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Moreira VS, de Souza VC, Soares VLF, Sousa AO, de Nascimento KTDS, de Santana MR, Rebouças TNH, Leitão CAE, Goliatt PVZC, Faria DV, Otoni WC, Costa MGC. Dynamics of annatto pigment synthesis and accumulation in seeds of Bixa orellana L. revealed by integrated chemical, anatomical, and RNA-Seq analyses. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1207-1219. [PMID: 36787048 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bixin is a commercially valuable apocarotenoid pigment found in the seed aril of Bixa orellana. The dynamics and regulation of its biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development remain largely unknown. Here, we combined chemical, anatomical, and transcriptomic data to provide stage-specific resolution of the cellular and molecular events occurring during B. orellana seed development. Seeds at five developmental stages (S1-S5) were used for analysis of bixin content and seed anatomy, and three of them (S1, S3, and S4) were selected for Illumina HiSeq sequencing. Bixin accumulated in large quantities in seeds compared with other tissues analyzed, particularly during the S2 stage, peaking at the S4 stage, and then decreasing slightly in the S5 stage. Anatomical analysis revealed that bixin accumulated in the large central vacuole of specialized cells, which were scattered throughout the developing mesotesta at the S2 stage, but enlarged progressively at later stages, until they occupied most of the parenchyma in the aril. A total of 13 million reads were generated and assembled into 73,381 protein-encoding contigs, from which 312 were identified as containing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (DOXP/MEP), carotenoid, and bixin pathways genes. Differential transcriptome expression analysis of these genes revealed that 50 of them were sequentially and differentially expressed through the seed developmental stages analyzed, including seven carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, eight aldehyde dehydrogenases, and 22 methyltransferases. Taken together, these results show that bixin synthesis and accumulation in seeds of B. orellana are a developmentally regulated process involving the coordinated expression of DOXP/MEP, carotenoid, and bixin biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Santos Moreira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência E Tecnologia da Bahia, Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, 48500-000, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carius de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências da Computação, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Lúcia Fontes Soares
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Aurizangela Oliveira Sousa
- Centro Multidisciplinar Do Campus Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Universidade Federal Do Oeste da Bahia, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Bahia, 47850‑000, Brazil
| | | | - Monique Reis de Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Tiyoko Nair Hojo Rebouças
- Departamento de Fitotecnia E Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Espolador Leitão
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Estadual Do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia, 45083-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Vidal Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Gilberto Cardoso Costa
- Centro de Biotecnologia E Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Cheng C, Yang R, Yin L, Zhang J, Gao L, Lu R, Yang Y, Wang P, Mu X, Zhang S, Zhang B, Zhang J. Characterization of Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenase Genes in Cerasus humilis and Functional Analysis of ChCCD1. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112114. [PMID: 37299092 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are key enzymes that function in degrading carotenoids into a variety of apocarotenoids and some other compounds. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization analysis of CCO genes in Cerasus humilis. Totally, nine CCO genes could be classified into six subfamilies, including carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1), CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, CCD-like and nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), were identified. Results of gene expression analysis showed that ChCCOs exhibited diverse expression patterns in different organs and in fruits at different ripening stages. To investigate the roles of ChCCOs in carotenoids degradation, enzyme assays of the ChCCD1 and ChCCD4 were performed in Escerichia coli BL21(DE3) that can accumulate lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin. The prokaryotic expressed ChCCD1 resulted in obvious degradation of lycopene, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, but ChCCD4 did not show similar functions. To further determine the cleaved volatile apocarotenoids of these two proteins, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometer analysis was performed. Results showed that ChCCD1 could cleave lycopene at 5, 6 and 5', 6' positions to produce 6-methy-5-hepten-2-one and could catalyze β-carotene at 9, 10 and 9', 10' positions to generate β-ionone. Our study will be helpful for clarifying the roles of CCO genes especially ChCCD1 in regulating carotenoid degradation and apocarotenoid production in C. humilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lu Yin
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Limin Gao
- Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center of Qianyang County, Baoji 721199, China
| | - Rong Lu
- Rural Revitalization Bureau of Pu County, Linfen 041200, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaopeng Mu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Narváez-Zapata JA, Carballo-Uicab VM, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Us-Camas R, Escobar-Turriza P, Comai L, Rivera-Madrid R. Gene expression profile during seed development of Bixa orellana accessions varying in bixin pigment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1066509. [PMID: 36875614 PMCID: PMC9975726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1066509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diverse morphological, cellular and physiological changes occur during seed maturation in Bixa orellana when the seed tissues form specialized cell glands that produce reddish latex with high bixin amounts. Transcriptomic profiling during seed development in three B. orellana accessions (P12, N4 and N5) with contrasting morphologic characteristics showed enrichment in pathways of triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and cuticular wax biosynthesis. WGCNA allows groups of all identified genes in six modules the module turquoise, the largest and highly correlated with the bixin content. The high number of genes in this module suggests a diversification of regulatory mechanisms for bixin accumulation with the genes belonging to isoprene, triterpenes and carotene pathways, being more highly correlated with the bixin content. Analysis of key genes of the mevalonate (MVA) and the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways revealed specific activities of orthologs of BoHMGR, BoFFP, BoDXS, and BoHDR. This suggests that isoprenoid production is necessary for compounds included in the reddish latex of developing seeds. The carotenoid-related genes BoPSY2, BoPDS1 and BoZDS displayed a high correlation with bixin production, consistent with the requirement for carotene precursors for apocarotenoid biosynthesis. The BoCCD gene member (BoCCD4-4) and some BoALDH (ALDH2B7.2 and ALDH3I1) and BoMET (BoSABATH1 and BoSABATH8) gene members were highly correlated to bixin in the final seed development stage. This suggested a contributing role for several genes in apocarotenoid production. The results revealed high genetic complexity in the biosynthesis of reddish latex and bixin in specialized seed cell glands in different accessions of B. orellana suggesting gene expression coordination between both metabolite biosynthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Cárdenas-Conejo
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)-Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Carballo-Uicab
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rosa Us-Camas
- Departamento de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Calkiní, en el Estado de Campeche, Calkiní, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Pedro Escobar-Turriza
- Segunda División de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación Científica y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luca Comai
- Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Wang Y, Xu J, Liu A. Identification of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genes and functional analysis reveal DoCCD1 is potentially involved in beta-ionone formation in Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967819. [PMID: 35991395 PMCID: PMC9387305 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoids are the most widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants and can be degraded by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) to form apocarotenoids including an important C13 compound beta-ionone. Volatile beta-ionone can confer the violet and woody fragrance to plant essential oils, flowers, fruits, and vegetables, which therefore has been used in various industries. Dendrobium officinale is a traditional medicinal plant. However, there was limited information on the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of beta-ionone in D. officinale. In the present study, beta-ionone was detected in stems and leaves of D. officinale and genome-wide identification and expression profiles of CCD genes were subsequently carried out. There were nine DoCCD members in D. officinale. According to the phylogenetic relationship, DoCCD proteins were classified into six subfamilies including CCD1, CCD4, CCD7, CCD8, nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and zaxinone synthase (ZAS). DoCCD genes showed distinctive expression profiles and DoCCD1 gene was abundantly expressed in eight tissues. Induced expression of DoCCD1 gene resulted in discoloration of Escerichia coli strains that can accumulate carotenoids. Analysis of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer showed that DoCCD1 enzyme can cleave lycopene to produce 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and pseudoionone and also catalyze beta-carotene to form beta-ionone. Expression of DoCCD1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf resulted in production of abundant beta-ionone. Overall, the present study first provides valuable information on the CCD gene family in D. officinale, function of DoCCD1 gene as well as production of beta-ionone through genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Bio-Innovation Center of DR PLANT, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Yuning L, Xianmei Y, Jingjing Z, Jinghua D, Luyang L, Jintian L, Benshui S. Transcriptome analyses reveal the potential mechanisms for color changes of a sweet orange peel induced by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Gene 2022; 839:146736. [PMID: 35835404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
'Shatangju' mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco cv. Shatangju) is a Chinese citrus specialty in southern China with a delicious taste and an attractive appearance. Huanglongbing (HLB) caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) threatens the Shatangju industry seriously. Fruits from citrus trees with HLB show 'red nose' peels with a serious reduction in fruit value. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been identified in the leaves of several citrus species with HLB infection. However, similar studies on the fruit peels of citrus trees with HLB infection are very limited. In this study, the pathogen CLas was diagnosed in the 'red nose' fruit peels of Shatangju. The chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in different peels were also analyzed. Besides, we identified DEGs in the comparison between peels from normal red-colored and 'red nose' fruits via RNA-seq. A total of 1922 unigenes were identified as DEGs, of which 434 were up-regulated and 1488 were down-regulated in the 'red nose' fruit peels. DEGs involved in chlorophyll and carotenoids biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and transcription factors could be responsible for fruit color changes after HLB infection. Our findings provide a preliminary understanding of the mechanism underlying the formation of a 'red nose' on fruit peel from HLB-infected trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuning
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yang Xianmei
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhang Jingjing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dai Jinghua
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Liu Luyang
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lin Jintian
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Shu Benshui
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Trees Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China.
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