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LoTemplio SB, Lopes CL, McDonnell AS, Scott EE, Payne BR, Strayer DL. Updating the relationship of the Ne/ERN to task-related behavior: A brief review and suggestions for future research. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1150244. [PMID: 37082151 PMCID: PMC10110987 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1150244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) is one of the most well-studied event-related potential (ERP) components in the electroencephalography (EEG) literature. Peaking about 50 ms after the commission of an error, the Ne/ERN is a negative deflection in the ERP waveform that is thought to reflect error processing in the brain. While its relationships to trait constructs such as anxiety are well-documented, there is still little known about how the Ne/ERN may subsequently influence task-related behavior. In other words, does the occurrence of the Ne/ERN trigger any sort of error corrective process, or any other behavioral adaptation to avoid errors? Several theories have emerged to explain how the Ne/ERN may implement or affect behavior on a task, but evidence supporting each has been mixed. In the following manuscript, we review these theories, and then systematically discuss the reasons that there may be discrepancies in the literature. We review both the inherent biological factors of the neural regions that underlie error-processing in the brain, and some of the researcher-induced factors in analytic and experimental choices that may be exacerbating these discrepancies. We end with a table of recommendations for future researchers who aim to understand the relationship between the Ne/ERN and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B. LoTemplio
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Sara B. LoTemplio,
| | - Clara Louise Lopes
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amy S. McDonnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Psychology, Vermont State University, Johnson, VT, United States
| | - Brennan R. Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - David L. Strayer
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Do after "not to do": Deinhibition in cognitive control. Mem Cognit 2023:10.3758/s13421-023-01403-9. [PMID: 36853480 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, we often need to inhibit a certain behavior or thought; however, sometimes we need to remove inhibition (deinhibition). Numerous studies have examined inhibition control, but it is unclear how deinhibition functions. In Experiment 1, we adopted a modified stop-signal task in which participants were instructed to immediately stop the prepared response to a stimulus appended by an accidental signal. The results showed that when the preceding trial was a stop-signal trial and participants successfully inhibited the action to the stimulus, the reaction time (RT) for the repeated stimuli in the current trial was significantly longer than that of the switched stimuli, reflecting the cost of deinhibition. Deinhibition ability is correlated with inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. In Experiment 2, we manipulated stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between presentation of the stimuli and the stopping signals to exclude the interference of the signal preparation effect on the deinhibition cost. These findings suggest that an individual's deinhibition ability, as a previously ignored subcomponent of cognitive control, may play an important role in human adaptive behavior.
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Montalti M, Calbi M, Cuccio V, Umiltà MA, Gallese V. Is motor inhibition involved in the processing of sentential negation? An assessment via the Stop-Signal Task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:339-352. [PMID: 33905001 PMCID: PMC9873753 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the embodied approach to cognition and language gained momentum in the scientific debate, leading to evidence in different aspects of language processing. However, while the bodily grounding of concrete concepts seems to be relatively not controversial, abstract aspects, like the negation logical operator, are still today one of the main challenges for this research paradigm. In this framework, the present study has a twofold aim: (1) to assess whether mechanisms for motor inhibition underpin the processing of sentential negation, thus, providing evidence for a bodily grounding of this logic operator, (2) to determine whether the Stop-Signal Task, which has been used to investigate motor inhibition, could represent a good tool to explore this issue. Twenty-three participants were recruited in this experiment. Ten hand-action-related sentences, both in affirmative and negative polarity, were presented on a screen. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible to the direction of the Go Stimulus (an arrow) and to withhold their response when they heard a sound following the arrow. This paradigm allows estimating the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT), a covert reaction time underlying the inhibitory process. Our results show that the SSRT measured after reading negative sentences are longer than after reading affirmative ones, highlighting the recruitment of inhibitory mechanisms while processing negative sentences. Furthermore, our methodological considerations suggest that the Stop-Signal Task is a good paradigm to assess motor inhibition's role in the processing of sentence negation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montalti
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Calbi
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cuccio
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Cognitive, Psychological, Pedagogical Sciences and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Umiltà
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Li G, Anguera JA, Javed SV, Khan MA, Wang G, Gazzaley A. Enhanced Attention Using Head-mounted Virtual Reality. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1438-1454. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that experiencing a given scenario using virtual reality (VR) may engage greater attentional resources than experiencing the same scenario on a 2D computer monitor. However, the underlying neural processes associated with these VR-related effects, especially those pertaining to current consumer-friendly head-mounted displays of virtual reality (HMD-VR), remain unclear. Here, two experiments were conducted to compare task performance and EEG-based neural metrics captured during a perceptual discrimination task presented on two different viewing platforms. Forty participants (20–25 years old) completed this task using both an HMD-VR and traditional computer monitor in a within-group, randomized design. Although Experiment I (n = 20) was solely behavioral in design, Experiment II (n = 20) utilized combined EEG recordings to interrogate the neural correlates underlying potential performance differences across platforms. These experiments revealed that (1) there was no significant difference in the amount of arousal measured between platforms and (2) selective attention abilities in HMD-VR environment were enhanced from both a behavioral and neural perspective. These findings suggest that the allocation of attentional resources in HMD-VR may be superior to approaches more typically used to assess these abilities (e.g., desktop/laptop/tablet computers with 2D screens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
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Closed-Loop Attention Restoration Theory for Virtual Reality-Based Attentional Engagement Enhancement. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082208. [PMID: 32295136 PMCID: PMC7218885 DOI: 10.3390/s20082208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Today, as media and technology multitasking becomes pervasive, the majority of young people face a challenge regarding their attentional engagement (that is, how well their attention can be maintained). While various approaches to improve attentional engagement exist, it is difficult to produce an effect in younger people, due to the inadequate attraction of these approaches themselves. Here, we show that a single 30-min engagement with an attention restoration theory (ART)-inspired closed-loop software program (Virtual ART) delivered on a consumer-friendly virtual reality head-mounted display (VR-HMD) could lead to improvements in both general attention level and the depth of engagement in young university students. These improvements were associated with positive changes in both behavioral (response time and response time variability) and key electroencephalography (EEG)-based neural metrics (frontal midline theta inter-trial coherence and parietal event-related potential P3b). All the results were based on the comparison of the standard Virtual ART tasks (control group, n = 15) and closed-loop Virtual ART tasks (treatment group, n = 15). This study provides the first case of EEG evidence of a VR-HMD-based closed-loop ART intervention generating enhanced attentional engagement.
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White LR, Boyle PA, Foster TC, Gazzaley AH, Disterhoft JF. How do we validate approaches that aim to harness reserve to improve the aging brain? Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:145-149. [PMID: 31732018 PMCID: PMC6859906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An accurate assessment of the impact of reserve on cognitive functioning in older individuals with brain pathology requires careful measurement of each and an assessment of the extent to which each influences the other. Studies to integrate information about molecular biology, neuropathology, behavioral aspects of cognitive decline, and cognitive resilience will be of particular importance. In addition, more work is needed to improve our understanding of the effect of systemic factors on brain health and function. It seems likely that, even in later life, the brain's plasticity may allow for a positive response to stimulation. The ultimate goal of this research is to create a validated set of variables and interventions-and to understand the biology underlying them-that are useful not only in describing an individual's cognitive state but also in identifying promising paths for treatment and prevention of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon R White
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam H Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John F Disterhoft
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Rapela J, Westerfield M, Townsend J. A New Foreperiod Effect on Intertrial Phase Coherence. Part I: Existence and Behavioral Relevance. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2348-2383. [PMID: 29949462 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This letter makes scientific and methodological contributions. Scientifically, it demonstrates a new and behaviorally relevant effect of temporal expectation on the phase coherence of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Methodologically, it introduces novel methods to characterize EEG recordings at the single-trial level. Expecting events in time can lead to more efficient behavior. A remarkable finding in the study of temporal expectation is the foreperiod effect on reaction time, that is, the influence on reaction time of the delay between a warning signal and a succeeding imperative stimulus to which subjects are instructed to respond as quickly as possible. Here we study a new foreperiod effect in an audiovisual attention-shifting oddball task in which attention-shift cues directed the attention of subjects to impendent deviant stimuli of a given modality and therefore acted as warning signals for these deviants. Standard stimuli, to which subjects did not respond, were interspersed between warning signals and deviants. We hypothesized that foreperiod durations modulated intertrial phase coherence (ITPC, the degree of phase alignment across multiple trials) evoked by behaviorally irrelevant standards and that these modulations are behaviorally meaningful. Using averaged data, we first observed that ITPC evoked by standards closer to the warning signal was significantly different from that evoked by standards further away from it, establishing a new foreperiod effect on ITPC evoked by standards. We call this effect the standard foreperiod (SFP) effect on ITPC. We reasoned that if the SFP influences ITPC evoked by standards, it should be possible to decode the former from the latter on a trial-by-trial basis. We were able to do so showing that this effect can be observed in single trials. We demonstrated the behavioral relevance of the SFP effect on ITPC by showing significant correlations between its strength and subjects' behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Rapela
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, and Instituto de Investigación en Luz, Ambiente y Visión, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Marissa Westerfield
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A., Research on Autism and Development Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jeanne Townsend
- Research on Autism and Development Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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O’Shea H, Moran A. To go or not to go? Pupillometry elucidates inhibitory mechanisms in motor imagery. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2018.1461104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen O’Shea
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan Moran
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Motor imagery requires that actual movements are prevented (i.e., inhibited) from execution. To investigate at what level inhibition takes place in motor imagery, we developed a novel action mode switching paradigm. Participants imagined (indicating only start and end) and executed movements from start buttons to target buttons, and we analyzed trial sequence effects. Trial sequences depended on current action mode (imagination or execution), previous action mode (pure blocks/same mode, mixed blocks/same mode, or mixed blocks/other mode), and movement sequence (action repetition, hand repetition, or hand alternation). Results provided evidence for global inhibition (indicated by switch benefits in execution-imagination (E-I)-sequences in comparison to I-I-sequences), effector-specific inhibition (indicated by hand repetition costs after an imagination trial), and target inhibition (indicated by target repetition benefits in I-I-sequences). No evidence for subthreshold motor activation or action-specific inhibition (inhibition of the movement of an effector to a specific target) was obtained. Two (global inhibition and effector-specific inhibition) of the three observed mechanisms are active inhibition mechanisms. In conclusion, motor imagery is not simply a weaker form of execution, which often is implied in views focusing on similarities between imagination and execution.
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Beuk J, Beninger RJ, Mechefske E, Paré M. Contextual response time adaptation in the countermanding performance of rats. Neuroscience 2016; 337:200-217. [PMID: 27646289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans and non-human primates are known to lengthen their response time (RT) to a go signal when they occasionally must cancel their responses following a stop signal in a countermanding task as well as to adjust their RT adaptively on a trial-by-trial basis. Less is clear regarding the adaptive RT adjustments in the countermanding performance of rodents. To investigate this question, male Wistar rats (N=12) were trained with food reward to press a lever directly below an illuminated light (go signal), but to countermand the lever press subsequent to a tone (stop signal) presented infrequently (25% of trials) at variable delays. Rats were then tested in a standard responding task (0% stop trials) or a countermanding task with a 10-s or 1-s TO interval following errors. Rats exhibited significant RT lengthening in the countermanding task, compared with the standard responding task, and RT shortening following consecutive correct go trials. They also show RT lengthening following both error trials in the standard responding task and unrewarded, non-canceled stop trials in the countermanding task. RT lengthening following erroneous stop trials was observed in sessions with a 10-s TO interval, but not with a 1-s TO interval. Analyses of RT distributions suggest that RT lengthening results largely from reduced sensitivity to the go signal, but also from reduced readiness. These findings indicate that rats exert control in the countermanding task by lengthening RT in anticipation of stop trials to avoid long, unrewarded TO intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Beuk
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard J Beninger
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Elysia Mechefske
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Martin Paré
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Hong X, Liu Y, Sun J, Tong S. Age-Related Differences in the Modulation of Small-World Brain Networks during a Go/NoGo Task. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:100. [PMID: 27242512 PMCID: PMC4869596 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inter-regional phase synchrony of neural oscillations has been proposed as a plausible mechanism for response control, little is known about the possible effects due to normal aging. We recorded multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG) from healthy younger and older adults in a Go/NoGo task, and examined the aging effects on synchronous brain networks with graph theoretical analysis. We found that in both age groups, brain networks in theta, alpha or beta band for either response execution (Go) or response inhibition (NoGo) condition showed prominent small-world property. Furthermore, small-world property of brain networks showed significant differences between different task conditions. Further analyses of node degree suggested that frontal-central theta band phase synchrony was enhanced during response inhibition, whereas during response execution, increased phase synchrony was observed in beta band over central-parietal regions. More interestingly, these task-related modulations on brain networks were well preserved and even more robust in older adults compared with younger adults. Taken together, our findings not only suggest that response control involves synchronous brain networks in functionally-distinct frequency bands, but also indicate an increase in the recruitment of brain network resources due to normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuelu Liu
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
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Lavallee CF, Meemken MT, Herrmann CS, Huster RJ. When holding your horses meets the deer in the headlights: time-frequency characteristics of global and selective stopping under conditions of proactive and reactive control. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:994. [PMID: 25540615 PMCID: PMC4262052 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit unwanted thoughts or actions is crucial for successful functioning in daily life; however, this ability is often impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders. Despite the relevance of inhibition in everyday situations, current models of inhibition are rather simplistic and provide little generalizability especially in the face of clinical disorders. Thus, given the importance of inhibition for proper cognitive functioning, the need for a paradigm, which incorporates factors that will subsequently improve the current model for understanding inhibition, is of high demand. A popular paradigm used to assess motor inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, can be modified to further advance the current conceptual model of inhibitory control and thus provide a basis for better understanding different facets of inhibition. Namely, in this study, we have developed a novel version of the stop-signal task to assess how preparation (that is, whether reactive or proactive) and selectivity of the stopping behavior effect well-known time-frequency characteristics associated with successful inhibition and concomitant behavioral measures. With this innovative paradigm, we demonstrate that the selective nature of the stopping task modulates theta and motoric beta activity and we further provide the first account of delta activity as an electrophysiological feature sensitive to both manipulations of selectivity and preparatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Lavallee
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marie T Meemken
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rene J Huster
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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Wierenga C, Bischoff-Grethe A, Melrose AJ, Grenesko-Stevens E, Irvine Z, Wagner A, Simmons A, Matthews S, Yau WYW, Fennema-Notestine C, Kaye WH. Altered BOLD response during inhibitory and error processing in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92017. [PMID: 24651705 PMCID: PMC3961291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) are often cognitively rigid and behaviorally over-controlled. We previously showed that adult females recovered from AN relative to healthy comparison females had less prefrontal activation during an inhibition task, which suggested a functional brain correlate of altered inhibitory processing in individuals recovered from AN. However, the degree to which these functional brain alterations are related to disease state and whether error processing is altered in AN individuals is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the current study, ill adolescent AN females (n = 11) and matched healthy comparison adolescents (CA) with no history of an eating disorder (n = 12) performed a validated stop signal task (SST) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore differences in error and inhibitory processing. The groups did not differ on sociodemographic variables or on SST performance. During inhibitory processing, a significant group x difficulty (hard, easy) interaction was detected in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), which was characterized by less activation in AN compared to CA participants during hard trials. During error processing, a significant group x accuracy (successful inhibit, failed inhibit) interaction in bilateral MFG and right PCC was observed, which was characterized by less activation in AN compared to CA participants during error (i.e., failed inhibit) trials. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Consistent with our prior findings in recovered AN, ill AN adolescents, relative to CA, showed less inhibition-related activation within the dorsal ACC, MFG and PCC as inhibitory demand increased. In addition, ill AN adolescents, relative to CA, also showed reduced activation to errors in the bilateral MFG and left PCC. These findings suggest that altered prefrontal and cingulate activation during inhibitory and error processing may represent a behavioral characteristic in AN that is independent of the state of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - A. James Melrose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emily Grenesko-Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zoë Irvine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Simmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Wai-Ying Wendy Yau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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