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Eiserbeck A, Enge A, Rabovsky M, Abdel Rahman R. Distrust before first sight? Examining knowledge- and appearance-based effects of trustworthiness on the visual consciousness of faces. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103629. [PMID: 38150782 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The present EEG study with 32 healthy participants investigated whether affective knowledge about a person influences the visual awareness of their face, additionally considering the impact of facial appearance. Faces differing in perceived trustworthiness based on appearance were associated with negative or neutral social information and shown as target stimuli in an attentional blink task. As expected, participants showed enhanced awareness of faces associated with negative compared to neutral social information. On the neurophysiological level, this effect was connected to differences in the time range of the early posterior negativity (EPN)-a component associated with enhanced attention and facilitated processing of emotional stimuli. The findings indicate that the social-affective relevance of a face based on emotional knowledge is accessed during a phase of attentional enhancement for conscious perception and can affect prioritization for awareness. In contrast, no clear evidence for influences of facial trustworthiness during the attentional blink was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eiserbeck
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Enge
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Research Group Learning in Early Childhood, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Rasha Abdel Rahman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Ziereis A, Schacht A. Gender congruence and emotion effects in cross-modal associative learning: Insights from ERPs and pupillary responses. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14380. [PMID: 37387451 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Social and emotional cues from faces and voices are highly relevant and have been reliably demonstrated to attract attention involuntarily. However, there are mixed findings as to which degree associating emotional valence to faces occurs automatically. In the present study, we tested whether inherently neutral faces gain additional relevance by being conditioned with either positive, negative, or neutral vocal affect bursts. During learning, participants performed a gender-matching task on face-voice pairs without explicit emotion judgments of the voices. In the test session on a subsequent day, only the previously associated faces were presented and had to be categorized regarding gender. We analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs), pupil diameter, and response times (RTs) of N = 32 subjects. Emotion effects were found in auditory ERPs and RTs during the learning session, suggesting that task-irrelevant emotion was automatically processed. However, ERPs time-locked to the conditioned faces were mainly modulated by the task-relevant information, that is, the gender congruence of the face and voice, but not by emotion. Importantly, these ERP and RT effects of learned congruence were not limited to learning but extended to the test session, that is, after removing the auditory stimuli. These findings indicate successful associative learning in our paradigm, but it did not extend to the task-irrelevant dimension of emotional relevance. Therefore, cross-modal associations of emotional relevance may not be completely automatic, even though the emotion was processed in the voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Ziereis
- Department for Cognition, Emotion and Behavior, Affective Neuroscience and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Schacht
- Department for Cognition, Emotion and Behavior, Affective Neuroscience and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Schindler S, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Beyond facial expressions: A systematic review on effects of emotional relevance of faces on the N170. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105399. [PMID: 37734698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The N170 is the most prominent electrophysiological signature of face processing. While facial expressions reliably modulate the N170, there is considerable variance in N170 modulations by other sources of emotional relevance. Therefore, we systematically review and discuss this research area using different methods to manipulate the emotional relevance of inherently neutral faces. These methods were categorized into (1) existing pre-experimental affective person knowledge (e.g., negative attitudes towards outgroup faces), (2) experimentally instructed affective person knowledge (e.g., negative person information), (3) contingency-based affective learning (e.g., fear-conditioning), or (4) the immediate affective context (e.g., emotional information directly preceding the face presentation). For all categories except the immediate affective context category, the majority of studies reported significantly increased N170 amplitudes depending on the emotional relevance of faces. Furthermore, the potentiated N170 was observed across different attention conditions, supporting the role of the emotional relevance of faces on the early prioritized processing of configural facial information, regardless of low-level differences. However, we identified several open research questions and suggest venues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
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Ziereis A, Schacht A. Motivated attention and task relevance in the processing of cross-modally associated faces: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1244-1266. [PMID: 37353712 PMCID: PMC10545602 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
It has repeatedly been shown that visually presented stimuli can gain additional relevance by their association with affective stimuli. Studies have shown effects of associated affect in event-related potentials (ERP) like the early posterior negativity (EPN), late positive complex (LPC), and even earlier components as the P1 or N170. However, findings are mixed as to the extent associated affect requires directed attention to the emotional quality of a stimulus and which ERP components are sensitive to task instructions during retrieval. In this preregistered study ( https://osf.io/ts4pb ), we tested cross-modal associations of vocal affect-bursts (positive, negative, neutral) to faces displaying neutral expressions in a flash-card-like learning task, in which participants studied face-voice pairs and learned to correctly assign them to each other. In the subsequent EEG test session, we applied both an implicit ("old-new") and explicit ("valence-classification") task to investigate whether the behavior at retrieval and neurophysiological activation of the affect-based associations were dependent on the type of motivated attention. We collected behavioral and neurophysiological data from 40 participants who reached the preregistered learning criterium. Results showed EPN effects of associated negative valence after learning and independent of the task. In contrast, modulations of later stages (LPC) by positive and negative associated valence were restricted to the explicit, i.e., valence-classification, task. These findings highlight the importance of the task at different processing stages and show that cross-modal affect can successfully be associated to faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Ziereis
- Department for Cognition, Emotion and Behavior, Affective Neuroscience and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Goßlerstraße 14, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Schacht
- Department for Cognition, Emotion and Behavior, Affective Neuroscience and Psychophysiology Laboratory, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Goßlerstraße 14, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Monachesi B, Deruti A, Grecucci A, Vaes J. Electrophysiological, emotional and behavioural responses of female targets of sexual objectification. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5777. [PMID: 37031255 PMCID: PMC10082788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32379-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual objectification and the interiorized objectifying gaze (self-objectification) are dangerous phenomena for women's psychological wellness. However, their specific effects on women's socio-affective reactions are still poorly understood, and their neural activity has never been explored before. In the present study, we investigated women's emotional and electrophysiological responses during simulated computer-based objectifying social interactions, and we examined consequent punishing behaviours towards the perpetrator using the ultimatum game. Behavioural results (N = 36) showed that during objectifying encounters women generally felt angrier/disgusted and tended to punish the perpetrator in later interactions. However, the more the women self-objectified, the more they felt ashamed (p = 0.011) and tended to punish the perpetrators less (p = 0.008). At a neural level (N = 32), objectifying interactions modulated female participants' neural signal elicited during the processing of the perpetrator, increasing early (N170) and later (EPN, LPP) ERP components. In addition, only the amplitude of the LPP positively correlated with shame (p = 0.006) and the level of self-objectification (p = 0.018). This finding provides first evidence for the specific time-course of sexual objectification, self-objectification and its associated shame response, and proves that emotional and social consequences of sexual objectification in women may depend on their tendency to self-objectify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Monachesi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Alice Deruti
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grecucci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Centre for Medical Sciences, CISMed, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Jeroen Vaes
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Tanzilli A, Trentini C, Grecucci A, Carone N, Ciacchella C, Lai C, Sabogal-Rueda MD, Lingiardi V. Therapist reactions to patient personality: A pilot study of clinicians’ emotional and neural responses using three clinical vignettes from in treatment series. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1037486. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1037486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTherapists’ responses to patients play a crucial role in psychotherapy and are considered a key component of the patient–clinician relationship, which promotes successful treatment outcomes. To date, no empirical research has ever investigated therapist response patterns to patients with different personality disorders from a neuroscience perspective.MethodsIn the present study, psychodynamic therapists (N = 14) were asked to complete a battery of instruments (including the Therapist Response Questionnaire) after watching three videos showing clinical interactions between a therapist and three patients with narcissistic, histrionic/borderline, and depressive personality disorders, respectively. Subsequently, participants’ high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) was recorded as they passively viewed pictures of the patients’ faces, which were selected from the still images of the previously shown videos. Supervised machine learning (ML) was used to evaluate whether: (1) therapists’ responses predicted which patient they observed during the EEG task and whether specific clinician reactions were involved in distinguishing between patients with different personality disorders (using pairwise comparisons); and (2) therapists’ event-related potentials (ERPs) predicted which patient they observed during the laboratory experiment and whether distinct ERP components allowed this forecast.ResultsThe results indicated that therapists showed distinct patterns of criticized/devalued and sexualized reactions to visual depictions of patients with different personality disorders, at statistically systematic and clinically meaningful levels. Moreover, therapists’ late positive potentials (LPPs) in the hippocampus were able to determine which patient they observed during the EEG task, with high accuracy.DiscussionThese results, albeit preliminary, shed light on the role played by therapists’ memory processes in psychotherapy. Clinical and neuroscience implications of the empirical investigation of therapist responses are discussed.
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Influence of affective verbal context on emotional facial expression perception of social anxiety. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 181:141-149. [PMID: 36108800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the perception of ambiguous facial expressions for individuals with social anxiety was influenced by the affective verbal context. However, it is still unknown how emotional facial expressions are perceived by individuals with social anxiety in the context of the verbal context. In this study, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) technology to examine how individuals with social anxiety perceive emotional facial expressions in positive and negative contexts. The results showed that: (1) Within the negative verbal contexts, the amplitude of P1 induced by facial expressions in the social anxiety group was significantly higher than that induced by the healthy control group; The N170 amplitude induced by facial expressions in social anxiety group was less negative than that in the healthy control group, and was not affected by the context. (2) The social anxiety group had significantly higher LPP in negative contexts elicited by angry expressions than by happy expressions. This study proved that the perception of emotional facial expressions was influenced by top-down information in the early and late stages of visual perception for individuals with social anxiety.
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Maier M, Blume F, Bideau P, Hellwich O, Abdel Rahman R. Knowledge-augmented face perception: Prospects for the Bayesian brain-framework to align AI and human vision. Conscious Cogn 2022; 101:103301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Event-related potential studies of emotion regulation: A review of recent progress and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 176:73-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Schindler S, Bruchmann M, Krasowski C, Moeck R, Straube T. Charged With a Crime: The Neuronal Signature of Processing Negatively Evaluated Faces Under Different Attentional Conditions. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1311-1324. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797621996667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brains rapidly respond to human faces and can differentiate between many identities, retrieving rich semantic emotional-knowledge information. Studies provide a mixed picture of how such information affects event-related potentials (ERPs). We systematically examined the effect of feature-based attention on ERP modulations to briefly presented faces of individuals associated with a crime. The tasks required participants ( N = 40 adults) to discriminate the orientation of lines overlaid onto the face, the age of the face, or emotional information associated with the face. Negative faces amplified the N170 ERP component during all tasks, whereas the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) components were increased only when the emotional information was attended to. These findings suggest that during early configural analyses (N170), evaluative information potentiates face processing regardless of feature-based attention. During intermediate, only partially resource-dependent, processing stages (EPN) and late stages of elaborate stimulus processing (LPP), attention to the acquired emotional information is necessary for amplified processing of negatively evaluated faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Claudia Krasowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Robert Moeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
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Electrophysiological responses to negative evaluative person-knowledge: Effects of individual differences. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:822-836. [PMID: 33846952 PMCID: PMC8354867 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Faces transmit rich information about a unique personal identity. Recent studies examined how negative evaluative information affects event-related potentials (ERPs), the relevance of individual differences, such as trait anxiety, neuroticism, or agreeableness, for these effects is unclear. In this preregistered study, participants (N = 80) were presented with neutral faces, either associated with highly negative or neutral biographical information. Faces were shown under three different task conditions that varied the attentional focus on face-unrelated features, perceptual face information, or emotional information. Results showed a task-independent increase of the N170 component for faces associated with negative information, while interactions occurred for the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) and the Late Positive Potential (LPP), showing ERP differences only when paying attention to the evaluative information. Trait anxiety and neuroticism did not influence ERP differences. Low agreeableness increased EPN differences during perceptual distraction. Thus, we observed that low agreeableness leads to early increased processing of potentially hostile faces, although participants were required to attend to a face-unrelated feature.
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Clark GM, McNeel C, Bigelow FJ, Enticott PG. The effect of empathy and context on face-processing ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107612. [PMID: 32882241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of emotional face processing has largely used faces devoid of context, and does not account for within-perceiver differences in empathy. The importance of context in face perception has become apparent in recent years. This study examined the interaction of the contextual factors of facial expression, knowledge of a person's character, and within-perceiver empathy levels on face processing event-related potentials (ERPs). Forty-two adult participants learned background information about six individuals' character. Three types of character were described, in which the character was depicted as deliberately causing harm to others, accidently causing harm to others, or undertaking neutral actions. Subsequently, EEG was recorded while participants viewed the characters' faces displaying neutral or emotional expressions. Participants' empathy was assessed using the Empathy Quotient survey. Results showed a significant interaction of character type and empathy on the early posterior negativity (EPN) ERP component. These results suggested that for those with either low or high empathy, more attention was paid to the face stimuli, with more distinction between the different characters. In contrast, those in the middle range of empathy tended to produce smaller EPN with less distinction between character types. Findings highlight the importance of trait empathy in accounting for how faces in context are perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Clark
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Claire McNeel
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felicity J Bigelow
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Eiserbeck A, Abdel Rahman R. Visual consciousness of faces in the attentional blink: Knowledge-based effects of trustworthiness dominate over appearance-based impressions. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rischer KM, Savallampi M, Akwaththage A, Salinas Thunell N, Lindersson C, MacGregor O. In context: emotional intent and temporal immediacy of contextual descriptions modulate affective ERP components to facial expressions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:551-560. [PMID: 32440673 PMCID: PMC7328032 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored how contextual information about threat dynamics affected the electrophysiological correlates of face perception. Forty-six healthy native Swedish speakers read verbal descriptions signaling an immediate vs delayed intent to escalate or deescalate an interpersonal conflict. Each verbal description was followed by a face with an angry or neutral expression, for which participants rated valence and arousal. Affective ratings confirmed that the emotional intent expressed in the descriptions modulated emotional reactivity to the facial stimuli in the expected direction. The electrophysiological data showed that compared to neutral faces, angry faces resulted in enhanced early and late event-related potentials (VPP, P300 and LPP). Additionally, emotional intent and temporal immediacy modulated the VPP and P300 similarly across angry and neutral faces, suggesting that they influence early face perception independently of facial affect. By contrast, the LPP amplitude to faces revealed an interaction between facial expression and emotional intent. Deescalating descriptions eliminated the LPP differences between angry and neutral faces. Together, our results suggest that information about a person’s intentions modulates the processing of facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Rischer
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Research Institute of Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, 4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mattias Savallampi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anushka Akwaththage
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Nicole Salinas Thunell
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Carl Lindersson
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Oskar MacGregor
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Philosophy, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
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Gantiva C, Palacio S, Ortega A, Castillo K, Ortiz K. [Effectiveness of cigarette-pack warning labels in capturing the attention of smokers and nonsmokersEficácia das tarjas de advertência em maços de cigarro para atrair a atenção de fumantes e não fumantes]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2019; 42:e101. [PMID: 31093129 PMCID: PMC6386099 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the ability of cigarette-pack warning labels, of the minimum size required by the World Health Organization, to capture the attention of smokers and nonsmokers. Methods In this study, 30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers completed a dot-probe task in which they simultaneously observed images of cigarette packs split in two: the top contained the cigarette brand and the bottom contained the warning label. During the task, brain activity was recorded through two event-related potentials of the negative-polarity type--the potential that occurs in the posterior-contralateral zone approximately 200 ms after a stimulus (N2pc) and the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN) response--which are indicators of early and sustained attention. Results In both groups, a greater amplitude of N2pc and SPCN potentials was found for the part of the pack containing the cigarette brand. However, during the dot-probe task, reaction times were shorter for the warning label. Conclusions These results suggest that, initially, attention is focused on the cigarette brand, and only then on the warning label. The inability of warning labels to capture early-phase attention decreases their effectiveness, especially in smokers. We suggest that warning labels be enlarged to facilitate increased attention response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gantiva
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuropsicología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Stefanny Palacio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuropsicología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuropsicología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karen Castillo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuropsicología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Katherine Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuropsicología, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá, Colombia
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16
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Implicit reward associations impact face processing: Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials and pupil dilations. Neuroimage 2018; 179:557-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Schabinger N, Gillmeister H, Berti S, Michal M, Beutel ME, Adler J. Detached and distracted: ERP correlates of altered attentional function in depersonalisation. Biol Psychol 2018; 134:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Xu Q, Yang Y, Tan Q, Zhang L. Facial Expressions in Context: Electrophysiological Correlates of the Emotional Congruency of Facial Expressions and Background Scenes. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2175. [PMID: 29312049 PMCID: PMC5733078 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions can display personal emotions and indicate an individual’s intentions within a social situation. They are extremely important to the social interaction of individuals. Background scenes in which faces are perceived provide important contextual information for facial expression processing. The purpose of this study was to explore the time course of emotional congruency effects in processing faces and scenes simultaneously by recording event-related potentials (ERPs). The behavioral results found that the categorization of facial expression was faster and more accurate when the face was emotionally congruent than incongruent with the emotion displayed by the scene. In ERPs the late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes were modulated by the emotional congruency between faces and scenes. Specifically, happy faces elicited larger LPP amplitudes within positive than within negative scenes and fearful faces within negative scenes elicited larger LPP amplitudes than within positive scenes. The results did not find the scene effects on the P1 and N170 components. These findings indicate that emotional congruency effects could occur in late stages of facial expression processing, reflecting motivated attention allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qun Tan
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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