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Gori A, Topino E, Griffiths MD. The Problematic Online Dating Apps Use Scale (PODAUS): Development and evaluation of its psychometric properties. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 19:100533. [PMID: 38357528 PMCID: PMC10864872 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The internet has facilitated significant transformations in interpersonal interactions, and offers new possibilities for finding romantic partners through the use of online dating apps. However, as with other technology-based tools, some individuals can develop problematic patterns of dating apps use, exhibiting symptoms resembling addiction. Consequently, the aim of the present study was the development of a new psychometric instrument to assess problematic dating apps use, the Problematic Online Dating Apps Use Scale (PODAUS), and the examination of its psychometric properties. The sample comprised 384 participants (254 females and 130 males; Mage=25.90 years; SD=5.21) who used dating apps daily. They completed an online survey including the PODAUS, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Cyber Pornography Addiction Test, Love Addiction Inventory-Short-Form, and Ten-Item Personality Inventory. The PODAUS showed a one-factor structure with good indications of validity, reliability, and gender measurement invariance. Problematic online dating apps use was significantly associated with problematic social media use, problematic cyberpornography use, love addiction, and three personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness). The PODAUS is a new and succinct self-report measure that assesses problematic dating apps use, and can be easily used in both research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12, Pad. 26, 50135 Florence, Italy
- Integrated Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Institute (IPPI), via Ricasoli 32, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University of Rome, Via della Traspontina 21, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
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Vera Cruz G, Aboujaoude E, Liberacka-Dwojak M, Wiłkość-Dębczyńska M, Rochat L, Khan R, Khazaal Y. How much online pornography is too much? A comparison of two theoretically distinct assessment scales. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:79. [PMID: 38816773 PMCID: PMC11137999 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online pornography use, an ever more common activity, has raised myriad psychosocial and clinical concerns. While there is a need to screen for and measure its problematic dimension, there is a debate about the adequacy of existing assessment tools. OBJECTIVE The study compares two instruments for measuring pathological online pornography use (POPU) that are based on different theoretical frameworks-one in line with DSM-5 criteria and the six-component addiction model and one in line with ICD-11 criteria. METHODS An international sample of 1,823 adults (Mean age = 31.66, SD = 6.74) answered an online questionnaire that included the Short Version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-6) and the Assessment of Criteria for Specific Internet-Use Disorders (ACSID-11). Factorial, correlational, and network analyses were conducted on the data. RESULTS Both tools adequately screened for online "addictive" behavior, but the ACSID-11 was superior in assessing the degree of clinical risk. CONCLUSION Depending on the specific aim of the assessment (screening vs. clinical diagnostics), both online pornography measurement tools may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Vera Cruz
- Department of Psychology, CRP-CPO, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
| | - Elias Aboujaoude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Program in Internet, Health and Society, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Lucien Rochat
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Specialized Facility in Behavioral Addiction ReConnecte, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Riaz Khan
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Frontier Medical College Abbottabad, Bahria University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal and Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Montreal University, Montreal, Canada.
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Privara M, Bob P. Pornography Consumption and Cognitive-Affective Distress. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:641-646. [PMID: 37505898 PMCID: PMC10399954 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT According to recent studies, the growing consumption of Internet pornography mainly in male population becomes an increasing problem, which is closely linked to compulsive sexual behavior. Some findings also suggest that Internet pornography consumption might represent a defense mechanism against excessive stress, which enables to cope with stressful events, helps in mood regulation, and decreases depression and anxiety. Users of online pornography involved in these activities also reported that their self-exposition to pornographic material may create guilty feelings and internal conflict in themselves with respect to their own "involuntary" sexual behavior, which suggest that psychosocial stress and possibly traumatic experiences may play a significant role in Internet pornography addiction. Taken together, these findings show that stressful experiences, anxiety, and depression are strongly related to pornography consumption. In addition, conflicting emotional experiences as well as identity problems significantly increase vulnerability to addictive sexual behavior and pornography consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Privara
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vera Cruz G, Aboujaoude E, Rochat L, Bianchi-Demichelli F, Khazaal Y. Finding Intimacy Online: A Machine Learning Analysis of Predictors of Success. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023. [PMID: 37352415 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
While an extensive scientific literature now exists on the use of online dating services, there are very few studies on user satisfaction with dating apps and with the resulting offline dates. This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction with Tinder use (STU) and the level of satisfaction with Tinder offline dates (STOD) in a sample of adult users of the app. The study also aimed to examine, among 28 variables, those that are the most important in predicting STU and STOD. Overall, 1,387 Tinder users completed an online questionnaire. A machine learning model was used to rank order predictors from most to least important. On a 4-point scale, participants' mean STU score was 2.39, and, on a 5-point scale, mean STOD score was 3.05. The results indicate that satisfaction with dating apps and with resulting offline dates is strongly predicted by participants' age and by their motives for using Tinder (enhancement, emotional coping, socialization, finding "true love," or casual sexual partners), whereas the variables negatively associated with satisfaction were those related to psychopathology. Interestingly, 65.3 percent of app users were married or "in a relationship," and only 50.3 percent of app users were using it to meet someone offline. Generally, participants who engage with the app to cope with personal difficulties seem more likely to report higher levels of dissatisfaction, suggesting that dating apps are a poor coping mechanism and highlighting the need to address underlying problems or pathologies that may be driving their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Vera Cruz
- Department of Psychology, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Elias Aboujaoude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Addiction Division, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bianchi-Demichelli
- Sexual Medicine Consultation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Preventive & Integrative Medicine, Clinique des Grangettes and Center for Internal Medicine and Its Specialties, Clinique La Colline, Hirslanden Group, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal and Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Montreal University, Montreal, Canada
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Fournier L, Schimmenti A, Musetti A, Boursier V, Flayelle M, Cataldo I, Starcevic V, Billieux J. Deconstructing the components model of addiction: an illustration through "addictive" use of social media. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107694. [PMID: 36940658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The components model of addiction posits that all addictions share six components, namely salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict. This highly influential model has resulted in the development of numerous psychometric instruments that measure addictive behaviors according to these criteria. However, recent research suggests that, in the context of behavioral addictions, certain components constitute peripheral features that do not distinguish non-pathological from pathological behavior. Using "addictive" use of social media as a representative example, we examined this perspective by testing whether these six components actually assess central features of addiction, or whether some of them constitute peripheral features that are not indicative of a disorder. Four independent samples totaling 4,256 participants from the general population completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, a six-item psychometric instrument derived from the components model of addiction to assess social media "addiction". By performing structural equation modeling and network analyses, we showed that the six components did not form a unitary construct and, crucially, that some components (i.e., salience, tolerance) were not associated with measures assessing psychopathological symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that psychometric instruments based on the components model conflate central and peripheral features of addiction when applied to behavioral addictions. This implies that such instruments pathologize involvement in appetitive behaviors. Our findings thus call for renewing the conceptualization and assessment of behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Fournier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Valentina Boursier
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples "Federico II", 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maèva Flayelle
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Trento, Italy.
| | - Vladan Starcevic
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Three Quarks for Hypersexuality Research. SEXES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sexes4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In some areas of sex research, we note room for methodological improvement of research practices. In particular, in the field of hypersexuality research, where societal norms have been influential, methodological improvement might advance goals of objectivity in research. We propose that hypersexuality research should: firstly, take into account relevant subpopulations; secondly, use Item Response Theory (IRT) to construct item banks for measurement instruments; and, thirdly, measure sexual desire and related important constructs where and how they play out—in daily life, changing from moment to moment. We show that comparing relevant subpopulations can lead to depathologizing normative, but highly frequent, sexual behavior. Using IRT can lead to more precise measurement instruments by assessment of characteristics of individual items. Measuring sexual desire as an inherently fluctuating process in everyday life, and as part of emotion regulation processes, can direct research towards relevant associations other research methods might miss. Bringing into practice our three proposals for improvement can procure a number of advantages. We illustrate these advantages mainly for the field of hypersexuality research, but our suggestions might also be beneficial for sex research in general.
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Coping and Co-Occurrence of Gaming Disorder and Substance Use in Recovering Substance Users. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247370. [PMID: 36555987 PMCID: PMC9784481 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a wide range of negative effects associated with both substance use disorders and behavioural disorders and their co-occurrence. Understanding the way in which at-risk populations (e.g., substance-abstinent users) interact with potentially addictive behaviours (e.g., gaming) and substance use-while navigating life stressors through differing coping styles-can inform preventative strategies. METHODS Therefore, the present study investigated 64 clinical participants and 138 general population participants. Each cohort was required to complete a battery of psychometric scales exploring problematic behaviours, problematic substance use, co-occurrence, and coping styles. Additional exploratory direct comparisons of gamers in the clinical cohort and gamers in the general cohort were carried out. RESULTS The study's findings suggest that gamers from different populations (i.e., general and clinical) share similar at-risk behaviours. These problematic behaviours were more pronounced among abstinent substance use gamers, and more specifically among poly-substance use gamers. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study add to the literature and suggest that dysfunctional coping style and the co-occurrence of problematic behaviours may have an impact on the assessment and potential treatment of substance abstinent gamers. The findings offer support for an integrated treatment approach, wherein both substance use and the other problematic behaviours (e.g., gaming) are considered in tandem.
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Burleigh TL, Griffiths MD, Sumich A, Wang GY, Stavropoulos V, Kannis-Dymand L, Kuss DJ. Co-Occurrence of Gaming Disorder and Other Potentially Addictive Behaviours between Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316078. [PMID: 36498151 PMCID: PMC9741165 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that gamers can have varying experiences of disordered gaming behaviours due to coping mechanisms and how they can act as risk or protective factor in the development and/or maintenance of disordered behaviours. A particular area of interest is how this may manifest across different countries. Understanding the interplay of these potential risk and protective factors within different countries will aid identifying and preventing disordered behaviours. Methods: Three cohorts were recruited from Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Each cohort was required to complete a battery of psychometric scales exploring problematic behaviours, problematic substance use, co-occurrence, coping styles, and personality. A latent profile analysis was conducted to examine the differences between cohorts and further investigated with additional analyses. Results: The findings suggested that a minority of gamers were affected by gaming disorder, and there appeared an at-risk cohort who utilise gaming as a maladaptive coping strategy. Other accompanying potentially addictive behaviour or substance use may be exacerbated as a result, the manifestation of which can be influenced by cultural elements. Conclusions: When considering gamers from countries which hold similar views, it is important to be cognisant of the variations found in the manifestations of disordered gaming and accompanying potentially addictive behaviours. This will allow for a more precise identification of at-risk behaviours, which will result in more favourable treatment outcomes for those who are considered at-risk or high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone L. Burleigh
- International Gaming Research Unit and Cyberpsychology Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, UK
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit and Cyberpsychology Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Alexander Sumich
- NTU Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Grace Y. Wang
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, QLD 4350, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Vasileios Stavropoulos
- College of Health and Biomedicine & Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Lee Kannis-Dymand
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit and Cyberpsychology Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
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Orsolini L, Volpe U, Albert U, Carmassi C, Carrà G, Cirulli F, Dell'Osso B, Del Vecchio V, Di Nicola M, Giallonardo V, Luciano M, Menculini G, Nanni MG, Pompili M, Sani G, Sampogna G, Tortorella A, Fiorillo A. Use of social network as a coping strategy for depression among young people during the COVID-19 lockdown: findings from the COMET collaborative study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2022; 21:44. [PMID: 36372894 PMCID: PMC9660093 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-022-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of social media (SM) has exponentially grown particularly among youths in the past two years, due to COVID-19-related changing lifestyles. Based on the Italian COvid Mental hEalth Trial (COMET), we investigated the association between SM use and depressive symptoms among Italian young adults (aged 18-24). METHODS The COMET is a nationwide multi-center cross-sectional study that investigated socio-demographic data, social networking addiction (BSNAS), depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21), as well as impulsiveness (BIS-15) and aggressiveness (AQ) in a large sample of youngsters, in order to assess the association between BSNAS and DASS-21 indices. Mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the role of impulsiveness and aggressive personality traits in the association between SM use (SMU) and depression. RESULTS 75.8% of the sample (n = 491) had a problematic SMU. SMU was reduced by high AQ and high DASS-21 scores (F = 42.338, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.207). Mediation analyses showed that SMU negatively predicted depressive symptomatology with the interaction mediated by AQ total (ß = - 0.1075), physical (ß = - 0.207) and anger (ß = - 0.0582), BIS-15 total (ß = - 0.0272) and attentional (ß = - 0.0302). High depressive levels were predicted by high AQ scores, low SMU levels, low verbal and physical AQ, and low attentional BIS-15 (F = 30.322, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.273). Depressive symptomatology negatively predicted SMU with their interaction mediated by AQ total (ß = - 0.1640), verbal (ß = 0.0436) and anger (ß = - 0.0807), BIS-15 total (ß = - 0.0448) and attentional (ß = - 0.0409). CONCLUSIONS SMU during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a beneficial role in buffering negative consequences linked to social isolation due to quarantine measures, despite this association being mediated by specific personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Umberto Albert
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina-ASUGI, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Carmassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carrà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Del Vecchio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giulia Nanni
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Technology-Mediated Sexual Interactions, Social Anxiety, and Sexual Wellbeing: A Scoping Review. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:904-932. [PMID: 36005215 PMCID: PMC9407275 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12080066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Technology-mediated sexual interactions (TMSI) are interpersonal exchanges via technology of self-created sexual material, including photos, videos, and auditory or text messages. There is little research on the factors that predict both TMSI experiences and their sexual wellbeing outcomes. Social anxiety is anxiety experienced in response to social or performance situations. From a cognitive–behavioural perspective, people higher in social anxiety may avoid TMSI, preventing positive or negative consequences. They also may use TMSI to avoid the anxiety caused by in-person sexual interactions, benefiting from access to sexual interactions while perpetuating anxiety about them. The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the role of social anxiety in TMSI and its sexual wellbeing outcomes. We executed a comprehensive search strategy across eight academic databases and searched reference lists of included articles. We included 19 articles written in English or French that had a human sample and were published between 1991 and 2021 and evaluated connections between social anxiety constructs (e.g., shyness, anxiety) and TMSI-related experiences (e.g., sexting, internet sex addiction). The pattern of results suggested that social anxiety constructs may predict some but not all forms of TMSI. Future research from a cognitive–behavioural perspective will expand knowledge on social anxiety, TMSI, and its sexual wellbeing outcomes.
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Griffiths MD. Disorders due to addictive behaviors: Further issues, debates, and controversies •. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:180-185. [PMID: 35895451 PMCID: PMC9295243 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recent papers in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions by Brand et al. (2022), and Sassover and Weinstein (2022) both make interesting additions to the place of behavioral addictions in the more general addictive behaviors field. This commentary discusses some of the further nuances in the debates surrounding whether problematic engagement in social networking, pornography, and buying/shopping should be considered as possible 'disorders due to addictive behaviors' in the ICD-11. Particular emphasis in this commentary is placed on social network use disorder and its delineation. While there is growing evidence that addictions to sex, pornography, social network sites, exercise, work, and buying/shopping may be genuine disorders among a minority of individuals, none of these behaviors is likely to be included in formal psychiatric manuals in the near future until there is more high-quality data on all research fronts (e.g., epidemiological, neurobiological, psychological, and clinical).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street Nottingham NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Dowd B, Hein K, Diez SL, Prokofieva M, Kannis-Dymand L, Stavropoulos V. Cross-Addiction Risk Profile Associations with COVID-19 Anxiety: a Preliminary Exploratory Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-24. [PMID: 35818622 PMCID: PMC9261223 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
"Cross-addiction" involves a person substituting one form of addictive behaviour for another. Indeed, cross-additive presentations have been frequently described (e.g. from drugs to alcohol, gambling to sex), and risk profiles have been assumed. Nevertheless, there has been a dearth of evidence considering the occurrence of cross-addiction risk profiles in the community. This research is imperative for informing effective prevention/intervention policies, especially under anxiety-provoking conditions, such as the current coronavirus pandemic. To address this need, a cross-sectional exploratory research design was utilized, with quantitative survey data obtained from 968 respondents (18-64; M age = 29.5 years, SD = 9.36), who completed an online survey regarding a range of addictive behaviours (i.e. abuse of alcohol, drug, smoking, online gaming, shopping, internet, exercise, online gambling, sex, and social media) and their anxiety about the coronavirus. Latent class/profiling analyses were implemented to (a) explore profiles of cross-addiction risk, (b) describe the characteristics and the proportions of these profiles, and (c) identify their differential associations with the pandemic precipitated anxiety. Findings revealed two distinct profiles/types, the "cross-addiction low risk" (57.4%) and the "cross-addiction high risk" (42.6%). Those in the latter scored consistently higher across all behaviours assessed, were more likely to suffer from concurrent addictive problems, and reported significantly higher levels of pandemic-related anxiety. Implications for prevention, assessment, and treatment and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Dowd
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - Kaiden Hein
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | | | - Maria Prokofieva
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - Lee Kannis-Dymand
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland Australia
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Zarate D, Fullwood L, Prokofieva M, Griffiths MD, Stavropoulos V. Problematic Shopping Behavior: An Item Response Theory Examination of the Seven-Item Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-19. [PMID: 35754859 PMCID: PMC9208247 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing amount of research examining problematic shopping behavior (PSB), often referred to in the psychological literature as "compulsive buying" or "shopping addiction." A popular scale for assessing the risk of PSB is the seven-item Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). To expand our knowledge of the psychometric properties of this instrument, the present study employed Item Response Theory (IRT) and differential item functioning analyses (DIF) while concurrently attempting to determine a preliminary cut-off point. A relatively large community sample completed the BSAS online (N = 968, M age = 29.5 years, SD age = 9.36, 32.5% women). IRT analyses showed differences regarding the BSAS items' discrimination, difficulty, and precision, with a raw score exceeding 23 (out of 28) indicating a higher risk of shopping addiction. Finally, while most BSAS items operated equally among males and females, Item 2 (mood modification) required a higher level of shopping addiction behaviors to be endorsed by males. The BSAS functions as a reliable assessment of the risk of shopping addiction, particularly between average and high levels of the trait. Clinical implications are discussed in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zarate
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011 Australia
| | | | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vasileios Stavropoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011 Australia
- University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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14
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Validation and Performance of the Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioural Addiction (SSBA) Amongst University Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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15
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Common Features in Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Substance Use Disorders, Personality, Temperament, and Attachment-A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010296. [PMID: 35010552 PMCID: PMC8751077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Do addictions share common traits of an “addictive personality” or do different addictions have distinct personality profiles? This narrative review examines the differences in the associations between substance use disorder (SUD) and compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), on the one hand, and personality traits, attachment dispositions, and temperament, on the other hand. We found that both people with a SUD and people with CSBD tended to be more spontaneous, careless, and less reliable, to place self-interest above getting along with others, to show emotional instability and experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and/or depression, to be less able to control their attention and/or behavior, and to be engulfed with a constant sensation of “wanting”. Only people with CSBD, but not SUD, noted concerns with their social ties, fear of losing close others, and/or trusting others around them. Results also suggested that people with a SUD and people with CSBD share high commonalities in personality traits and temperament, yet there are noted differences in their social tendencies, especially with close others. People with CSBD reported more concerns with possible relationship losses compared to people with SUD issues, who may be more worried about losing their source of escapism.
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16
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Soraci P, Melchiori FM, Del Fante E, Melchiori R, Guaitoli E, Lagattolla F, Parente G, Bonanno E, Norbiato L, Cimaglia R, Campedelli L, Abbiati FA, Ferrari A, Griffiths MD. Validation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:1-27. [PMID: 34393683 PMCID: PMC8351585 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive problematic sexual behavior in the form of compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), hypersexuality (HS), and sex addiction has gained increasing credibility in recent years and has led to the development of various psychometric instruments to assess such behavior. However, there is still considerable controversy over the operational definition of such concepts and whether they can be used interchangeably to describe the behavior. One recently developed tool is the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) based on the "components model of addiction." The present study validated the Italian version of the BYSAS. The BYSAS was administered to a large Italian-speaking sample of Italian adults [N = 1230, aged 18 to 67 years] along with psychometric instruments assessing the "Big Five" personality traits, self-esteem, depression, and two other measures of addictive sexual behavior (i.e., PATHOS and Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire-Sex Subscale). Confirmatory factorial analysis supported a one-factor solution. Furthermore, the scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.787). The BYSAS was positively associated with extroversion, openness to experience, depression, and problematic sexual behavior, and negatively associated with self-esteem, conscientiousness, emotional stability, agreeableness, and age. Based on the findings, the BYSAS is a brief, psychometrically reliable and valid measure for assessing sex addiction among Italian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Soraci
- Associazione Psicoterapia Cognitivo Comportamentale Di Gruppo, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elena Del Fante
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino–UNITO, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Melchiori
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University Niccolò Cusano, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Guaitoli
- Department of General Surgery, Perrino Hospital Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Fulvia Lagattolla
- Servizio Di Psiconcologia, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” Di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Parente
- Associazione Matrice Orientamento E Formazione Onlus, Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Bonanno
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Roberta Cimaglia
- Istituto Romano Di Psicoterapia Psicodinamica Integrata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ambra Ferrari
- Department of Human Science for Education, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Bicocca, Milan Italy
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ UK
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17
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Mujawar S, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D, Jafar AK. Nymphomania Associated With Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Case Report. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSEXUAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/26318318211013615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining and classifying nymphomania has been a challenge for clinicians. It is characterized by an unquenchable urge to engage in repeated sexual contact with many partners without a deep emotional involvement. The sexual drive is unvarying, voracious, impetuous, and unrestrained. The case report describes a young female who presented with increased sexual desires and engaging in excessive sexual activity leading to divorce and marital disharmony in her second marriage. There was a history of childhood sexual abuse. Women developed nymphomania out of engagement in the behavior due to a genetic predisposition or from an environmental stressor such as trauma or sexual abuse. Since sex addiction is not a recognized disorder in DSM-5 or ICD-11, women who have this disorder have difficulty receiving treatment. Proper diagnosis and treatment of such patients will lead to better functioning and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaleha Mujawar
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Daniel Saldanha
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aslam Khan Jafar
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr D. Y. Patil University, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, Çarkçı J, Griffiths MD. Sex addiction in Turkey: A large-scale survey with a national community sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrior studies on sex addiction have mostly relied on a narrow range of risk factors among small and heterogeneous samples. The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychological markers related to sex addiction in a large-scale community sample of Turkish adults. A total of 24,380 individuals completed a survey comprising the Sex Addiction Risk Questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Personal-Wellbeing Index Adult Form, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (50% males; mean age = 31.79 years; age range = 18 to 81 years). Utilizing hierarchical regression analysis, sex addiction was associated with being male, being younger, having a lower education level, being single, being an alcohol and nicotine user, psychiatric distress, low personal wellbeing, positive and negative affect, alexithymia, and anxious attachment. This study suggests that socio-demographic factors and aforementioned detrimental psychological factors exacerbate higher engagement in addictive sexual behaviors among the Turkish community. However, more studies are needed to better understand the factors associated with sex addiction in Turkey.
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19
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Youseflu S, Kraus SW, Afrashteh MY, Niroomand S, Niroomand S. The psychometric properties of the Bergen-Yale sex addiction scale for the Iranian population. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:126. [PMID: 33663448 PMCID: PMC7934249 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of sex addiction among different populations requires a valid and reliable tool. Since the Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) was not available in Iran, this study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the BYSAS. METHODS After translation/back-translation procedure, a total of 756 Iranian men and women completed the BYSAS. The structural validity of this tool was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. An expert panel review also examined content validity of the items. Psychometric properties of the scale including validity, reliability (internal consistency [Cronbach's alpha]) and test-retest) and factor structure were assessed. RESULTS Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) scores for the BYSAS were 0.75 and 0.62, respectively. In the measure's structural validity, the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the One-factor structure. Data analysis demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.88 to 0.89). DISCUSSION Study findings suggest that the BYSAS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing sex addiction among Persian speaking adults. Replication of research findings is needed to expand the BYSAS for clinical and non-clinical Iranian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Youseflu
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shane W. Kraus
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada USA
| | - Majid Yousefi Afrashteh
- grid.412673.50000 0004 0382 4160Department of psychology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Niroomand
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Soudabeh Niroomand
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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20
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Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. The Short Version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-6): A Reliable and Valid Measure in General and Treatment-Seeking Populations. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:342-352. [PMID: 31995398 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1716205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To date, no short scale existed that could assess problematic pornography use (PPU) having a solid theoretical background and strong psychometric properties. Having such a short scale may be advantageous when scarce resources are available and/or when respondents' attention spans are limited. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a short scale that can be utilized to screen for PPU. The Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS-18) was used as a basis for the development of a short measure of PPU (PPCS-6). A community sample (N1 = 15,051), a sample of pornography site visitors (N2 = 760), and a sample of treatment-seeking individuals (N3 = 266) were recruited to investigate the reliability and validity of the PPCS-6. Also, its association was tested to theoretically-relevant correlates (e.g., hypersexuality, frequency of masturbation), and a cutoff score was determined. The PPCS-6 yielded strong psychometric properties in terms of factor structure, measurement invariance, reliability, correlated reasonably with the assessed variables, and an optimal cutoff was identified that could reliably distinguish between PPU and non-problematic pornography use. PPCS-6 can be considered as a short, reliable, and valid scale to assess PPU in studies when the length of a questionnaire is essential or when a brief screening for PPU is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal
| | - István Tóth-Király
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University
| | | | - Gábor Orosz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
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21
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Zareiyan A, Sharif Nia H, Molavi N, Saeidi A, Najarzadegan M, Ghazanfarpour M, Jafarpour H, Babakhanian M. Validation of a brief sex addiction screening instrument (PATHOS) and prediction of sex addiction in the Iranian population. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021; 43:30-36. [PMID: 33681904 PMCID: PMC7932034 DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2019-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sex addiction is a major psychiatric disorder in which a person is compelled to participate in sexual activities despite negative consequences. This study was conducted to localize a brief sex addiction screening instrument (PATHOS) for use in the Iranian population and to determine variables predictive of sex addiction in the general Iranian population. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of PATHOS in a sample of 443 Iranians in 2018. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (Factor 10.8.04 software). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate construct validity and variables predictive of addiction. RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors in this dichotomous questionnaire and reported the questionnaire's test-retest reliability in the target population. Prognostic variables for sexual addiction in the Iranian population were determined to be female gender, higher education, viewing pornographic videos, having multiple sex partners, having difficulty interacting in sex, and history of masturbation. CONCLUSION The Persian version of the brief sex addiction screening instrument (PATHOS) has sufficient reliability and validity in the Iranian population. The predictive variables of sex addiction are indicative of the presence of risk of this disorder in Iranian samples and more studies are needed in order to enable prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zareiyan
- Department of Health Disaster and EmergenciesNursing FacultyAja University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Department of Health Disaster and Emergencies
,
Nursing Faculty
,
Aja University of Medical Sciences
,
Tehran
,
Iran
.
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- Department of NursingMazandaran University of Medical ScienceSariIran Department of Nursing
,
Mazandaran University of Medical Science
,
Sari
,
Iran
.
| | - Nader Molavi
- Kashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran Kashan University of Medical Sciences
,
Kashan
,
Iran
.
| | - Abdolhadi Saeidi
- Urmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran Urmia University of Medical Sciences
,
Urmia
,
Iran
.
| | - Mohamadreza Najarzadegan
- Research Center for Addiction and Risky BehaviorsIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors
,
Iran University of Medical Sciences
,
Tehran
,
Iran
.
| | - Masumeh Ghazanfarpour
- Student Research CommitteeKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran Student Research Committee
,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
,
Kerman
,
Iran
.
| | - Hamed Jafarpour
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Research CentreAddiction InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran Student Research Committee,
Psychiatry and Behavioral Research Centre
,
Addiction Institute
,
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
,
Sari
,
Iran
.
| | - Masoudeh Babakhanian
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Research CentreAddiction InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran Student Research Committee,
Psychiatry and Behavioral Research Centre
,
Addiction Institute
,
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
,
Sari
,
Iran
.
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health ServicesSemnanIran Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
,
Semnan
,
Iran
.
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22
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Koós M, Bőthe B, Orosz G, Potenza MN, Reid RC, Demetrovics Z. The negative consequences of hypersexuality: Revisiting the factor structure of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequences Scale and its correlates in a large, non-clinical sample. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 13:100321. [PMID: 33364331 PMCID: PMC7750154 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the growing literature about hypersexuality and its negative consequences, most studies have focused on the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI’s), resulting in relatively few studies about the nature and the measurement of a broader spectrum of adverse consequences. Methods The aim of the present study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Hypersexual Behavior Consequence Scale (HBCS) in a large, non-clinical population (N = 16,935 participants; females = 5854, 34.6%; Mage = 33.6, SDage = 11.1) and identify its factor structure across genders. The dataset was divided into three independent samples, taking into consideration gender ratio. The validity of the HBCS was investigated in relation to sexuality-related questions (e.g., frequency of pornography use) and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (Sample 3). Results Both the exploratory (Sample 1) and confirmatory (Sample 2) factor analyses (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0.948, RMSEA = 0.061 [90% CI = 0.059–0.062]) suggested a first-order, four-factor structure that included work-related problems, personal problems, relationship problems, and risky behavior as a result of hypersexuality. The HBCS showed adequate reliability and demonstrated reasonable associations with the examined theoretically relevant correlates, corroborating the validity of the HBCS. Conclusion Findings suggest that the HBCS may be used to assess consequences of hypersexuality. It may also be used in clinical settings to assess the severity of hypersexuality and to map potential areas of impairment, and such information may help guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Koós
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gábor Orosz
- Université Artois, Université Lille, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Atelier Sherpas, F-62800 Liévin, France
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rory C Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Sassover E, Weinstein A. Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view. J Behav Addict 2020; 11. [PMID: 32997646 PMCID: PMC9295215 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has been a long debated issue. While formerly the discussion was about whether to regard CSBD as a distinctive disorder, the current debate is dealing with the classification of this phenomenon. One of the prominent voices in this field considers CSBD as a behavioral addiction and proposes CSBD to be called and diagnosed as sexual addiction (SA). This present debate paper will review the existing evidence supporting this view and it will argue against it. RESULTS We have found that a great deal of the current literature is anecdotal while empirical evidence is insufficient. First, the reports about the prevalence of CSBD are contradictory. Additionally, the field mainly suffers from inconsistent defining criteria of CSBD and a consensus which symptoms should be included. As a result, the empirical evidence that does exist is mostly about some symptoms individually and not on the disorder as a whole construct. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that currently, there is not enough data supporting CSBD as a behavioral addiction. Further research has to be done, examining CSBD phenomenology as a whole construct and based on a homogeneous criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Sassover
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Behavioral Science and Integrative Brain and Cognition Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Aviv Weinstein
- Department of Behavioral Science, Ariel University, Science Park, Ariel, Israel
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24
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Kircaburun K, Ünübol H, Sayar GH, Stavropoulos V, Griffiths MD. Measurement, prevalence, and psychological risk factors associated with addictive food consumption: Development of a new food addiction scale and evidence from a national largescale sample. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:836-852. [PMID: 32903203 PMCID: PMC8943666 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To date, a number of studies have investigated the prevalence and correlates of addictive food consumption. However, these studies have mostly relied on models that comprised a narrow range of variables in often small and heterogenous samples. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively examine the measurement aspects, the prevalence, and the psychological correlates of addictive eating among a largescale national sample of Turkish adults. METHOD Participants (N = 24,380, 50% men, Mage = 31.79 years, age range = 18-81 years) completed a battery of tests including the Food Addiction Risk Questionnaire (FARQ), the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised. RESULTS According to analyses conducted, the FARQ had a uni-dimensional factor structure. Based on Item Response Theory (IRT) calculated cut-off scores, 2.3% of the participants were at risk of addictive eating patterns, whilst criteria varied in their discriminating ability. The correlates of addictive food consumption were being male, being younger, having lower education, presenting with higher alcohol use, psychiatric symptoms, alexithymia, positive/negative affect, and anxious attachment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a minority of Turkish community are at risk for addictive food consumption and that adverse psychological states promote this problematic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagan Kircaburun
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK,Educational Sciences Department, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Hüseyin Ünübol
- Institute of Social Sciences, Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökben H. Sayar
- Institute of Social Sciences, Clinical Psychology Department, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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25
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Rochat L, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Aboujaoude E, Khazaal Y. The psychology of "swiping": A cluster analysis of the mobile dating app Tinder. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:804-813. [PMID: 31663372 PMCID: PMC7044584 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of the smartphone dating application Tinder is increasingly popular and has received much media attention. However, no empirical study to date has investigated the psychological characteristics driving its adaptive or problematic use. The aim of this study is to determine whether reliable subtypes of users can be identified via a cluster analysis approach. METHODS A total of 1,159 Tinder users were recruited. Survey questions investigated user characteristics, including: motives for app use, sexual desire, attachment styles, impulsivity traits, self-esteem, problematic use, depressive mood, and patterns of use. RESULTS Four reliable clusters were identified: two with low levels of problematic use ("regulated" and "regulated with low sexual desire"), one with an intermediate level of problematic use ("unregulated-avoidants"), and one with a high level of problematic use ("unregulated-highly motivated"). The clusters differed on gender, marital status, depressive mood, and use patterns. CONCLUSION The findings provide insight into the dynamic relationships among key use-related factors and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the self-regulation difficulties that appear to characterize problematic Tinder use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Rochat
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bianchi-Demicheli
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elias Aboujaoude
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland,Research Centre, University Institute of Mental Health at Montreal, Montreal, Canada,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jameel S, Shahnawaz MG, Griffiths MD. Smartphone addiction in students: A qualitative examination of the components model of addiction using face-to-face interviews. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:780-793. [PMID: 31619046 PMCID: PMC7044586 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Smartphone use has increased markedly over the past decade and recent research has demonstrated that a small minority of users experience problematic consequences, which in extreme cases have been contextualized as an addiction. To date, most research have been quantitative and survey-based. This study qualitatively examined the components model of addiction for both "addicted" and "non-addicted" users. METHODS A screening tool comprising 10 dichotomous items was administered to 40 college students. Of these, six addicted and six non-addicted participants were identified on the basis of their score on the screening tool and were asked to participate in a semi-structured interview. The interview questions were based on the components model of addiction comprising six domains (i.e., salience, withdrawal, conflict, relapse and reinstatement, tolerance, and mood modification). Directed content analysis was used to analyze the transcribed data and subthemes as well as emerging themes for the study as a whole were established. RESULTS There was some evidence of demarcation between smartphone addicts on the dimensions of salience, tolerance, withdrawal, and conflict. Mood modification was not much different in either group, and no participant reported relapse. CONCLUSIONS The non-addicted group had much greater control over their smartphone usage than the addicted group on four (of six) aforementioned dimensions of behavioral addiction. Consequently, the main findings of this study provided good support for the components model of behavioral addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayma Jameel
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, India,Corresponding author: Asst. Prof. Sayma Jameel; Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India; Phone: +91 97182 16878; E-mail:
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Role of Personality Characteristics and Sexual Orientation in the Risk for Sexual Addiction Among Israeli Men: Validation of a Hebrew Sex Addiction Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMen having sex with men are known to exhibit heightened sexual activity. This raises the conjecture that different sexual orientations exhibit different levels of sex addiction risk, which is also affected by personality. The present study examined the prevalence of the sex addiction risk within the context of sexual orientation and personality in Israeli men while also validating the Hebrew Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (HBYSAS). Results based on 177 participants showed that the HBYSAS is appropriate for assessing the risk for sex addiction in Israeli men. Furthermore, results showed that sex addiction risk varied with individuals’ sexual orientation while being modestly associated with higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness.
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Kotera Y, Rhodes C. Pathways to Sex Addiction: Relationships with Adverse Childhood Experience, Attachment, Narcissism, Self-Compassion and Motivation in a Gender-Balanced Sample. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2019.1615585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kotera
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Derby, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Rhodes
- Centre for Human Sciences Research, University of Derby, Derby, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
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The Love Addiction Inventory: Preliminary Findings of the Development Process and Psychometric Characteristics. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlthough the existence of dysfunctional love relationships is well known and the term “love addiction” dates back to the 1970s, empirical studies on this topic are still limited. The biggest problem is arguably is the lack of a clear definition of the love addiction construct and the lack of psychometric instruments for the assessment of its symptoms. The aim of the present study was to develop and examine the psychometric characteristics of a self-report scale assessing love addiction using the components model of behavioral addiction. Two studies based on the splitting of a total sample of 663 participants involved in an intimate relationship (for at least for 6 months) were recruited to examine the psychometric characteristics of the newly developed love addiction scale and its six-item short-form. In the first study, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with a sample of 329 participants. In the second study, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach was used with a sample of 334 participants engaged in a romantic relationship. In both studies, reliability and concurrent validity were also examined. Results suggested that the factor structure of the Love Addiction Inventory and its six-item short-form is in line with the theoretical framework and showed good reliability and concurrent validity. The LAI in both short and longer forms are psychometrically robust and can be used to assess love addiction in future studies.
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Varfi N, Rothen S, Jasiowka K, Lepers T, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Khazaal Y. Sexual Desire, Mood, Attachment Style, Impulsivity, and Self-Esteem as Predictive Factors for Addictive Cybersex. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e9978. [PMID: 30664470 PMCID: PMC6360388 DOI: 10.2196/mental.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies are concerned with various aspects of cybersex addiction, the difficulty some persons have in limiting cybersex use despite a negative impact on everyday life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess potential links between the outcome variable cybersex addiction, assessed with the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) adapted for cybersex use, and several psychological and psychopathological factors, including sexual desire, mood, attachment style, impulsivity, and self-esteem, by taking into account the age, sex, and sexual orientation of cybersex users. METHODS A Web-based survey was conducted in which participants were assessed for sociodemographic variables and with the following instruments: CIUS adapted for cybersex use, Sexual Desire Inventory, and Short Depression-Happiness Scale. Moreover, attachment style was assessed with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire (Anxiety and Avoidance subscales). Impulsivity was measured by using the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale. Global self-esteem was assessed with the 1-item Self-Esteem Scale. RESULTS A sample of 145 subjects completed the study. Addictive cybersex use was associated with higher levels of sexual desire, depressive mood, avoidant attachment style, and male gender but not with impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Addictive cybersex use is a function of sexual desire, depressive mood, and avoidant attachment.
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Castro-Calvo J, Ballester-Arnal R, Billieux J, Gil-Juliá B, Gil-Llario MD. Spanish validation of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:584-600. [PMID: 30273048 PMCID: PMC6426369 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sexual addiction is a pathological behavior characterized by a combination of excessive sexual desire and impaired ability to control it. Its incidence ranges between 1.2% and 32.2%, although this number may vary depending on the screening tool used. This wide variability is largely due to the use of non-validated instruments (e.g., structural validity relying on exploratory analyses, instruments translated without an additional validation process, or instruments validated in another format). To deal with these limitations, this study tested the psychometric properties of the Spanish paper-and-pencil and online versions of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST). METHODS A total of 2,528 participants (1,163 males) completed the Spanish version of the SAST, along with other instruments assessing sexual compulsivity (1,585 = paper-and-pencil, 943 = online). RESULTS The exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor structure explaining 57.39% of the variance for the SAST paper-and-pencil version. This factor structure was then verified for the online version through the use of confirmatory factor analysis [χ2(264) = 441.59; χ2/df = 1.66; RMSEA = 0.02; CFI = 0.94; IFI = 0.94]. This methodology was also used to support measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar invariance) according to gender. The reliability of the total score ranged from .82 to .85. Similarly, correlations with related scales were positive and significant (r between .22 and .71). Temporal stability 1 year after the first application was 0.65 (paper-and-pencil format) and 0.60 (online version). CONCLUSION These results, together with the absence of questionnaires translated into Spanish to assess this construct, justify the use of the SAST in the evaluation of sexual addiction in Spanish-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Castro-Calvo
- Salusex-Unisexsida, Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rafael Ballester-Arnal
- Salusex-Unisexsida, Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Joel Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Beatriz Gil-Juliá
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gil-Llario
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universitat de València, Estudi General, Spain
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