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Mirabella G, Pilotto A, Rizzardi A, Montalti M, Olivola E, Zatti C, Di Caprio V, Ferrari E, Modugno N, Padovani A. Effects of dopaminergic treatment on inhibitory control differ across Hoehn and Yahr stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2023; 6:fcad350. [PMID: 38162902 PMCID: PMC10757450 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor inhibitory control, a core component of cognitive control, is impaired in Parkinson's disease, dramatically impacting patients' abilities to implement goal-oriented adaptive strategies. A progressive loss of the midbrain's dopamine neurons characterizes Parkinson's disease and causes motor features responsive to dopaminergic treatments. Although such treatments restore motor symptoms, their impact on response inhibition is controversial. Most studies failed to show any effect of dopaminergic medicaments, although three studies found that these drugs selectively improved inhibitory control in early-stage patients. Importantly, all previous studies assessed only one domain of motor inhibition, i.e. reactive inhibition (the ability to react to a stop signal). The other domain, i.e. proactive inhibition (the ability to modulate reactive inhibition pre-emptively according to the current context), was utterly neglected. To re-examine this issue, we recruited cognitively unimpaired Parkinson's patients under dopaminergic treatment in the early (Hoehn and Yahr, 1-1.5, n = 20), intermediate (Hoehn and Yahr 2, n = 20), and moderate/advanced (Hoehn and Yahr, 2.5-3, n = 20) stages of the disease. Using a cross-sectional study design, we compared their performance on a simple reaction-time task and a stop-signal task randomly performed twice on dopaminergic medication (ON) and after medication withdrawal (OFF). Normative data were collected on 30 healthy controls. Results suggest that medication effects are stage-dependent. In Hoehn and Yahr 1-1.5 patients, drugs selectively impair reactive inhibition, leaving proactive inhibition unaffected. In the ON state, Hoehn and Yahr two patients experienced impaired proactive inhibition, whereas reactive inhibition is no longer affected, as it deteriorates even during the OFF state. By contrast, Hoehn and Yahr 2.5-3 patients exhibited less efficient reactive and proactive inhibition in the OFF state, and medication slightly improved proactive inhibition. This evidence aligns with the dopamine overdose hypothesis, indicating that drug administration may overdose intact dopamine circuitry in the earliest stages, impairing associated cognitive functions. In later stages, the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons prevents the overdose and can exert some beneficial effects. Thus, our findings suggest that inhibitory control assessment might help tailor pharmacological therapy across the disease stage to enhance Parkinson's disease patients' quality of life by minimizing the hampering of inhibitory control and maximizing the reduction of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, Neurology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Andrea Rizzardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Martina Montalti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Zatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, Neurology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Laboratory of Digital Neurology and Biosensors, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
- Department of Continuity of Care and Frailty, Neurology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia Hospital, 25123 Brescia, BS, Italy
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Zhang S, Shi R, Ma G, Peng J, Wang Z. The Interaction Between Measurement and Individual Difference in Ego Depletion: Task Type, Trait Self-Control and Action Orientation. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231198054. [PMID: 37625123 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231198054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research found that performing an initial self-control task impairs subsequent self-control performance, which is referred to as ego depletion. However, recent meta-analyses and replication studies have led to controversies over whether the ego depletion effect is as reliable as previously assumed. The present study aimed to shed more light on these controversies by combining depletion measurement task type and personality as moderators. Study 1 investigated trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on stop-signal task (inhibitory control). Study 2 examined the trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on a majority congruent Stroop task (goal maintenance). Results showed that trait self-control moderated the ego depletion effect on stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). High trait self-control people were less vulnerable to the ego depletion effect on the reactive inhibitory control task, whereas the moderating role of trait self-control for ego depletion was not found in the goal maintenance task. More particularly, high action-oriented people were less susceptible to the ego depletion effect on the goal maintenance task, but there was no moderation effect of action orientation for ego depletion in the stop-signal task. We discuss types of task for depletion measurement and individual differences in ego depletion, and we suggest possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zhang
- Psychological Counseling Centre, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- School of psychology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Humanities and Social Development, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Psychological Counseling Centre, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Peng
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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van den Wildenberg WPM, Ridderinkhof KR, Wylie SA. Towards Conceptual Clarification of Proactive Inhibitory Control: A Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121638. [PMID: 36552098 PMCID: PMC9776056 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this selective review paper is to clarify potential confusion when referring to the term proactive inhibitory control. Illustrated by a concise overview of the literature, we propose defining reactive inhibition as the mechanism underlying stopping an action. On a stop trial, the stop signal initiates the stopping process that races against the ongoing action-related process that is triggered by the go signal. Whichever processes finishes first determines the behavioral outcome of the race. That is, stopping is either successful or unsuccessful in that trial. Conversely, we propose using the term proactive inhibition to explicitly indicate preparatory processes engaged to bias the outcome of the race between stopping and going. More specifically, these proactive processes include either pre-amping the reactive inhibition system (biasing the efficiency of the stopping process) or presetting the action system (biasing the efficiency of the go process). We believe that this distinction helps meaningful comparisons between various outcome measures of proactive inhibitory control that are reported in the literature and extends to experimental research paradigms other than the stop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, P.O. Box 15900, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-5256686
| | - K. Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129 B, P.O. Box 15900, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott A. Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Fathi M, Mazhari S, Pourrahimi AM, Poormohammad A, Sardari S. Proactive and reactive inhibitory control are differently affected by video game addiction: An event-related potential study. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2584. [PMID: 35470576 PMCID: PMC9226792 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Video game addiction (VGA) is associated with physical and mental disorders, one of which is problem in executive function, particularly inhibitory control. The present study aimed to investigate reactive and proactive inhibitory controls by event-related potential (ERP). METHODS Thirty video game (action video games)-addicted subjects and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study, who were tested by the selective stop-signal task. RESULTS The main results revealed that the VGA group had significantly more problems in preparatory processes and proactive stop trials, showing that VGA has a negative effect on proactive inhibition. CONCLUSION Finding the problem in proactive inhibitory control might be helpful in developing new treatments and rehabilitation methods in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Fathi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Mazhari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Pourrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Poormohammad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sara Sardari
- Parsian Hearing and Balance Center, Shahin Shar, Isfahan, Iran
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Suarez I, De Los Reyes Aragón C, Grandjean A, Barceló E, Mebarak M, Lewis S, Pineda-Alhucema W, Casini L. Two sides of the same coin: ADHD affects reactive but not proactive inhibition in children. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 38:349-363. [PMID: 35209797 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2031944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present a deficit in inhibitory control. Still, it remains unclear whether it comes from a deficit in reactive inhibition (ability to stop the action in progress), proactive inhibition (ability to exert preparatory control), or both.We compared the performance of 39 children with ADHD and 42 typically developing children performing a Simon choice reaction time task. The Simon task is a conflict task that is well-adapted to dissociate proactive and reactive inhibition. Beyond classical global measures (mean reaction time, accuracy rate, and interference effect), we used more sophisticated dynamic analyses of the interference effect and accuracy rate to investigate reactive inhibition. We studied proactive inhibition through the congruency sequence effect (CSE).Our results showed that children with ADHD had impaired reactive but not proactive inhibition. Moreover, the deficit found in reactive inhibition seems to be due to both a stronger impulse capture and more difficulties in inhibiting impulsive responses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how ADHD affects inhibitory control in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suarez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia.,CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | - Aurelie Grandjean
- CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Ernesto Barceló
- Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagogía, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Moises Mebarak
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Soraya Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Wilmar Pineda-Alhucema
- Programa de Psicología, facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Laurence Casini
- CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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Powers A, Hinojosa CA, Stevens JS, Harvey B, Pas P, Rothbaum BO, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T, van Rooij SJH. Right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal activation during response inhibition is implicated in the development of PTSD symptoms. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2059993. [PMID: 35432781 PMCID: PMC9009908 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2059993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition is a critical executive control process and an established neurobiological phenotype of PTSD, yet to our knowledge, no prospective studies have examined this using a contextual cue task that enables measurement of behavioural response and neural activation patterns across proactive and reactive inhibition. Objective The current longitudinal study utilised functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether deficits in proactive and reactive inhibition predicted PTSD symptoms six months after trauma. Method Twenty-three (65% males) medical patients receiving emergency medical care from a level 1 trauma centre were enrolled in the study and invited for an MRI scan 1-2-months post-trauma. PTSD symptoms were measured using self-report at scan and 6-months post-trauma. A stop-signal anticipation task (SSAT) during an fMRI scan was used to test whether impaired behavioural proactive and reactive inhibition, and reduced activation in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and bilateral hippocampus, were related to PTSD symptoms. We predicted that lower activation levels of vmPFC and rIFG during reactive inhibition and lower activation of hippocampus and rIFG during proactive inhibition would relate to higher 6-month PTSD symptoms. Results No significant associations were found between behavioural measures and 6-month PTSD. Separate linear regression analyses showed that reduced rIFG activation (F1,21 = 9.97, R2 = .32, p = .005) and reduced vmPFC activation (F1,21 = 5.19, R2 = .20, p = .03) significantly predicted greater 6-month PTSD symptoms; this result held for rIFG activation controlling for demographic variables and baseline PTSD symptoms (β = -.45, p = .04) and Bonferroni correction. Conclusion Our findings suggest that impaired rIFG and, to a lesser extent, vmPFC activation during response inhibition may predict the development of PTSD symptoms following acute trauma exposure. Given the small sample size, future replication studies are needed. HIGHLIGHTS Impaired inhibition may be an important risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma, with less right inferior frontal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation during response inhibition predicting PTSD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cecilia A Hinojosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon Harvey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pascal Pas
- Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Jesse Hill Jr Drive, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Soltanifar M, Escobar M, Dupuis A, Schachar R. A Bayesian Mixture Modelling of Stop Signal Reaction Time Distributions: The Second Contextual Solution for the Problem of Aftereffects of Inhibition on SSRT Estimations. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11081102. [PMID: 34439721 PMCID: PMC8391500 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of single Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRT) in the stop signal task (SST) has been modelled with two general methods: a nonparametric method by Hans Colonius (1990) and a Bayesian parametric method by Dora Matzke, Gordon Logan and colleagues (2013). These methods assume an equal impact of the preceding trial type (go/stop) in the SST trials on the SSRT distributional estimation without addressing the relaxed assumption. This study presents the required model by considering a two-state mixture model for the SSRT distribution. It then compares the Bayesian parametric single SSRT and mixture SSRT distributions in the usual stochastic order at the individual and the population level under ex-Gaussian (ExG) distributional format. It shows that compared to a single SSRT distribution, the mixture SSRT distribution is more varied, more positively skewed, more leptokurtic and larger in stochastic order. The size of the results' disparities also depends on the choice of weights in the mixture SSRT distribution. This study confirms that mixture SSRT indices as a constant or distribution are significantly larger than their single SSRT counterparts in the related order. This result offers a vital improvement in the SSRT estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Soltanifar
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 620, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada; (M.E.); (A.D.)
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychiatry Research, 4274, 4th Floor, Black Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Escobar
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 620, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada; (M.E.); (A.D.)
| | - Annie Dupuis
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 620, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada; (M.E.); (A.D.)
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychiatry Research, 4274, 4th Floor, Black Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Russell Schachar
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Psychiatry Research, 4274, 4th Floor, Black Wing, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 8th Floor, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Ikarashi K, Sato D, Fujimoto T, Edama M, Baba Y, Yamashiro K. Response Inhibitory Control Varies with Different Sensory Modalities. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:275-285. [PMID: 34223874 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition plays an essential role in preventing anticipated and unpredictable events in our daily lives. It is divided into proactive inhibition, where subjects postpone responses to an upcoming signal, and reactive inhibition, where subjects stop an impending movement based on the presentation of a signal. Different types of sensory input are involved in both inhibitions; however, differences in proactive and reactive inhibition with differences in sensory modalities remain unclear. This study compared proactive and reactive inhibitions induced by visual, auditory, and somatosensory signals using the choice reaction task (CRT) and stop-signal task (SST). The experiments showed that proactive inhibitions were significantly higher in the auditory and somatosensory modalities than in the visual modality, whereas reactive inhibitions were not. Examining the proactive inhibition-associated neural processing, the auditory and somatosensory modalities showed significant decreases in P3 amplitudes in Go signal-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) in SST relative to those in CRT; this might reflect a decreasing attentional resource on response execution in SST in both modalities. In contrast, we did not find significant differences in the reactive inhibition-associated ERPs. These results suggest that proactive inhibition varies with different sensory modalities, whereas reactive inhibition does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyuki Ikarashi
- Major in Health and Welfare, Graduate School of Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.,Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.,Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.,Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Mutsuaki Edama
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Baba
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Koya Yamashiro
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan.,Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
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Allen KJD, Johnson SL, Burke TA, Sammon MM, Wu C, Kramer MA, Wu J, Schatten HT, Armey MF, Hooley JM. Validation of an emotional stop-signal task to probe individual differences in emotional response inhibition: Relationships with positive and negative urgency. Brain Neurosci Adv 2021; 5:23982128211058269. [PMID: 34841088 PMCID: PMC8619735 DOI: 10.1177/23982128211058269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance on an emotional stop-signal task designed to assess emotional response inhibition has been associated with Negative Urgency and psychopathology, particularly self-injurious behaviors. Indeed, difficulty inhibiting prepotent negative responses to aversive stimuli on the emotional stop-signal task (i.e. poor negative emotional response inhibition) partially explains the association between Negative Urgency and non-suicidal self-injury. Here, we combine existing data sets from clinical (hospitalised psychiatric inpatients) and non-clinical (community/student participants) samples aged 18-65 years (N = 450) to examine the psychometric properties of this behavioural task and evaluate hypotheses that emotional stop-signal task metrics relate to distinct impulsive traits among participants who also completed the UPPS-P (n = 223). We specifically predicted associations between worse negative emotional response inhibition (i.e. commission errors during stop-signal trials representing negative reactions to unpleasant images) and Negative Urgency, whereas commission errors to positive stimuli - reflecting worse positive emotional response inhibition - would relate to Positive Urgency. Results support the emotional stop-signal task's convergent and discriminant validity: as hypothesised, poor negative emotional response inhibition was specifically associated with Negative Urgency and no other impulsive traits on the UPPS-P. However, we did not find the hypothesised association between positive emotional response inhibition and Positive Urgency. Correlations between emotional stop-signal task performance and self-report measures were the modest, similar to other behavioural tasks. Participants who completed the emotional stop-signal task twice (n = 61) additionally provide preliminary evidence for test-retest reliability. Together, findings suggest adequate reliability and validity of the emotional stop-signal task to derive candidate behavioural markers of neurocognitive functioning associated with Negative Urgency and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J D Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - Sheri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taylor A Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M McLean Sammon
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, USA
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christina Wu
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Max A Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, USA
- Division of the Social Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinhan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College and Conservatory, Oberlin, OH, USA
| | - Heather T Schatten
- Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael F Armey
- Psychosocial Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Ashinoff BK, Mayhew SD, Mevorach C. The same, but different: Preserved distractor suppression in old age is implemented through an age-specific reactive ventral fronto-parietal network. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3938-3955. [PMID: 32573907 PMCID: PMC7469802 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown age-related impairments in the ability to suppress salient distractors. One possibility is that this is mediated by age-related impairments in the recruitment of the left intraparietal sulcus (Left IPS), which has been shown to mediate the suppression of salient distractors in healthy, young participants. Alternatively, this effect may be due to a shift in engagement from proactive control to reactive control, possibly to compensate for age-related impairments in proactive control. Another possibility is that this is due to changes in the functional specificity of brain regions that mediate salience suppression, expressed in changes in spontaneous connectivity of these regions. We assessed these possibilities by having participants engage in a proactive distractor suppression task while in an fMRI scanner. Although we did not find any age-related differences in behavior, the young (N = 15) and older (N = 15) cohorts engaged qualitatively distinctive brain networks to complete the task. Younger participants engaged the predicted proactive control network, including the Left IPS. On the other hand, older participants simultaneously engaged both a proactive and a reactive network, but this was not a consequence of reduced network specificity as resting state functional connectivity was largely comparable in both age groups. Furthermore, improved behavioral performance for older adults was associated with increased resting state functional connectivity between these two networks. Overall, the results of this study suggest that age-related differences in the recruitment of a left lateralized ventral fronto-parietal network likely reflect the specific recruitment of reactive control mechanisms for distractor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon K. Ashinoff
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Stephen D. Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Carmel Mevorach
- Centre for Human Brain Health (CHBH), School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
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11
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Soltanifar M, Knight K, Dupuis A, Schachar R, Escobar M. A Time Series-Based Point Estimation of Stop Signal Reaction Times: More Evidence on the Role of Reactive Inhibition-Proactive Inhibition Interplay on the SSRT Estimations. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E598. [PMID: 32872438 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) is a latency measurement for the unobservable human brain stopping process, and was formulated by Logan (1994) without consideration of the nature (go/stop) of trials that precede the stop trials. Two asymptotically equivalent and larger indices of mixture SSRT and weighted SSRT were proposed in 2017 to address this issue from time in task longitudinal perspective, but estimation based on the time series perspective has still been missing in the literature. A time series-based state space estimation of SSRT was presented and it was compared with Logan 1994 SSRT over two samples of real Stop Signal Task (SST) data and the simulated SST data. The results showed that time series-based SSRT is significantly larger than Logan’s 1994 SSRT consistent with former Longitudinal-based findings. As a conclusion, SSRT indices considering the after effects of inhibition in their estimation process are larger yielding to hypothesize a larger estimates of SSRT using information on the reactive inhibition, proactive inhibition and their interplay in the SST data.
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12
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Benedetti V, Gavazzi G, Giovannelli F, Bravi R, Giganti F, Minciacchi D, Mascalchi M, Cincotta M, Viggiano MP. Mouse Tracking to Explore Motor Inhibition Processes in Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070464. [PMID: 32698348 PMCID: PMC7408439 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition relies on both proactive and reactive mechanisms that exert a synergic control on goal-directed actions. It is typically evaluated by the go/no-go (GNG) and the stop signal task (SST) with response recording based on the key-press method. However, the analysis of discrete variables (i.e., present or absent responses) registered by key-press could be insufficient to capture dynamic aspects of inhibitory control. Trying to overcome this limitation, in the present study we used a mouse tracking procedure to characterize movement profiles related to proactive and reactive inhibition. A total of fifty-three participants performed a cued GNG and an SST. The cued GNG mainly involves proactive control whereas the reactive component is mainly engaged in the SST. We evaluated the velocity profile from mouse trajectories both for responses obtained in the Go conditions and for inhibitory failures. Movements were classified as one-shot when no corrections were observed. Multi-peaked velocity profiles were classified as non-one-shot. A higher proportion of one-shot movements was found in the SST compared to the cued GNG when subjects failed to inhibit responses. This result suggests that proactive control may be responsible for unsmooth profiles in inhibition failures, supporting a differentiation between these tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Benedetti
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | - Riccardo Bravi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
| | - Diego Minciacchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unit of Neurology of Florence, Central Tuscany Local Health Authority, 50143 Florence, Italy;
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Section of Psychology—Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child’s Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, 50135 Florence, Italy; (V.B.); (F.G.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hermans L, Maes C, Pauwels L, Cuypers K, Heise KF, Swinnen SP, Leunissen I. Age-related alterations in the modulation of intracortical inhibition during stopping of actions. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:371-85. [PMID: 30670675 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of age on the ability to modulate GABAA-ergic and GABAB-ergic inhibitory activity during stopping of action (reactive inhibition) and preparation to stop (proactive inhibition). Twenty-five young and twenty-nine older adults performed an anticipated response version of the stop-signal task with varying levels of stop-signal probability. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied to left primary motor cortex to assess the modulation of GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during stopping and GABAB-mediated long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) during the anticipation of a stop-signal. At the behavioral level, reactive inhibition was affected by aging as indicated by longer stop-signal reaction times in older compared to young adults. In contrast, proactive inhibition was preserved at older age as both groups slowed down their go response to a similar degree with increasing stop-signal probability. At the neural level, the amount of SICI was higher in successful stop relative to go trials in young but not in older adults. LICI at the start of the trial was modulated as a function of stop-signal probability in both young and older adults. Our results suggest that specifically the recruitment of GABAA-mediated intracortical inhibition during stopping of action is affected by aging.
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14
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Zhang F, Iwaki S. Common Neural Network for Different Functions: An Investigation of Proactive and Reactive Inhibition. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:124. [PMID: 31231199 PMCID: PMC6568210 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful behavioral inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibition, allowing people to prepare for restraining actions, and cancel their actions if the response becomes inappropriate. In the present study, we utilized the stop-signal paradigm to examine whole-brain contrasts and functional connectivity for proactive and reactive inhibition. The results of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data analysis show that the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the primary motor cortex (M1) were activated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. We then created 70 dynamic causal models (DCMs) representing the alternative hypotheses of modulatory effects from proactive and reactive inhibition in the IFG-SMA-STN-M1 network. Bayesian model selection (BMS) showed that causal connectivity from the IFG to the SMA was modulated by both proactive and reactive inhibition. To further investigate the possible brain circuits involved in behavioral control, including proactive inhibitory processes, we compared 13 DCMs representing the alternative hypotheses of proactive modulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-caudate-IFG-SMA neural circuits. BMS revealed that the effective connectivity from the caudate to the IFG is modulated only in the proactive inhibition condition but not in the reactive inhibition. Together, our results demonstrate how fronto-basal ganglia pathways are commonly involved in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, with a "longer" pathway (DLPFC-caudate-IFG-SMA-STN-M1) playing a modulatory role in proactive inhibitory control, and a "shorter" pathway (IFG-SMA-STN-M1) involved in reactive inhibition. These results provide causal evidence for the roles of indirect and hyperdirect pathways in mediating proactive and reactive inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sunao Iwaki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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15
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Gavazzi G, Orsolini S, Salvadori E, Bianchi A, Rossi A, Donnini I, Rinnoci V, Pescini F, Diciotti S, Viggiano MP, Mascalchi M, Pantoni L. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Inhibitory Control Reveals Decreased Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Effect in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. Stroke 2019; 50:69-75. [PMID: 30580728 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Small-vessel damage in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is associated with impaired vascular constriction and dilation. We used a functional magnetic resonance imaging task with an event-related design of stimulus to explore the anticipated abnormally decreased blood oxygen level dependent effect in CADASIL. Methods- Twenty-one CADASIL patients and 16 healthy controls performed a Go/No-go task exploring reactive and proactive phases of inhibition control in a 3-T magnet. Results- Error number and reaction times were not different between patients and controls. Analysis of the reactive inhibition (No-go/baseline contrast) did not show clusters of lower or higher blood oxygen level dependent effect in patients or controls. Analysis of the proactive inhibition (alertness contrast) in CADASIL patients revealed a lower blood oxygen level dependent effect in the alerting network (anterior cingulate cortex and insula, thalamus), lower brain stem and left cerebellar hemisphere (crus I) that is involved in executive functions. Conclusions- In CADASIL patients, an event-related Go/No-go task reveals a lower blood oxygen level dependent effect in the alerting network and areas involved in executive functions possibly reflecting the altered hemodynamic response secondary to small-vessel changes. Our observation extends the role of MR in demonstrating one of the fundamental pathophysiological changes of CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Orsolini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy (S.O., S.D.)
| | - Emilia Salvadori
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section (E.S., I.D., V.R.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianchi
- Neuroradiology Unit (A.B.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Arianna Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health (A.R., M.P.V.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Ida Donnini
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section (E.S., I.D., V.R.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Rinnoci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section (E.S., I.D., V.R.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Pescini
- Stroke Unit (F.P.), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Diciotti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy (S.O., S.D.)
| | - Maria Pia Viggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health (A.R., M.P.V.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- 'Mario Serio' Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences (M.M.), University of Florence, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- 'Luigi Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy (L.P.)
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16
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Abstract
The ability to cancel a motor response is critical for optimal functioning in various facets of daily life. Hence, efficient inhibitory motor control is a key function throughout the lifespan. Considering the fact that inhibitory motor function gradually declines with advancing age, it is not surprising that the study of motor inhibition in this age group is gaining considerable interest. In general, we can distinguish between two prominent types of motor inhibition, namely proactive and reactive inhibition. Whereas the anticipation for upcoming stops (proactive inhibition) appears readily preserved at older age, the ability to stop an already planned or initiated action (reactive inhibition) generally declines with advancing age. The differential impact of aging on proactive and reactive inhibition at the behavioral level prompts questions about the neural architecture underlying both types of inhibitory motor control. Here we will not only highlight the underlying structural brain properties of proactive and reactive inhibitory control but we will also discuss recent developments in brain-behavioral approaches, namely the registration of neurochemical compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allows for the direct detection of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, i.e., γ-aminobutyric acid, across the broader cortical/subcortical territory, thereby opening new perspectives for better understanding the neural mechanisms mediating efficient inhibitory control in the context of healthy aging. Ultimately, these insights may contribute to the development of interventions specifically designed to counteract age-related declines in motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pauwels
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Maes
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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van Hulst BM, de Zeeuw P, Vlaskamp C, Rijks Y, Zandbelt BB, Durston S. Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2515-2521. [PMID: 29415788 PMCID: PMC6190063 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing. METHODS In this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms. RESULTS We replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group. CONCLUSIONS These findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko M. van Hulst
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick de Zeeuw
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Vlaskamp
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Rijks
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram B. Zandbelt
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Hermans L, Leunissen I, Pauwels L, Cuypers K, Peeters R, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Swinnen SP. Brain GABA Levels Are Associated with Inhibitory Control Deficits in Older Adults. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7844-51. [PMID: 30064995 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0760-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by motor inhibition deficits that involve a slower process of stopping a prepotent motor response (i.e., reactive inhibition) rather than a diminished ability to anticipate stopping (i.e., proactive inhibition). Some studies suggest that efficient motor inhibition is related to GABAergic function. Since age-related alterations in the GABA system have also been reported, motor inhibition impairments might be linked to GABAergic alterations in the cortico-subcortical network that mediates motor inhibition. Thirty young human adults (mean age, 23.2 years; age range, 18-34 years; 14 men) and 29 older human adults (mean age, 67.5 years; age range, 60-74 years; 13 men) performed a stop-signal task with varying levels of stop-signal probability. GABA+ levels were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in right inferior frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), left sensorimotor cortex, bilateral striatum, and occipital cortex. We found that reactive inhibition was worse in older adults compared with young adults, as indicated by longer stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs). No group differences in proactive inhibition were observed as both groups slowed down their response to a similar degree with increasing stop-signal probability. The MRS results showed that tissue-corrected GABA+ levels were on average lower in older as compared with young adults. Moreover, older adults with lower GABA+ levels in the pre-SMA were slower at stopping (i.e., had longer SSRTs). These findings suggest a role for the GABA system in reactive inhibition deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory control has been shown to diminish as a consequence of aging. We investigated whether the ability to stop a prepotent motor response and the ability to prepare to stop were related to GABA levels in different regions of the network that was previously identified to mediate inhibitory control. Overall, we found lower GABA levels in older adults compared with young adults. Importantly, those older adults who were slower at stopping had less GABA in the pre-supplementary motor area, a key node of the inhibitory control network. We propose that deficits in the stop process in part depend on the integrity of the GABA system.
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19
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Leunissen I, Coxon JP, Swinnen SP. A proactive task set influences how response inhibition is implemented in the basal ganglia. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:4706-4717. [PMID: 27489078 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing a participant's ability to prepare for response inhibition is known to result in longer Go response times and is thought to engage a "top-down fronto-striatal inhibitory task set." This premise is supported by the observation of anterior striatum activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses that focus on uncertain versus certain Go trials. It is assumed that setting up a proactive inhibitory task set also influences how participants subsequently implement stopping. To assess this assumption, we aimed to manipulate the degree of proactive inhibition in a modified stop-signal task to see how this manipulation influences activation when reacting to the Stop cue. Specifically, we tested whether there is differential activity of basal ganglia nuclei, namely the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and anterior striatum, on Stop trials when stop-signal probability was relatively low (20%) or high (40%). Successful stopping was associated with increased STN activity when Stop trials were infrequent and increased caudate head activation when Stop trials were more likely, suggesting a different implementation of reactive response inhibition by the basal ganglia for differing degrees of proactive response control. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4706-4717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James P Coxon
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- KU Leuven, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Castro-Meneses LJ, Johnson BW, Sowman PF. The effects of impulsivity and proactive inhibition on reactive inhibition and the go process: insights from vocal and manual stop signal tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:529. [PMID: 26500518 PMCID: PMC4594014 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured proactive and reactive response inhibition and their relationships with self-reported impulsivity. We examined the domains of both vocal and manual responding using a stop signal task (SST) with two stop probabilities: high and low probability stop (1/3 and 1/6 stops respectively). Our aim was to evaluate the effect stop probability would have on reactive and proactive inhibition. We tested 44 subjects and found that for the high compared to low probability stop signal condition, more proactive inhibition was evident and this was correlated with a reduction in the stop signal reaction time (SSRT). We found that reactive inhibition had a positive relationship with dysfunctional but not functional impulsivity in both vocal and manual domains of responding. These findings support the hypothesis that proactive inhibition may pre-activate the network for reactive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy J. Castro-Meneses
- Department of Cognitive Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Blake W. Johnson
- Department of Cognitive Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul F. Sowman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia
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21
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Lavallee CF, Meemken MT, Herrmann CS, Huster RJ. When holding your horses meets the deer in the headlights: time-frequency characteristics of global and selective stopping under conditions of proactive and reactive control. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:994. [PMID: 25540615 PMCID: PMC4262052 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to inhibit unwanted thoughts or actions is crucial for successful functioning in daily life; however, this ability is often impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders. Despite the relevance of inhibition in everyday situations, current models of inhibition are rather simplistic and provide little generalizability especially in the face of clinical disorders. Thus, given the importance of inhibition for proper cognitive functioning, the need for a paradigm, which incorporates factors that will subsequently improve the current model for understanding inhibition, is of high demand. A popular paradigm used to assess motor inhibition, the stop-signal paradigm, can be modified to further advance the current conceptual model of inhibitory control and thus provide a basis for better understanding different facets of inhibition. Namely, in this study, we have developed a novel version of the stop-signal task to assess how preparation (that is, whether reactive or proactive) and selectivity of the stopping behavior effect well-known time-frequency characteristics associated with successful inhibition and concomitant behavioral measures. With this innovative paradigm, we demonstrate that the selective nature of the stopping task modulates theta and motoric beta activity and we further provide the first account of delta activity as an electrophysiological feature sensitive to both manipulations of selectivity and preparatory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Lavallee
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marie T Meemken
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rene J Huster
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, European Medical School, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Centre Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient response inhibition in situations involving a trade-off between response execution and response stopping is a hallmark of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). There are two key components of response inhibition; reactive inhibition where one attempts to cancel an ongoing response and prospective inhibition is when one withholds a response pending a signal to stop. Prospective inhibition comes into play prior to the presentation of the stop signal and reactive inhibition follows the presentation of a signal to stop a particular action. The aim of this study is to investigate the neural activity evoked by prospective and reactive inhibition in adolescents with and without ADHD. METHODS Twelve adolescents with ADHD and 12 age-matched healthy controls (age range 9-18) were imaged while performing the stop signal task (SST). RESULTS Reactive inhibition activated right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in both groups. ADHD subjects activated IFG bilaterally. In controls, prospective inhibition invoked preactivation of the same part of right IFG that activated during reactive inhibition. In ADHD subjects, prospective inhibition was associated with deactivation in this region. Controls also deactivated the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) during prospective inhibition, whereas ADHD subjects activated the same area. DISCUSSION This pattern of activity changes in the same structures, but in opposite directions, was also evident across all phases of the task in various task-specific areas like the superior and middle temporal gyrus and other frontal areas. CONCLUSION Differences between ADHD and control participants in task-specific and default mode structures (IFG and MPFC) were evident during prospective, but not during reactive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehereen Bhaijiwala
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto 7213 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada ; Neurosciences and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Andre Chevrier
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto 7213 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada ; Neurosciences and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto 7213 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada ; Neurosciences and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
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