1
|
Rates ADB, Cesarino I. Pour some sugar on me: The diverse functions of phenylpropanoid glycosylation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154138. [PMID: 38006622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid metabolism is the source of a vast array of specialized metabolites that play diverse functions in plant growth and development and contribute to all aspects of plant interactions with their surrounding environment. These compounds protect plants from damaging ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species, provide mechanical support for the plants to stand upright, and mediate plant-plant and plant-microorganism communications. The enormous metabolic diversity of phenylpropanoids is further expanded by chemical modifications known as "decorative reactions", including hydroxylation, methylation, glycosylation, and acylation. Among these modifications, glycosylation is the major driving force of phenylpropanoid structural diversification, also contributing to the expansion of their properties. Phenylpropanoid glycosylation is catalyzed by regioselective uridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs), whereas glycosyl hydrolases known as β-glucosidases are the major players in deglycosylation. In this article, we review how the glycosylation process affects key physicochemical properties of phenylpropanoids, such as molecular stability and solubility, as well as metabolite compartmentalization/storage and biological activity/toxicity. We also summarize the recent knowledge on the functional implications of glycosylation of different classes of phenylpropanoid compounds. A balance of glycosylation/deglycosylation might represent an essential molecular mechanism to regulate phenylpropanoid homeostasis, allowing plants to dynamically respond to diverse environmental signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur de Barros Rates
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues 370, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muro-Villanueva F, Pysh LD, Kim H, Bouse T, Ralph J, Luo Z, Cooper BR, Jannasch AS, Zhang Z, Gu C, Chapple C. Pinoresinol rescues developmental phenotypes of Arabidopsis phenylpropanoid mutants overexpressing FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216543120. [PMID: 37487096 PMCID: PMC10401026 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216543120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most phenylpropanoid pathway flux is directed toward the production of monolignols, but this pathway also generates multiple bioactive metabolites. The monolignols coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol polymerize to form guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units in lignin, components that are characteristic of plant secondary cell walls. Lignin negatively impacts the saccharification potential of lignocellulosic biomass. Although manipulation of its content and composition through genetic engineering has reduced biomass recalcitrance, in some cases, these genetic manipulations lead to impaired growth. The reduced-growth phenotype is often attributed to poor water transport due to xylem collapse in low-lignin mutants, but alternative models suggest that it could be caused by the hyper- or hypoaccumulation of phenylpropanoid intermediates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, overexpression of FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE (F5H) shifts the normal G/S lignin ratio to nearly pure S lignin and does not result in substantial changes to plant growth. In contrast, when we overexpressed F5H in the low-lignin mutants cinnamyl dehydrogenase c and d (cadc cadd), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1, and reduced epidermal fluorescence 3, plant growth was severely compromised. In addition, cadc cadd plants overexpressing F5H exhibited defects in lateral root development. Exogenous coniferyl alcohol (CA) and its dimeric coupling product, pinoresinol, rescue these phenotypes. These data suggest that mutations in the phenylpropanoid pathway limit the biosynthesis of pinoresinol, and this effect is exacerbated by overexpression of F5H, which further draws down cellular pools of its precursor, CA. Overall, these genetic manipulations appear to restrict the synthesis of pinoresinol or a downstream metabolite that is necessary for plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | | | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI53726
| | - Tyler Bouse
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI53726
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Bruce R. Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Amber S. Jannasch
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Chong Gu
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lewis DC, van der Zwan T, Richards A, Little H, Coaker GL, Bostock RM. The Oomycete Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern, Arachidonic Acid, and an Ascophyllum nodosum-Derived Plant Biostimulant Induce Defense Metabolome Remodeling in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1084-1092. [PMID: 36598344 PMCID: PMC10318118 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0368-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an oomycete-derived microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) capable of eliciting robust defense responses and inducing resistance in plants. Similarly, Ascophylum nodosum extract (ANE) from the brown seaweed A. nodosum, a plant biostimulant that contains AA, can also prime plants for defense against pathogen challenges. A previous parallel study comparing the transcriptomes of AA- and ANE-root-treated tomatoes demonstrated significant overlap in transcriptional profiles, a shared induced resistance phenotype, and changes in the accumulation of various defense-related phytohormones. In this work, untargeted metabolomic analysis via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted to investigate the local and systemic metabolome-wide remodeling events elicited by AA and ANE root treatment in tomatoes. Our study demonstrated AA and ANE's capacity to locally and systemically alter the metabolome of tomatoes with enrichment of chemical classes and accumulation of metabolites associated with defense-related secondary metabolism. AA- and ANE-root-treated plants showed enrichment of fatty acyl-glycosides and strong modulation of hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives. Identification of specific metabolites whose accumulation was affected by AA and ANE treatment revealed shared metabolic changes related to ligno-suberin biosynthesis and the synthesis of phenolic compounds. This study highlights the extensive local and systemic metabolic changes in tomatoes induced by treatment with a fatty acid MAMP and a seaweed-derived plant biostimulant with implications for induced resistance and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domonique C. Lewis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Timo van der Zwan
- Acadian Plant Health, Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3B 1X8
| | - Andrew Richards
- Acadian Plant Health, Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3B 1X8
| | - Holly Little
- Acadian Plant Health, Acadian Seaplants, Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3B 1X8
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu J, Zhu W, Zhao Q. Salicylic acid biosynthesis is not from phenylalanine in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:881-887. [PMID: 36377737 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) regulates biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. Two distinct biosynthetic pathways for SA have been well documented in plants: the isochorismate (IC) pathway in the chloroplast and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway in the cytosol. However, there has been no solid evidence that the PAL pathway contributes to SA biosynthesis. Here, we report that feeding Arabidopsis thaliana with Ring-13 C-labeled phenylalanine (13 C6 -Phe) resulted in incorporation of the 13 C label not into SA, but into its isomer 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) instead. We obtained similar results when feeding 13 C6 -Phe to the SA-deficient ics1 ics2 mutant and the SA-hyperaccumulating mutant s3h s5h. Notably, we detected 13 C6 -SA when 13 C6 -benzoic acid (BA) was provided, suggesting that SA can be synthesized from BA. Furthermore, despite the substantial accumulation of SA upon pathogen infection, we did not observe incorporation of 13 C label from Phe into SA. We also did not detect 13 C6 -SA in PAL-overexpressing lines in the kfb01 kfb02 kfb39 kfb50 background after being fed 13 C6 -Phe, although endogenous PAL levels were dramatically increased. Based on these combined results, we propose that SA biosynthesis is not from Phe in Arabidopsis. These results have important implications for our understanding of the SA biosynthetic pathway in land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kruželák J, Hložeková K, Kvasničáková A, Džuganová M, Hronkovič J, Preťo J, Hudec I. Calcium-Lignosulfonate-Filled Rubber Compounds Based on NBR with Enhanced Physical-Mechanical Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245356. [PMID: 36559723 PMCID: PMC9786110 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium lignosulfonate in the amount 30 phr was incorporated into rubber compounds based on pure NBR and an NBR carbon black batch, in which the content of carbon black was 25 phr. Glycerine, as a cheap and environmentally friendly plasticizer, was applied into both types of rubber formulations in a concentration scale ranging from 5 to 20 phr. For the cross-linking of rubber compounds, a sulfur-based curing system was used. The work was aimed at the investigation of glycerine content on the curing process and rheological properties of rubber compounds, cross-link density, morphology and physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates. The results show that glycerine influences the shapes of curing isotherms and results in a significant decrease between the maximum and minimum torque. This points to the strong plasticizing effect of glycerine on rubber compounds, which was also confirmed from rheological measurements. The application of glycerine resulted in better homogeneity of the rubber compounds and in the better dispersion and distribution of lignosulfonate within the rubber matrix, which was subsequently reflected in the significant improvement of tensile characteristics of vulcanizates. A higher cross-link density as well as better physical-mechanical properties were exhibited by the vulcanizates based on the carbon black batch due to the presence of a reinforcing filler.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaudia Hložeková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Džuganová
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Hronkovič
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Preťo
- VIPO a.s., Gen. Svobodu 1069/4, 958 01 Partizánske, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Meester B, Vanholme R, Mota T, Boerjan W. Lignin engineering in forest trees: From gene discovery to field trials. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100465. [PMID: 36307984 PMCID: PMC9700206 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp, fuels, and biobased materials. However, wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars, mainly because of the presence of lignin, an aromatic polymer that shields cell-wall polysaccharides. Hence, numerous research efforts have focused on engineering lignin amount and composition to improve wood processability. Here, we focus on results that have been obtained by engineering the lignin biosynthesis and branching pathways in forest trees to reduce cell-wall recalcitrance, including the introduction of exotic lignin monomers. In addition, we draw general conclusions from over 20 years of field trial research with trees engineered to produce less or altered lignin. We discuss possible causes and solutions for the yield penalty that is often associated with lignin engineering in trees. Finally, we discuss how conventional and new breeding strategies can be combined to develop elite clones with desired lignin properties. We conclude this review with priorities for the development of commercially relevant lignin-engineered trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thatiane Mota
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|