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Wilken S, Böttcher A, Adelhöfer N, Raab M, Beste C, Hoffmann S. Neural oscillations guiding action during effects imagery. Behav Brain Res 2024; 469:115063. [PMID: 38777262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Goal-directed acting requires the integration of sensory information but can also be performed without direct sensory input. Examples of this can be found in sports and can be conceptualized by feedforward processes. There is, however, still a lack of understanding of the temporal neural dynamics and neuroanatomical structures involved in such processes. In the current study, we used EEG beamforming methods and examined 37 healthy participants in two well-controlled experiments varying the necessity of anticipatory processes during goal-directed action. We found that alpha and beta activity in the medial and posterior cingulate cortex enabled feedforward predictions about the position of an object based on the latest sensorimotor state. On this basis, theta band activity seems more related to sensorimotor representations, while beta band activity would be more involved in setting up the structure of the neural representations themselves. Alpha band activity in sensory cortices reflects an intensified gating of the anticipated perceptual consequences of the to-be-executed action. Together, the findings indicate that goal-directed acting through the anticipation of the predicted state of an effector is based on accompanying processes in multiple frequency bands in midcingulate and sensory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wilken
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, & Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Adriana Böttcher
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Nico Adelhöfer
- Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Raab
- Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Shandong Normal University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Sven Hoffmann
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, & Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany.
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2
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Alrosan AZ, Heilat GB, Alrosan K, Aleikish AA, Rabbaa AN, Shakhatreh AM, Alshalout EM, Al Momany EM. Autonomic brain functioning and age-related health concerns. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100123. [PMID: 38510918 PMCID: PMC10950753 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and digestion, in addition to controlling motivation and behavior. In older adults, the ANS is dysregulated, which changes the ability of the ANS to respond to physiological signals, regulate cardiovascular autonomic functionality, diminish gastric motility, and exacerbate sleep problems. For example, a decrease in heart rate variability, or the variation in the interval between heartbeats, is one of the most well-known alterations in the ANS associated with health issues, including cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline. The inability to perform fundamental activities of daily living and compromising the physiological reactivity or motivational responses of older adults to moving toward or away from specific environmental stimuli are significant negative consequences of chronic and geriatric conditions that pose grave threats to autonomy, health, and well-being. The most updated research has investigated the associations between the action responsiveness of older adults and the maintenance of their physiological and physical health or the development of mental and physical health problems. Once autonomic dysfunction may significantly influence the development of different age-related diseases, including ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases, this review aimed to assess the relationship between aging and autonomic functions. The review explored how motivational responses, physiological reactivity, cognitive processes, and lifelong developmental changes associated with aging impact the ANS and contribute to the emergence of health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Z. Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Ghaith B. Heilat
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Khaled Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Abrar A. Aleikish
- Master of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Aya N. Rabbaa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Aseel M. Shakhatreh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ehab M. Alshalout
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Enaam M.A. Al Momany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
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3
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Voigt L, Hill Y, Frenkel MO. Testing the hormesis hypothesis on motor behavior under stress. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 115:104161. [PMID: 37935066 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
While much research has focused on the deleterious effects of stress on goal-directed behavior in recent decades, current views increasingly discuss growth under stress, often assuming dose-dependent effects of stress in a curvilinear association. This is based on the concept of hormesis, which postulates a strengthening effect of stress at low-to-moderate doses. Leveraging this approach, hormetic curves indicate under which stress dose an individual is able to maintain or even increase goal-directed behavior. The present study aimed to test the hormetic effect of low-to-moderate stress on tactical movement performance in the context of police operational scenarios in virtual reality. In teams of three to four, 37 riot police officers had to search a building for a potentially aggressive perpetrator in three scenarios with escalating stress potential (i.e., increasing weapon violence and number of civilians). Tactical movement performance as behavioral response was quantified by the sample entropy of each officer's velocity derived from positional data. To account for inter-individuality in response to the scenarios, we assessed self-reported stress, anxiety, mental effort, and vagally mediated heart rate variability. Specifically, we tested the quadratic associations between tactical movement performance and stress parameters, respectively. Random-intercept-random-slope regressions revealed neither significant linear nor quadratic associations between any of the stress parameters and performance. While we did not find evidence for hormesis in the present study, it stimulates theoretical discussions about the definition of "baseline" functioning and how the understanding of hormesis can move from psychological to behavioral adaptations to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Voigt
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Psychology, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yannick Hill
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands; Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Colorado Springs, USA.
| | - Marie Ottilie Frenkel
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Germany; Faculty of Health, Safety, Society, Furtwangen University, Germany
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Böttcher A, Adelhöfer N, Wilken S, Raab M, Hoffmann S, Beste C. TRACK-a new algorithm and open-source tool for the analysis of pursuit-tracking sensorimotor integration processes. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:433-446. [PMID: 36698001 PMCID: PMC10794298 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, sensorimotor integration processes are fundamental for many cognitive operations. The pursuit-tracking paradigm is an ecological and valid paradigm to examine sensorimotor integration processes in a more complex environment than many established tasks that assess simple motor responses. However, the analysis of pursuit-tracking performance is complicated, and parameters quantified to examine performance are sometimes ambiguous regarding their interpretation. We introduce an open-source algorithm (TRACK) to calculate a new tracking error metric, the spatial error, based on the identification of the intended target position for the respective cursor position. The identification is based on assigning cursor and target direction changes to each other as key events, based on the assumptions of similarity and proximity. By applying our algorithm to pursuit-tracking data, beyond replication of known effects such as learning or practice effects, we show a higher precision of the spatial tracking error, i.e., it fits our behavioral data better than the temporal tracking error and thus provides new insights and parameters for the investigation of pursuit-tracking behavior. Our work provides an important step towards fully utilizing the potential of pursuit-tracking tasks for research on sensorimotor integration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Böttcher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cognitive Neurophysiology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University Neuropsychology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nico Adelhöfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cognitive Neurophysiology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University Neuropsychology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Saskia Wilken
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, & Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Markus Raab
- Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Sven Hoffmann
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, & Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cognitive Neurophysiology, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University Neuropsychology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Wilken S, Böttcher A, Adelhöfer N, Raab M, Hoffmann S, Beste C. The neurophysiology of continuous action monitoring. iScience 2023; 26:106939. [PMID: 37332673 PMCID: PMC10275727 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring actions is essential for goal-directed behavior. However, as opposed to short-lasting, and regularly reinstating monitoring functions, the neural processes underlying continuous action monitoring are poorly understood. We investigate this using a pursuit-tracking paradigm. We show that beta band activity likely maintains the sensorimotor program, while theta and alpha bands probably support attentional sampling and information gating, respectively. Alpha and beta band activity are most relevant during the initial tracking period, when sensorimotor calibrations are most intense. Theta band shifts from parietal to frontal cortices throughout tracking, likely reflecting a shift in the functional relevance from attentional sampling to action monitoring. This study shows that resource allocation mechanisms in prefrontal areas and stimulus-response mapping processes in the parietal cortex are crucial for adapting sensorimotor processes. It fills a knowledge gap in understanding the neural processes underlying action monitoring and suggests new directions for examining sensorimotor integration in more naturalistic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wilken
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, and Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Adriana Böttcher
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nico Adelhöfer
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Donders Institute of Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Raab
- Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Sven Hoffmann
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, and Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Voigt L, Friedrich J, Grove P, Heinrich N, Ittlinger S, Iskra M, Koop L, Michirev A, Sparascio S, Raab M. Advancing judgment and decision-making research in sport psychology by using the body as an informant in embodied choices. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Everyone Can Implement Eduball in Physical Education to Develop Cognitive and Motor Skills in Primary School Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031275. [PMID: 35162296 PMCID: PMC8835283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that incorporating core academic subjects into physical education (PE) stimulates the development of both motor and cognitive skills in primary school students. For example, several experiments show that children’s participation in Eduball, i.e., a method that uses educational balls with printed letters, numbers, and other signs, improves their physical fitness while simultaneously developing their mathematical and language skills. However, the question of who should conduct such classes to make them most effective (regular classroom teachers, physical education teachers, or maybe both in cooperation?) remains unanswered. Here, we replicated a previous Eduball experiment, but now, instead of one experimental group, there were three. In the first, Eduball-classes were conducted by the classroom teacher, in the second, by the physical education teacher, and in the third, collaboratively. After one year intervention, all experimental groups significantly improved both their cognitive (mathematical, reading, and writing) and gross motor (locomotor and object control) skills, and these effects were larger than in the control group participating in traditional PE. Importantly, there were no differences in progression between the Eduball-groups. Thus, our study demonstrates that methods linking PE with cognitive tasks can be effectively used by both PE specialists and general classroom teachers.
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Musculus L, Tünte MR, Raab M, Kayhan E. An Embodied Cognition Perspective on the Role of Interoception in the Development of the Minimal Self. Front Psychol 2021; 12:716950. [PMID: 34712171 PMCID: PMC8547517 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception is an often neglected but crucial aspect of the human minimal self. In this perspective, we extend the embodiment account of interoceptive inference to explain the development of the minimal self in humans. To do so, we first provide a comparative overview of the central accounts addressing the link between interoception and the minimal self. Grounding our arguments on the embodiment framework, we propose a bidirectional relationship between motor and interoceptive states, which jointly contribute to the development of the minimal self. We present empirical findings on interoception in development and discuss the role of interoception in the development of the minimal self. Moreover, we make theoretical predictions that can be tested in future experiments. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive view on the mechanisms underlying the minimal self by explaining the role of interoception in the development of the minimal self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musculus
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus R. Tünte
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Raab
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ezgi Kayhan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Slow-Paced Breathing: Influence of Inhalation/Exhalation Ratio and of Respiratory Pauses on Cardiac Vagal Activity. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slow-paced breathing has been shown to enhance the self-regulation abilities of athletes via its influence on cardiac vagal activity. However, the role of certain respiratory parameters (i.e., inhalation/exhalation ratio and presence of a respiratory pause between respiratory phases) still needs to be clarified. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of these respiratory parameters on the effects of slow-paced breathing on cardiac vagal activity. A total of 64 athletes (27 female; Mage = 22, age range = 18–30 years old) participated in a within-subject experimental design. Participants performed six breathing conditions within one session, with a 5 min washout period between each condition. Each condition lasted 5 min, with 30 respiratory cycles, and each respiratory cycle lasted 10 s (six cycles per minute), with inhalation/exhalation ratios of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2; and with or without respiratory pauses (0.4 s) between respiratory phases. Results indicated that the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), a marker of cardiac vagal activity, was higher when exhalation was longer than inhalation. The presence of a brief (0.4 s) post-inhalation and post-exhalation respiratory pause did not further influence RMSSD. Athletes practicing slow-paced breathing are recommended to use an inhalation/exhalation ratio in which the exhalation phase is longer than the inhalation phase.
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Effects of rhythmic visual cues on cognitive resources allocation characterized by electroencephalographic (EEG) features during human gait initiation. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135828. [PMID: 33781911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic visual cues are beneficial in gait initiation (GI) in Parkinson's disease patients with freezing of gait (FOG), however, the underlying neurophysiological mechanism remains poorly understood. The cognitive control modulated by visual cues during GI has been investigated and considered as a potential factor influencing automatic motor actions, but it is unclear how rhythmic visual cues affect cognitive resources demands during GI. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of rhythmic visual cues on cognitive resources allocation by recording the anticipatory cerebral cortex electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during GI. Twenty healthy participants initiated gait in response to the rhythmic and non-rhythmic visual cues of stimulus presentation. We assessed the contingent negative variation (CNV) of averaged EEG data over 32 electrode positions during GI preparation, the results of which showed that the CNV was induced over prefrontal, frontal, central, and parietal regions in both rhythmic conditions and non-rhythmic conditions. Overall, different visual cues modulated the amplitude of CNV in the early and late stages of the GI preparation. Compared with the non-rhythmic condition, the CNV amplitude was lower in rhythmic condition over displayed regions precede the GI onset. In the late stage of GI preparation, it showed significant differences between the two conditions in prefrontal, frontal, and central regions, and the amplitude of CNV was lower under rhythmic condition. More to the point, the differences were more obvious in the late stage of GI preparation between the two conditions, which was closely associated with the cognitive resources. Therefore, the results indicate that less cognitive resources allocation is required to trigger GI under rhythmic visual cues compared with non-rhythmic visual cues. This study may provide a new insight into why rhythmic visual cues are more effective in improving GI ability compared to non-rhythmic visual cues.
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Berchicci M, Sulpizio V, Mento G, Lucci G, Civale N, Galati G, Pitzalis S, Spinelli D, Di Russo F. Prompting future events: Effects of temporal cueing and time on task on brain preparation to action. Brain Cogn 2020; 141:105565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Castro-Sánchez M, Zurita-Ortega F, Ubago-Jiménez JL, González-Valero G, García-Mármol E, Chacón-Cuberos R. Relationships between Anxiety, Emotional Intelligence, and Motivational Climate among Adolescent Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E34. [PMID: 30717251 PMCID: PMC6409893 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional and motivational factors are fundamental in the context of sport, as they directly relate to sports performance and anxiety. METHODS The present study aimed to analyze the relationships between motivational climate (MC), emotional intelligence (EI), and anxiety within a sample of footballers playing at a low level. The sample was composed of 282 registered football players aged between 16 and 18 years old (16.96 ± 0.77), playing in the lower tier in the province of Jaen (Spain). Data were self-reported, with participants responding to the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire (PMCSQ-2), the Schutte Self-Report Inventory (SSRI), and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS The results showed that footballers who reported higher levels of state anxiety and trait anxiety also demonstrated lower EI and more negatively perceived and regulated their emotions. Moreover, an ego-oriented climate was associated with higher levels of anxiety, while a task-oriented climate was related to lower levels of anxiety and higher levels of EI. No relationship was identified between the emotional aspects of young footballers and holding a motivational orientation toward an ego climate. CONCLUSIONS Football players who more greatly perceived a task-oriented climate had higher EI and usually reported lower levels of anxiety related to sport performance. It is therefore important to promote intrinsic motivations and develop the capacity of footballers to regulate their own emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (F.Z.-O.); (J.L.U.-J.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Félix Zurita-Ortega
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (F.Z.-O.); (J.L.U.-J.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - José Luis Ubago-Jiménez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (F.Z.-O.); (J.L.U.-J.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Gabriel González-Valero
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; (M.C.-S.); (F.Z.-O.); (J.L.U.-J.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Eduardo García-Mármol
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain;
| | - Ramón Chacón-Cuberos
- Department of Research and Diagnosis Methods in Education, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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