipid peroxidation was also higher in iron-treated plants compared with non-treated plants. We also show that M. oryzae infection modulates the expression of genes that play a pivotal role in the maintenance of iron homeostasis. Histochemical analysis of M. oryzae-infected leaves revealed colocalization of iron and reactive oxygen species in cells located in the vicinity of fungal penetration sites (e.g. appressoria) in rice plants that have been exposed to iron. Together these findings support that ferroptosis plays a role in the response of iron-treated rice plants to infection by virulent M. oryzae. Understanding interconnected regulations between iron signaling and immune signaling in rice holds great potential for developing novel strategies to improve blast resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Sánchez-Sanuy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Mateluna-Cuadra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gian Attilio Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Campo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.
- Fundació Miquel Agustí, Campus Baix Llobregat, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Tan J, Wang Y, Dymerski R, Wu Z, Weng Y. Sigma factor binding protein 1 (CsSIB1) is a putative candidate of the major-effect QTL dm5.3 for downy mildew resistance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:4197-4215. [PMID: 36094614 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dm5.3 major-effect QTL in cucumber encodes a homolog of Arabidopsis sigma factor binding protein 1 (CsSIB1). CsSIB1 positively regulates defense responses against downy mildew in cucumber through the salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis/signaling pathway. Downy mildew (DM) caused by the oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis is an important disease of cucumber and other cucurbits. Our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of DM resistance is still limited. In this study, we reported identification and functional characterization of the candidate gene for the major-effect QTL, dm5.3 for DM resistance originated from PI 197088. The dm5.3 QTL was Modelized through marker-assisted development of near isogenic lines (NILs). NIL-derived segregating populations were used for fine mapping which narrowed the dm5.3 locus down to a 144 kb region. Based on multiple lines of evidence, we show that CsSIB1 (CsGy5G027140) that encodes the VQ motif-containing sigma factor binding protein 1 as the most likely candidate for dm5.3. Local association analysis identified a haplotype consisting of 7 SNPs inside the coding and promoter region of CsSIB1 that was associated with DM resistance. Expression of CsSIB1 was up-regulated with P. cubensis infection. Transcriptome profiling of NILs in response to P. cubensis inoculation revealed key players and associated gene networks in which increased expression of CsSIB1 antagonistically promoted salicylic acid (SA) but suppressed jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis/signaling pathways. Our work provides novel insights into the function of CsSIB1/dm5.3 as a disease resistance (R) gene. The roles of sigma factor binding protein genes in pathogen defense in cucumber were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Tan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ronald Dymerski
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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26
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Zhang X, Ning K, Yang Z, Huang X, Yu H, Fu N, Qin X, Hao L, Zhang F. Responses of transcriptome and metabolome in the roots of Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn to exogenously applied phthalic acid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:535. [PMID: 36396992 PMCID: PMC9670373 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yield and quality of Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn., a healthy, green vegetable with low sugar and high protein contents and high medicinal value, is severely affected by autotoxicity, which is a leading factor in the formation of plant disease. To help characterize the autotoxicity mechanism of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn., we performed transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of the roots of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. response to phthalic acid, an autotoxin from P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. RESULTS In this study, high-throughput sequencing of nine RNA-seq libraries generated from the roots.of P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. under different phthalic acid treatments yielded 37,737 unigenes. In total, 1085 (703 upregulated and 382 downregulated) and 5998 (4385 upregulated and 1613 downregulated) DEGs were identified under 0.1 and 10 mmol·L- 1 phthalic acid treatment, respectively, compared with the control treatment. Glutathione metabolism was among the top five important enriched pathways. In total, 457 and 435 differentially accumulated metabolites were detected under 0.1 and 10 mmol·L- 1 phthalic acid treatment compared with the control, respectively, of which 223 and 253, respectively, increased in abundance. With the increase in phthalic acid concentration, the accumulation of ten metabolites increased significantly, while that of four metabolites decreased significantly, and phthalic acid, dambonitol, 4-hydroxy-butyric acid, homocitrulline, and ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside were 100 times more abundant under the 10 mmol·L- 1 phthalic acid treatment than under the control. Seventeen differentially expressed genes significantly associated with phthalic acid content were identified. In addition, the L-histidinol content was highest under 0.1 mmol·L- 1 phthalic acid, and a total of eleven differentially expressed genes were significantly positively correlated with the L-histidinol content, all of which were annotated to heat shock proteins, aquaporins and cysteine proteases. CONCLUSIONS Accumulation of autotoxins altered the metabolic balance in P. cornutum (L.) Gaertn. and influenced water absorption and carbon and nitrogen metabolism. These important results provide insights into the formation mechanisms of autotoxicity and for the subsequent development of new control measures to improve the production and quality of replanted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Kezhen Ning
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Zhongren Yang
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Big Data Research and Application for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Xiumei Huang
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Nana Fu
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Xinyuan Qin
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Lizhen Hao
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- College of Horticultural and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Wild Peculiar Vegetable Germplasm Resource and Germplasm Enhancement, Hohhot, 010011, China.
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27
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Shelake RM, Kadam US, Kumar R, Pramanik D, Singh AK, Kim JY. Engineering drought and salinity tolerance traits in crops through CRISPR-mediated genome editing: Targets, tools, challenges, and perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100417. [PMID: 35927945 PMCID: PMC9700172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged periods of drought triggered by climate change hamper plant growth and cause substantial agricultural yield losses every year. In addition to drought, salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that severely affect crop health and agricultural production. Plant responses to drought and salinity involve multiple processes that operate in a spatiotemporal manner, such as stress sensing, perception, epigenetic modifications, transcription, post-transcriptional processing, translation, and post-translational changes. Consequently, drought and salinity stress tolerance are polygenic traits influenced by genome-environment interactions. One of the ideal solutions to these challenges is the development of high-yielding crop varieties with enhanced stress tolerance, together with improved agricultural practices. Recently, genome-editing technologies, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) tools, have been effectively applied to elucidate how plants deal with drought and saline environments. In this work, we aim to portray that the combined use of CRISPR-based genome engineering tools and modern genomic-assisted breeding approaches are gaining momentum in identifying genetic determinants of complex traits for crop improvement. This review provides a synopsis of plant responses to drought and salinity stresses at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. We also highlight recent advances in CRISPR-based tools and their use in understanding the multi-level nature of plant adaptations to drought and salinity stress. Integrating CRISPR tools with modern breeding approaches is ideal for identifying genetic factors that regulate plant stress-response pathways and for the introgression of beneficial traits to develop stress-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Ulhas Sopanrao Kadam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Dibyajyoti Pramanik
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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28
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da Silva TA, Crusciol CAC, Batista TB, Bossolani JW, de Oliveira GRF, Basso DP, de Almeida Carmeis Filho AC, Bravo JP, da Silva EAA. Liming enhances longevity of wheat seeds produced in acid soils. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18035. [PMID: 36302923 PMCID: PMC9613768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The environment where plants grow, such as acidic soils, interferes with the nutrient concentration and physiological quality of seeds. This hypothesis was tested using wheat seeds as a model crop, grown in a tropical soil with and without lime application for twelve years. Here we show that lime provides remarkable enhancements in soil chemistry and seed composition, without altering the seed's germination and vigor. Also, it favors the production of seeds with additional molecular mechanisms that extend their longevity. Our results indicate that the application of lime mitigates acidity in tropical soils and ensures the production of seeds with enhanced chemical composition and longer life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Alexandre da Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Thiago Barbosa Batista
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - João William Bossolani
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Gustavo Roberto Fonseca de Oliveira
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Denise Puntel Basso
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos de Almeida Carmeis Filho
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Bravo
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Crop Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 237 Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18610-307 Brazil
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Molesini B, Pennisi F, Cressoni C, Vitulo N, Dusi V, Speghini A, Pandolfini T. Nanovector-mediated exogenous delivery of dsRNA induces silencing of target genes in very young tomato flower buds. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4542-4553. [PMID: 36341284 PMCID: PMC9595187 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-translational regulatory mechanism that controls gene expression in plants. This process can be artificially induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules with sequence homology to target mRNAs. Exogenously applied dsRNA on leaves has been shown to silence virulence genes of fungi and viruses, conferring protection to plants. Coupling dsRNA to nanoparticles has been demonstrated to prolong the silencing effect. The ability of exogenous dsRNA to silence endogenous genes in plants is currently under debate, mainly due to the difficulty in delivering dsRNA into plant tissues and organs. Our study aims to develop a method based on the exogenous application of dsRNA on tomato flowers for silencing endogenous genes controlling ovary growth. Two methods of dsRNA delivery into tomato flower buds (i.e., pedicel soaking and injection) were compared to test their efficacy in silencing the tomato Aux/IAA9 (SlIAA9) gene, which encodes for a known repressor of ovary growth. We examined the silencing effect of dsRNA alone and coupled to layered double hydroxide (LDHs) nanoparticles. We found that injection into the pedicel led to the silencing of SlIAA9 and the efficacy of the method was confirmed by choosing a different ovary growth repressor gene (SlAGAMOUS-like 6; SlAGL6). The coupling of dsRNA to LDHs increased the silencing effect in the case of SlIAA9. Silencing of the two repressors caused an increase in ovary size only when flower buds were treated with dsRNA coupled to LDHs. RNA-Seq of small RNAs showed that induction of RNAi was caused by the processing of injected dsRNA. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that exogenous dsRNA coupled to LDHs can induce post-transcriptional gene silencing in the young tomato ovary by injection into the flower pedicel. This method represents a silencing tool for the study of the molecular changes occurring during the early stages of ovary/fruit growth as a consequence of downregulation of target genes, without the need to produce transgenic plants stably expressing RNAi constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - F Pennisi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - C Cressoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - N Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - V Dusi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - A Speghini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
| | - T Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona Italy
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Megha S, Wang Z, Kav NNV, Rahman H. Genome-wide identification of biotin carboxyl carrier subunits of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in Brassica and their role in stress tolerance in oilseed Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:707. [PMID: 36253756 PMCID: PMC9578262 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) is a subunit of Acetyl CoA-carboxylase (ACCase) which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in a committed step during the de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids. Lipids, lipid metabolites, lipid-metabolizing and -modifying enzymes are known to play a role in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. In this regard, an understanding of the Brassica napus BCCP genes will aid in the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in canola. Results In this study, we identified 43 BCCP genes in five Brassica species based on published genome data. Among them, Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, Brassica nigra, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea had six, seven, seven, 10 and 13 BCCP homologs, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis categorized them into five classes, each with unique conserved domains. The promoter regions of all BCCP genes contained stress-related cis-acting elements as determined by cis-element analysis. We identified four and three duplicated gene pairs (segmental) in B. napus and B. juncea respectively, indicating the role of segmental duplication in the expansion of this gene family. The Ka/Ks ratios of orthologous gene pairs between Arabidopsis thaliana and five Brassica species were mostly less than 1.0, implying that purifying selection, i.e., selective removal of deleterious alleles, played a role during the evolution of Brassica genomes. Analysis of 10 BnaBCCP genes using qRT-PCR showed a different pattern of expression because of exposure of the plants to biotic stresses, such as clubroot and sclerotinia diseases, and abiotic stresses such as drought, low temperature and salinity stresses. Conclusions The identification and functional analysis of the Brassica BCCPs demonstrated that some of these genes might play important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Results from this study could lay the foundation for a better understanding of these genes for the improvement of Brassica crops for stress tolerance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08920-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Megha
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Reshma Z, Meenal K. Foliar application of biosynthesised zinc nanoparticles as a strategy for ferti-fortification by improving yield, zinc content and zinc use efficiency in amaranth. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10912. [PMID: 36247155 PMCID: PMC9562344 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in zinc is widely prevalent in developing countries. Ferti-fortification is one of the easiest and quickest options for improving the zinc content in food. Consumption of such food can provide zinc in adequate amounts to the individual. Nanotechnology is now envisioned as the future of agriculture owing to the immense advantages of nanoparticles over bulk materials. In this work, the effect of zinc nanoparticles (Nps) synthesized via biological route using moringa leaves extract was studied on seed germination, its growth parameters, zinc content and nutrient use efficiency in amaranth crop. Moringa leaves are rich in plant metabolites such as amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars and fatty acids as confirmed by the UPLC-MS system analysis. The XRD studies show that the biosynthesized Nps were hexagonal crystals with an average size of 23.69 nm. The particle size as indicated by scanning electron microscopy was between 15 to 30 nm, and by DLS was 22.8 nm. Foliar application of 10 ppm biosynthesized zinc Nps, resulted in the highest plant height and fresh weight. Although, an increase in concentration of zinc applied through foliar route led to higher zinc content in the plant biomass, the nutrient use efficiency indices indicated that zinc Nps at 10 ppm concentration resulted in better nutrient recovery, improved yield and productivity with respect to the nutrient input. This reflects the advantage of biologically synthesized Nps over the bulk counterparts. These results show that the biologically synthesized Nps can be an attractive alternative to conventional fertilizers for nutrient biofortification and better crop yields.
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Yang Y, Wassie M, Liu NF, Deng H, Zeng YB, Xu Q, Hu LX. Genotypic-specific hormonal reprogramming and crosstalk are crucial for root growth and salt tolerance in bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:956410. [PMID: 35991415 PMCID: PMC9386360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.956410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting the productivity of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). However, the role of hormonal reprogramming and crosstalk in regulating root growth and salt tolerance in bermudagrass was not reported. Here, we examined the physiological and hormonal responses of two contrasting bermudagrass genotypes; 'C43,' salt-tolerant 'C198' salt-sensitive. Under salt stress, 'C43' had better membrane stability and higher photosynthetic activity than the 'C198.' Salt stress promoted root growth and improved root/shoot ratio and root activity in 'C43,' but the root growth of 'C198' was inhibited by salt stress, leading to diminished root activity. The two bermudagrass genotypes also showed critical differences in hormonal responses, especially in the roots. The root contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin derivatives, such as trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) were increased in 'C43,' but decreased in 'C198' when exposed to salt stress. The root growth rate was positively correlated with the root IAA, tZR and DHZR, indicating their crucial role in root growth under salt stress. The expressions of TAA/YUCCA and CYP735A involved in IAA and tZR biosynthesis were induced by salt stress in 'C43,' but inhibited in 'C198,' leading to reduced hormone accumulations. Salt stress decreased the iP, tZ, and DHZ content in the roots of both genotypes, and no significant difference was observed between the two genotypes. Salt stress reduced the content of GA3 in both genotypes by inhibiting GA20ox and GA2ox genes, which could be attributed to the reduced shoot growth in both genotypes. The increased ABA level by salt stress was significantly higher in 'C198' than 'C43.' Furthermore, there were positive and negative correlations between different hormones and root growth, suggesting that root growth could be regulated by complex hormonal reprogramming and crosstalk. This study provides a foundation for understanding the underlying mechanisms of hormonal-mediated root growth and salt tolerance in bermudagrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- College of Physical Education, Changsha University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pratacultural Sciences, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Misganaw Wassie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning-fang Liu
- Department of Pratacultural Sciences, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Deng
- College of Physical Education, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-bing Zeng
- College of Physical Education, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pratacultural Sciences, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Grassland Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Long-xing Hu
- Department of Pratacultural Sciences, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Grassland Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Ali R, Gul H, Rauf M, Arif M, Hamayun M, Husna, Khilji SA, Ud-Din A, Sajid ZA, Lee IJ. Growth-Promoting Endophytic Fungus ( Stemphylium lycopersici) Ameliorates Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Balancing Ionic and Metabolic Status. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890565. [PMID: 35898220 PMCID: PMC9311153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major cause of the world's food security problems, and soil salinity is a severe hazard for a variety of crops. The exploitation of endophytic fungi that are known to have a positive association with plant roots is preferred for improving plant growth, yield, and overall performance under salt stress. The current study thus rationalized to address how salt stress affected the growth, biochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the ionic status of maize associated with endophytic fungus (Stemphylium lycopersici). According to the findings, salt stress reduced chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, total protein, sugars, lipids, and endogenous IAA levels. Enhanced values of chlorophyll a/b ratio, carotenoids, secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoids, and tannins), antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase), proline, and lipid peroxidation were noticed in maize plants under salt stress. Increased ionic content of Na+, Cl-, Na+/K+, and Na+/Ca2+ ratio, as well as decreased Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, N, and P contents, were also found in salt-stressed maize plants. In comparison to the non-saline medium, endophytic association promoted the antioxidant enzyme activities (798.7 U/g protein; catalase activity, 106 U/g protein; ascorbate peroxidase activity), IAA content (3.47 mg/g FW), and phenolics and flavonoids (88 and 1.68 μg/g FW, respectively), and decreased MDA content (0.016 nmol/g FW), Na+ ion content (18 mg/g dry weight), Cl- ion (16.6 mg/g dry weight), and Na+/K+ (0.78) and Na+/Ca2+ (1.79) ratios, in maize plants under salt stress, whereas Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, N, and P contents were increased in maize plants associated with S. lycopersici under salt stress. Current research exposed the role of S. lycopersici as an effective natural salt stress reducer and maize growth promoter; hence, it can be used as a biofertilizer to ameliorate salt stress tolerance in crops along with better growth performance in saline regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raid Ali
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Gul
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Rauf
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Husna
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Ayaz Khilji
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Township, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ud-Din
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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de la Fuente Cantó C, Vigouroux Y. Evaluation of nine statistics to identify QTLs in bulk segregant analysis using next generation sequencing approaches. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:490. [PMID: 35794552 PMCID: PMC9258084 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) combined with next generation sequencing is a powerful tool to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). The impact of the size of the study population and the percentage of extreme genotypes analysed have already been assessed. But a good comparison of statistical approaches designed to identify QTL regions using next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for BSA is still lacking. Results We developed an R code to simulate QTLs in bulks of F2 contrasted lines. We simulated a range of recombination rates based on estimations using different crop species. The simulations were used to benchmark the ability of statistical methods identify the exact location of true QTLs. A single QTL led to a shift in allele frequency across a large fraction of the chromosome for plant species with low recombination rate. The smoothed version of all statistics performed best notably the smoothed Euclidean distance-based statistics was always found to be more accurate in identifying the location of QTLs. We propose a simulation approach to build confidence interval statistics for the detection of QTLs. Conclusion We highlight the statistical methods best suited for BSA studies using NGS technologies in crops even when recombination rate is low. We also provide simulation codes to build confidence intervals and to assess the impact of recombination for application to other studies. This computational study will help select NGS-based BSA statistics that are useful to the broad scientific community. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08718-y.
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Lehto J, Heikkinen J, Nickull AR, Junnikkala V, Soimasuo J. Removal of humic substances from surface waters with recycled fluidized bed sand. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2844-2854. [PMID: 33734920 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1906327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recycled bed sand from a power plant's fluidized bed reactor was used to remove humic substances (HSs) from surface water samples. The performance of sand samples screened into different size fractions together with unscreened sand was evaluated in removing HSs by performing shaking and column experiments, and by monitoring the quality of the treated water samples in terms of pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and colour. At the beginning of the column experiments, the used sand fractions removed HSs with over 80% efficiency. However, as the experiments proceeded, the removal efficiency rapidly decreased, reaching a steady state during which a column filled with small-particle-size screened sand removed 20-25% of the COD and colour at a 2.2 kg/h flow speed, and 25-35% of the COD and 30-35% of the colour at a slow 0.5 kg/h flow speed. With unscreened sand, the corresponding COD and colour removal efficiencies were 10-20% (COD) and 10-18% (colour) for fast column experiments, and 22-27% for COD and 25-30% for colour during slow column experiments. Elemental analysis revealed that recycled fluidized bed sand contained several cationic compounds known to form complexes with HSs. Especially calcium together with aluminium and iron are potential candidates for removing colour and COD from the water samples.HighlightsRecycled fluidized bed sand could be used as a low-cost adsorbent material for removing HSs from surface water samplesEspecially the COD and colour of the water samples could be reduced by the sand treatmentsFluidized bed sand contained several cationic compounds forming complexes with HSsNo significant amounts of heavy metals were leached during the sand treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Lehto
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha Heikkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Ltd., Espoo, Finland
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Meeting sustainable development goals via robotics and autonomous systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3559. [PMID: 35729171 PMCID: PMC9211790 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Robotics and autonomous systems are reshaping the world, changing healthcare, food production and biodiversity management. While they will play a fundamental role in delivering the UN Sustainable Development Goals, associated opportunities and threats are yet to be considered systematically. We report on a horizon scan evaluating robotics and autonomous systems impact on all Sustainable Development Goals, involving 102 experts from around the world. Robotics and autonomous systems are likely to transform how the Sustainable Development Goals are achieved, through replacing and supporting human activities, fostering innovation, enhancing remote access and improving monitoring. Emerging threats relate to reinforcing inequalities, exacerbating environmental change, diverting resources from tried-and-tested solutions and reducing freedom and privacy through inadequate governance. Although predicting future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on the Sustainable Development Goals is difficult, thoroughly examining technological developments early is essential to prevent unintended detrimental consequences. Additionally, robotics and autonomous systems should be considered explicitly when developing future iterations of the Sustainable Development Goals to avoid reversing progress or exacerbating inequalities. A horizon scan was used to explore possible impacts of robotics and automated systems on achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Positive effects are likely. Iterative regulatory processes and continued dialogue could help avoid environmental damages and increases in inequality.
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Molecular mechanisms associated with microbial biostimulant-mediated growth enhancement, priming and drought stress tolerance in maize plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10450. [PMID: 35729338 PMCID: PMC9213556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial-based biostimulants are emerging as effective strategies to improve agricultural productivity; however, the modes of action of such formulations are still largely unknown. Thus, herein we report elucidated metabolic reconfigurations in maize (Zea mays) leaves associated with growth promotion and drought stress tolerance induced by a microbial-based biostimulant, a Bacillus consortium. Morphophysiological measurements revealed that the biostimulant induced a significant increase in biomass and enzymatic regulators of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the targeted metabolomics approach revealed differential quantitative profiles in amino acid-, phytohormone-, flavonoid- and phenolic acid levels in plants treated with the biostimulant under well-watered, mild, and severe drought stress conditions. These metabolic alterations were complemented with gene expression and global DNA methylation profiles. Thus, the postulated framework, describing biostimulant-induced metabolic events in maize plants, provides actionable knowledge necessary for industries and farmers to confidently and innovatively explore, design and fully implement microbial-based formulations and strategies into agronomic practices for sustainable agriculture and food production.
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Genome-wide specificity of plant genome editing by both CRISPR-Cas9 and TALEN. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9330. [PMID: 35665758 PMCID: PMC9167288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR and TALENs are efficient systems for gene editing in many organisms including plants. In many cases the CRISPR–Cas or TALEN modules are expressed in the plant cell only transiently. Theoretically, transient expression of the editing modules should limit unexpected effects compared to stable transformation. However, very few studies have measured the off-target and unpredicted effects of editing strategies on the plant genome, and none of them have compared these two major editing systems. We conducted, in Physcomitrium patens, a comprehensive genome-wide investigation of off-target mutations using either a CRISPR–Cas9 or a TALEN strategy. We observed a similar number of differences for the two editing strategies compared to control non-transfected plants, with an average of 8.25 SNVs and 19.5 InDels for the CRISPR-edited plants, and an average of 17.5 SNVs and 32 InDels for the TALEN-edited plants. Interestingly, a comparable number of SNVs and InDels could be detected in the PEG-treated control plants. This shows that except for the on-target modifications, the gene editing tools used in this study did not show a significant off-target activity nor unpredicted effects on the genome, and did not lead to transgene integration. The PEG treatment, a well-established biotechnological method, in itself, was the main source of mutations found in the edited plants.
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Kouhen M, García-Caparrós P, Twyman RM, Abdelly C, Mahmoudi H, Schillberg S, Debez A. Improving environmental stress resilience in crops by genome editing: insights from extremophile plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:559-574. [PMID: 35606905 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2042481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In basic and applied sciences, genome editing has become an indispensable tool, especially the versatile and adaptable CRISPR/Cas9 system. Using CRISPR/Cas9 in plants has enabled modifications of many valuable traits, including environmental stress tolerance, an essential aspect when it comes to ensuring food security under climate change pressure. The CRISPR toolbox enables faster and more precise plant breeding by facilitating: multiplex gene editing, gene pyramiding, and de novo domestication. In this paper, we discuss the most recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and alternative CRISPR-based systems, along with the technical challenges that remain to be overcome. A revision of the latest proof-of-concept and functional characterization studies has indeed provided more insight into the quantitative traits affecting crop yield and stress tolerance. Additionally, we focus on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in regard to extremophile plants, due to their significance on: industrial, ecological and economic levels. These still unexplored genetic resources could provide the means to harden our crops against the threat of climate change, thus ensuring food security over the next century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kouhen
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Laboratory of Extremophile Plants (LPE), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.,Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Pedro García-Caparrós
- Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering, University of Almeria, CIAIMBITAL, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Chedly Abdelly
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Laboratory of Extremophile Plants (LPE), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Henda Mahmoudi
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Academic City, Near Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Debez
- Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria (CBBC), Laboratory of Extremophile Plants (LPE), Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Cheong BE, Yu D, Martinez-Seidel F, Ho WWH, Rupasinghe TWT, Dolferus R, Roessner U. The Effect of Cold Stress on the Root-Specific Lipidome of Two Wheat Varieties with Contrasting Cold Tolerance. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101364. [PMID: 35631789 PMCID: PMC9147729 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex glycerolipidome analysis of wheat upon low temperature stress has been reported for above-ground tissues only. There are no reports on the effects of cold stress on the root lipidome nor on tissue-specific responses of cold stress wheat roots. This study aims to investigate the changes of lipid profiles in the different developmental zones of the seedling roots of two wheat varieties with contrasting cold tolerance exposed to chilling and freezing temperatures. We analyzed 273 lipid species derived from 21 lipid classes using a targeted profiling approach based on MS/MS data acquired from schedule parallel reaction monitoring assays. For both the tolerant Young and sensitive Wyalkatchem species, cold stress increased the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine compositions, but decreased the monohexosyl ceramide compositions in the root zones. We show that the difference between the two varieties with contrasting cold tolerance could be attributed to the change in the individual lipid species, rather than the fluctuation of the whole lipid classes. The outcomes gained from this study may advance our understanding of the mechanisms of wheat adaptation to cold and contribute to wheat breeding for the improvement of cold-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Eng Cheong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan Universiti, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- School of Bio Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.Y.); (F.M.-S.); (U.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-88-320000 (ext. 8530)
| | - Dingyi Yu
- School of Bio Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.Y.); (F.M.-S.); (U.R.)
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Federico Martinez-Seidel
- School of Bio Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.Y.); (F.M.-S.); (U.R.)
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - William Wing Ho Ho
- Advanced Genomics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | | | - Rudy Dolferus
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of Bio Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (D.Y.); (F.M.-S.); (U.R.)
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 inhibits root-knot nematode on watermelon by modifying the rhizosphere microbial community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8381. [PMID: 35589885 PMCID: PMC9120051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia vietnamiensis B418 is a multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strain with nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing capability which can be employed for root-knot nematode (RKN) management on various crops and vegetables. Here we investigated the control efficacy of B. vietnamiensis B418 inoculation against RKN on watermelon, applied either alone or combined with nematicides fosthiazate or avermectin, and their effects on bacterial and fungal microbiomes in rhizosphere soil. The results of field experiments showed individual application of B418 displayed the highest control efficacy against RKN by 71.15%. The combinations with fosthiazate and avermectin exhibited slight incompatibility with lower inhibitory effects of 62.71% and 67.87%, respectively, which were still notably higher than these nematicides applied separately. Analysis of microbiome assemblages revealed B418 inoculation resulted in a slight reduction for bacterial community and a significant increment for fungal community, suggesting that B418 could compete with other bacteria and stimulate fungal diversity in rhizosphere. The relative abundance of Xanthomonadales, Gemmatimonadales and Sphingomonadales increased while that of Actinomycetales reduced with B418 inoculation. The predominate Sordariomycetes of fungal community decreased dramatically in control treatment with B418 inoculation whereas there were increments in fosthiazate and avermectin treatments. Additionally, nitrogen (N) cycling by soil microbes was estimated by quantifying the abundance of microbial functional genes involved in N-transformation processes as B418 has the capability of N-fixation. The copy number of N-fixing gene nifH increased with B418 inoculation, and the highest increment reached 35.66% in control treatment. Our results demonstrate that B. vietnamiensis B418 is an effective biological nematicide for nematode management, which acts through the modulation of rhizosphere microbial community.
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Lin N, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Ping X, Li J, Liu L, Yin J. Genetic mapping and physiological analysis of chlorophyll-deficient mutant in Brassica napus L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:244. [PMID: 35585493 PMCID: PMC9115954 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf color mutants have reduced photosynthetic efficiency, which has severely negative impacts on crop growth and economic product yield. There are different chlorophyll mutants in Arabidopsis and crops that can be used for genetic control and molecular mechanism studies of chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast development and photoefficiency. Chlorophyll mutants in Brassica napus are mostly used for mapping and location research but are rarely used for physiological research. The chlorophyll-deficient mutant in this experiment were both genetically mapped and physiologically analyzed. RESULTS In this study, yellow leaf mutant of Brassica napus L. mutated by ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS) had significantly lower chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents than the wild type, and the net photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were all significantly reduced. The mutant had sparse chloroplast distribution and weak autofluorescence. The granule stacks were reduced, and the shape was extremely irregular, with more broken stromal lamella. Transcriptome data analysis enriched the differentially expressed genes mainly in phenylpropane and sugar metabolism. The mutant was mapped to a 2.72 Mb region on A01 by using BSA-Seq, and the region was validated by SSR markers. CONCLUSIONS The mutant chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency were significantly reduced compared with those of the wild type. Abnormal chloroplasts and thylakoids less connected to the stroma lamella appeared in the mutant. This work on the mutant will facilitate the process of cloning the BnaA01.cd gene and provide more genetic and physiological information concerning chloroplast development in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Yumin Gao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoke Ping
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Tiansheng Rd2#, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Tiansheng Rd2#, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Liezhao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Tiansheng Rd2#, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Jiaming Yin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
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Li T, Li Q, Wang J, Yang Z, Tang Y, Su Y, Zhang J, Qiu X, Pu X, Pan Z, Zhang H, Liang J, Liu Z, Li J, Yan W, Yu M, Long H, Wei Y, Deng G. High-resolution detection of quantitative trait loci for seven important yield-related traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a high-density SLAF-seq genetic map. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:37. [PMID: 35562674 PMCID: PMC9107147 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yield-related traits including thousand grain weight (TGW), grain number per spike (GNS), grain width (GW), grain length (GL), plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and spikelet number per spike (SNS) are greatly associated with grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with them, 193 recombinant inbred lines derived from two elite winter wheat varieties Chuanmai42 and Chuanmai39 were employed to perform QTL mapping in six/eight environments. RESULTS A total of 30 QTLs on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6D, 7A, 7B and 7D were identified. Among them, six major QTLs QTgw.cib-6A.1, QTgw.cib-6A.2, QGw.cib-6A, QGl.cib-3A, QGl.cib-6A, and QSl.cib-2D explaining 5.96-23.75% of the phenotypic variance were detected in multi-environments and showed strong and stable effects on corresponding traits. Three QTL clusters on chromosomes 2D and 6A containing 10 QTLs were also detected, which showed significant pleiotropic effects on multiple traits. Additionally, three Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers linked with five of these major QTLs were developed. Candidate genes of QTgw.cib-6A.1/QGl.cib-6A and QGl.cib-3A were analyzed based on the spatiotemporal expression patterns, gene annotation, and orthologous search. CONCLUSIONS Six major QTLs for TGW, GL, GW and SL were detected. Three KASP markers linked with five of these major QTLs were developed. These QTLs and KASP markers will be useful for elucidating the genetic architecture of grain yield and developing new wheat varieties with high and stable yield in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Su
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Juanyu Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xvebing Qiu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Pu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhifen Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junjun Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zehou Liu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Maoqun Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hai Long
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangbing Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Nosalewicz A, Okoń K, Skorupka M. Non-Photochemical Quenching under Drought and Fluctuating Light. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095182. [PMID: 35563573 PMCID: PMC9105319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants grow in a variable environment in regard to soil water and light driving photochemical reactions. Light energy exceeding plant capability to use it for photochemical reactions must be dissipated by processes of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of various components of NPQ on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to fluctuating light and water availability. A laboratory experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) and mutants npq1 and npq4 grown under optimum or reduced water availability was conducted. Dark-adapted plants were illuminated with fluctuating light (FL) of two intensities (55 and 530 μmol m−2 s−1) with each of the phases lasting for 20 s. The impact of water availability on the role of zeaxanthin and PsbS protein in NPQ induced at FL was analysed. The water deficit affected the dynamics of NPQ induced by FL. The lack of zeaxanthin or PsbS reduced plant capability to cope with FL. The synergy of both of these components was enhanced in regard to the amplitude of NPQ in the drought conditions. PsbS was shown as a component of primary importance in suiting plant response to FL under optimum and reduced water availability.
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Beesigamukama D, Subramanian S, Tanga CM. Nutrient quality and maturity status of frass fertilizer from nine edible insects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7182. [PMID: 35505193 PMCID: PMC9064968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest to recycle organic waste using insect larvae into high-quality frass fertilizer through circular economy approach. This paper presents the first comparative report on the nutrient concentrations, fertilizing indices, nutrient supply potentials and compost maturity of nine edible insect frass fertilizers. Our results revealed that frass fertilizers from all the insect species had adequate concentrations and contents of macronutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], secondary nutrients (calcium, magnesium, and sulphur) and micro-nutrients (manganese, copper, iron, zinc, boron, and sodium). The fertilizing indices of the frass fertilizers were above 3. However, black soldier fly (BSF) frass fertilizer had significantly higher N (20-130%) and K (17-193%) concentrations compared to others. The P concentration of Gryllus bimaculatus frass fertilizer was 3-800% higher compared to those of frass fertilizers from other insect species. The potential N and K supply capacities of BSF frass fertilizer was 19-78% and 16-190% higher, respectively. The P supply capacity of cricket frass fertilizer was 17-802% higher compared to others. The highest seed gemination rate (> 90%) and germination index (267%) were observed in seeds treated with BSF frass fertilizer. Frass fertilizer obtained from the other eight insect species showed medium to high phytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that insect frass fertilizers are promising alternatives to existing commercial fertilizers (i.e., mineral, and organic) for improved soil health and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Crop Production and Management, Busitema University, P.O. Box 236, Tororo, Uganda.
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Zhe M, Zhang L, Liu F, Huang Y, Fan W, Yang J, Zhu A. Plastid RNA editing reduction accompanied with genetic variations in Cymbidium, a genus with diverse lifestyle modes. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:316-321. [PMID: 35769591 PMCID: PMC9209865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent sequencing efforts have broadly uncovered the evolutionary trajectory of plastid genomes (plastomes) of flowering plants in diverse habitats, yet our knowledge of the evolution of plastid posttranscriptional modifications is limited. In this study, we generated 11 complete plastomes and performed ultra-deep transcriptome sequencing to investigate the co-evolution of plastid RNA editing and genetic variation in Cymbidium, a genus with diverse trophic lifestyles. Genome size and gene content is reduced in terrestrial and green mycoheterotrophic orchids relative to their epiphytic relatives. This could be partly due to extensive losses and pseudogenization of ndh genes for the plastid NADH dehydrogenase-like complex, but independent pseudogenization of ndh genes has also occurred in the epiphyte C. mannii, which was reported to use strong crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis. RNA editing sites are abundant but variable in number among Cymbidium plastomes. The nearly twofold variation in editing abundance is mainly due to extensive reduction of ancestral editing sites in ndh transcripts of terrestrial, mycoheterotrophic, and C. mannii plastomes. The co-occurrence of editing reduction and pseudogenization in ndh genes suggests functional constraints on editing machinery may be relaxed, leading to nonrandom loss of ancestral edited sites via reduced editing efficiency. This study represents the first systematic examination of RNA editing evolution linked to plastid genome variation in a single genus. We also propose an explanation for how genomic and posttranscriptional variations might be affected by lifestyle-associated ecological adaptation strategies in Cymbidium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Zhe
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiwei Huang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weishu Fan
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Andan Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
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Niwa K, Tran DV, Nishikawa K. Differentiated historical demography and ecological niche forming present distribution and genetic structure in coexisting two salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae) in a small island, Japan. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13202. [PMID: 35505683 PMCID: PMC9057287 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The climatic oscillations in the Quaternary period considerably shaped the distribution and population genetic structure of organisms. Studies on the historical dynamics of distribution and demography not only reflect the current geographic distribution but also allow us to understand the adaption and genetic differentiation of species. However, the process and factors affecting the present distribution and genetic structure of many taxa are still poorly understood, especially for endemic organisms to small islands. Methods Here, we integrated population genetic and ecological niche modelling approaches to investigate the historical distribution and demographic dynamics of two co-existing salamanders on Tsushima Island, Japan: the true H. tsuensis (Group A), and Hynobius sp. (Group B). We also examined the hypothesis on the equivalency and similarity of niches of these groups by identity and background tests for ecological niche space. Results Our result showed that Group A is considered to have undergone a recent population expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum while it is unlikely to have occurred in Group B. The highest suitability was predicted for Group A in southern Tsushima Island, whereas the northern part of Tsushima Island was the potential distribution of Group B. The results also suggested a restricted range of both salamanders during the Last Interglacial and Last Glacial Maximum, and recent expansion in Mid-Holocene. The genetic landscape-shape interpolation analysis and historical suitable area of ecological niche modelling were consistent, and suggested refugia used during glacial ages in southern part for Group A, and in northern part of Tsushima Island for Group B. Additionally, we found evidence of nonequivalence for the ecological niche of the two groups of the salamanders, although our test could not show either niche divergence or conservatism based on the background tests. The environmental predictors affecting the potential distribution of each group also showed distinctiveness, leading to differences in selecting suitable areas. Finally, the combination of population genetics and ecological modeling has revealed the differential demographic/historical response between coexisting two salamanders on a small island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Niwa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Akita Prefectural Office, Akita, Japan
| | - Dung Van Tran
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Wildlife Department, Faculty of Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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48
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Zhao W, Meng X, Xu J, Liu Z, Hu Y, Li B, Chen J, Cao B. Integrated mRNA and Small RNA Sequencing Reveals microRNAs Associated With Xylem Development in Dalbergia odorifera. Front Genet 2022; 13:883422. [PMID: 35547261 PMCID: PMC9081728 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalbergia odorifera is a rare and precious rosewood specie, whose wood is a very high-quality material for valuable furniture and carving crafts. However, limited information is available about the process of wood formation in D. odorifera. To determine genes that might be closely associated with the xylem differentiation process, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) from specific xylem tissues of D. odorifera by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq). In total, we obtained 134,221,955 clean reads from RNA-seq and 90,940,761 clean reads from small RNA-seq. By comparing the transition zone (Dotz) and sapwood (Dosw) samples, a total of 395 DEGs were identified. Further analysis revealed that DEGs encoded for WRKY transcription factors (eight genes), lignin synthesis (PER47, COMT, CCR2), cell wall composition (UXS2), gibberellin synthesis (KAO2, GA20OX1), jasmonic acid synthesis (OPR2, CYP74A), and synthesis of flavonoids (PAL2) and terpenoids (CYP71A1). Subsequently, a preliminary analysis by small RNA-seq showed that the expressions of 14 miRNAs (such as miR168a-5p, miR167f-5p, miR167h-5p, miR167e, miR390a, miR156g, novel_52, and novel_9) were significantly different between Dotz and Dosw. Further analysis revealed that the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in the GO terms "amino acid binding," "cellulase activity," and "DNA beta-glucosyltransferase activity". Further, KEGG pathway annotation showed significant enrichment in "fatty acid elongation" and "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids". These processes might be participating in the xylem differentiation of D. odorifera. Next, expression correlation analysis showed that nine differentially expressed miRNAs were significantly negatively associated with 21 target genes, which encoded for proteins such as pyrH, SPL6, SPL12, GCS1, and ARF8. Overall, this is the first study on miRNAs and their potential functions in the xylem development of D. odorifera, which provides a stepping stone for a detailed functional investigation of D. odorifera miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiangxu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zijia Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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Melanin is a plenteous bioactive phenolic compound in date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6614. [PMID: 35459886 PMCID: PMC9033825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were found to contain high levels of allomelanin (1.2-5.1%). The melanin is localized in the tanniferous cells between the inner and outer mesocarp tissues of the fruit. The melanin, extracted with 2 M sodium hydroxide, consisted of amorphous graphene-like granular structures of irregular shape and variable size. The date fruit melanin mainly comprises carbon (64.6%) and oxygen (30.6) but no nitrogen, and was thermally stable. It has radical scavenging (63.6-75.1 IC50, µg/mL), antimicrobial (250-1000 µg/mL), hypoglycemic (51.8-58.2%), and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitory (65.8%) effects. The high level of melanin in date fruits highlights the importance of investigating its dietary intake and its impact on nutrition. This study also suggests that date fruit melanin can be a functional ingredient in foods, food packages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
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50
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Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in Cotton Plant to Apolygus lucorum Infestation. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040391. [PMID: 35447833 PMCID: PMC9025427 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the wide-scale adoption of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) has become the most serious pest and has caused extensive yield loss in cotton production. However, little is known about the defense responses of cotton at the seedling stage to A. lucorum feeding. In this study, to elucidate the cotton defense mechanism, cotton leaves were damaged by A. lucorum for 0, 4, 12 and 24 h. The transcriptomic results showed that A. lucorum feeding elicits a rapid and strong defense response in gene expression during the whole infestation process in cotton plants. Further analysis revealed that at each assessment time, more differentially expressed genes were up-regulated than down-regulated. The integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolic data showed that most of the genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were initially up-regulated, and this trend continued during an infestation. Meanwhile, the content levels of JA and its intermediate products were also significantly increased throughout the whole infestation process. The similar trend was displayed in condensed tannins biosynthesis. This research proved that, after plants are damaged by A. lucorum, the JA pathway mediates the defense mechanisms in cotton plants by promoting the accumulation of condensed tannins as a defense mechanism against A. lucorum. These results will help us to discover unknown defensive genes and improve the integrated pest management of A. lucorum.
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