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Boots A, Schrantee A, Wiegersma AM, Aflalo S, Groot PFC, Roseboom TJ, de Rooij SR. Brain activity during Stroop task performance at age 74 after exposure to the Dutch famine during early gestation. Brain Cogn 2024; 177:106162. [PMID: 38703528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poorer performance on the Stroop task has been reported after prenatal famine exposure at age 58, potentially indicating cognitive decline. We investigated whether brain activation during Stroop task performance at age 74 differed between individuals exposed to famine prenatally, individuals born before and individuals conceived after the famine. METHOD In the Dutch famine birth cohort, we performed a Stroop task fMRI study of individuals exposed (n = 22) or unexposed (born before (n = 18) or conceived after (n = 25)) to famine in early gestation. We studied group differences in task-related mean activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Additionally, we explored potential disconnectivity of the DLPFC using psychophysiological interaction analysis. RESULTS We observed similar activation patterns in the DLPFC, ACC and PPC in individuals born before and individuals exposed to famine, while individuals conceived after famine had generally higher activation patterns. However, activation patterns were not significantly different between groups. Task-related decreases in connectivity were observed between left DLPFC-left PPC and right DLPFC-right PPC, but were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Although not statistically significant, the observed patterns of activation may reflect a combined effect of general brain aging and prenatal famine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boots
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Schrantee
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A M Wiegersma
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S Aflalo
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - P F C Groot
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - T J Roseboom
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S R de Rooij
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Aging and Later Life, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Tan XR, Stephenson MC, Alhadad SB, Loh KWZ, Soong TW, Lee JKW, Low ICC. Elevated brain temperature under severe heat exposure impairs cortical motor activity and executive function. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:233-244. [PMID: 37678507 PMCID: PMC10980903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive heat exposure can lead to hyperthermia in humans, which impairs physical performance and disrupts cognitive function. While heat is a known physiological stressor, it is unclear how severe heat stress affects brain physiology and function. METHODS Eleven healthy participants were subjected to heat stress from prolonged exercise or warm water immersion until their rectal temperatures (Tre) attained 39.5°C, inducing exertional or passive hyperthermia, respectively. In a separate trial, blended ice was ingested before and during exercise as a cooling strategy. Data were compared to a control condition with seated rest (normothermic). Brain temperature (Tbr), cerebral perfusion, and task-based brain activity were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. RESULTS Tbr in motor cortex was found to be tightly regulated at rest (37.3°C ± 0.4°C (mean ± SD)) despite fluctuations in Tre. With the development of hyperthermia, Tbr increases and dovetails with the rising Tre. Bilateral motor cortical activity was suppressed during high-intensity plantarflexion tasks, implying a reduced central motor drive in hyperthermic participants (Tre = 38.5°C ± 0.1°C). Global gray matter perfusion and regional perfusion in sensorimotor cortex were reduced with passive hyperthermia. Executive function was poorer under a passive hyperthermic state, and this could relate to compromised visual processing as indicated by the reduced activation of left lateral-occipital cortex. Conversely, ingestion of blended ice before and during exercise alleviated the rise in both Tre and Tbr and mitigated heat-related neural perturbations. CONCLUSION Severe heat exposure elevates Tbr, disrupts motor cortical activity and executive function, and this can lead to impairment of physical and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren Tan
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 138683, Singapore; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Mary C Stephenson
- Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Sharifah Badriyah Alhadad
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Kelvin W Z Loh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Jason K W Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; Heat Resilience and Performance Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117510, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Ivan C C Low
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
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Liu D, Jamshaid S, Wang L. The mechanism of inhibition control in mathematical reasoning: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroreport 2024; 35:136-142. [PMID: 38109464 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ability to comprehend and engage in mathematical reasoning is a fundamental cognitive skill, central to problem-solving and critical thinking. However, the intricate cognitive processes underlying mathematical reasoning, particularly in relation to inhibitory control, have garnered increasing attention in recent research. While previous studies have explored this connection, there remains a need for a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between inhibitory control and mathematical reasoning. This study explored the contribution of response inhibition and semantic inhibition to scientific reasoning by comparing the brain activation of the speeded-reasoning task of mathematical subdomain concepts with that of the Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks. METHOD Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was recorded in 28 subjects performing Go/Nogo tasks, Stroop tasks and speeded-reasoning tasks. The study was divided into two parts. In one part, subjects performed the Go/Nogo task and the Stroop task, and in the other part, subjects performed speeded-reasoning tasks. RESULTS The results showed that the subjects had slower responses and lower accuracy when judging incongruent statements. The concentration of oxy-Hb in the brain region related to inhibition was increased. In addition, the oxy-Hb in reasoning incongruent nonmathematical statements was correlated to the Go/Nogo task, whereas the oxy-Hb in reasoning incongruent mathematical statements was correlated to the Stroop task. CONCLUSION This result supports the hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a role in the scientific reasoning of mathematical subdomain concepts, and both response inhibition and semantic inhibition are involved in suppressing the interference of mathematical misconceptions.Supplementary Video Abstract, Supplemental digital content 1, http://links.lww.com/WNR/A732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Liu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Xu H, Yang G, Wu H, Xiao J, Li Q, Liu X. Distinct mechanisms underlying cross-modal semantic conflict and response conflict processing. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad539. [PMID: 38212286 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Interference from task-irrelevant stimuli can occur during the semantic and response processing stages. Previous studies have shown both common and distinct mechanisms underlying semantic conflict processing and response conflict processing in the visual domain. However, it remains unclear whether common and/or distinct mechanisms are involved in semantic conflict processing and response conflict processing in the cross-modal domain. Therefore, the present electroencephalography study adopted an audiovisual 2-1 mapping Stroop task to investigate whether common and/or distinct mechanisms underlie semantic conflict and response conflict. Behaviorally, significant cross-modal semantic conflict and significant cross-modal response conflict were observed. Electroencephalography results revealed that the frontal N2 amplitude and theta power increased only in the semantic conflict condition, while the parietal N450 amplitude increased only in the response conflict condition. These findings indicated that distinct neural mechanisms were involved in cross-modal semantic conflict and response conflict processing, supporting the domain-specific cognitive control mechanisms from a cross-modal multistage conflict processing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China
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5
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Yao T, Vanduffel W. Conflict detection and resolution in macaque frontal eye fields. Commun Biol 2024; 7:119. [PMID: 38263256 PMCID: PMC10805886 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulus-induced conflicts in decision-making tasks produce both behavioral and neuronal congruency effects. However, how and when conflicts are detected and resolved at the neuronal level remains largely unclear. To address these issues, we recorded from single neurons in the frontal eye fields of two macaques performing a conflict task. Although the temporal dynamics of the neuronal congruency effects are independent of the specific task rules, they are substantially different in target- and distractor-encoding neurons. Conflicts were detected ~100 ms after the conflict-inducing cue (20-30 ms after the visual response), which is much faster than predicted based on human EEG results. This suggests that conflict detection relies on a fast mechanism in frontal eye fields. Resolving the conflict at the neuronal level, however, requires between <400 ms to ~1000 ms, and shows profound interindividual differences and depends on task rules, indicating that it is a more complex and top-down driven process. Our findings illuminate the neuronal mechanisms underlying decision-making when a conflict is present, a crucial cognitive process playing a role in basic survival and high-level cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yao
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02144, USA.
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Xu P, Wang S, Yang Y, Guragai B, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Jin Z, Li L. cTBS to Right DLPFC Modulates Physiological Correlates of Conflict Processing: Evidence from a Stroop task. Brain Topogr 2024; 37:37-51. [PMID: 37880501 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-01015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Conflict typically occurs when goal-directed processing competes with more automatic responses. Though previous studies have highlighted the importance of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) in conflict processing, its causal role remains unclear. In the current study, the behavioral experiment, the continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), and the electroencephalography (EEG) were combined to explore the effects of behavioral performance and physiological correlates during conflict processing, after the cTBS over the rDLPFC and vertex (the control condition). Twenty-six healthy participants performed the Stroop task which included congruent and incongruent trials. Although the cTBS did not induce significant changes in the behavioral performance, the cTBS over the rDLPFC reduced the Stroop effects of conflict monitoring-related frontal-central N2 component and theta oscillation, and conflict resolution-related parieto-occipital alpha oscillation, compared to the vertex stimulation. Moreover, a significant hemispheric difference in alpha oscillation was exploratively observed after the cTBS over the rDLPFC. Interestingly, we found the rDLPFC stimulation resulted in significantly reduced Stroop effects of theta and gamma oscillation after response, which may reflect the adjustment of cognitive control for the next trial. In conclusion, our study not only demonstrated the critical involvement of the rDLPFC in conflict monitoring, conflict resolution processing, and conflict adaptation but also revealed the electrophysiological mechanism of conflict processing mediated by the rDLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yulu Yang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Bishal Guragai
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Qiuzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhenlan Jin
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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7
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Parris BA, Hasshim N, Ferrand L, Augustinova M. Onset complexity and task conflict in the Stroop task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023:17470218231214515. [PMID: 37926839 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231214515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the extent to which a key marker of task conflict, negative facilitation, is modified by onset complexity. Negative facilitation, slower reaction times (RTs) to congruent stimuli than to non-lexical neutral stimuli in the Stroop task, is thought to reflect competition between the task sets of colour naming and word reading in the Stroop task (also known as task conflict). That is, it reflects competition between whole task sets, over and above any competition between specific responses associated with a stimulus. An alternative account of negative facilitation argues that it reflects the specific phonological processing differences between pronounceable (e.g., congruent) and non-pronounceable (e.g., xxxx) stimuli that are magnified by the specific task contexts that produce negative facilitation (a mostly non-lexical trial context). Here we used onset complexity to manipulate pronounceability of the irrelevant words in the Stroop task to test this alternative account. However, before applying manipulations that produce negative facilitation, we initially tested whether there was an effect of onset complexity on Stroop task performance. The results from Experiment(s) 1 (and 3) showed that complex onsets led to larger positive facilitation and congruency effects relative to simple onsets, but did not modify incongruent or neutral-word RTs. Experiment 2 directly tested whether onset complexity modifies negative facilitation and provided strong evidence for no effect of onset complexity, contrary to the alternative account predictions. The implications of the results for task conflict theory, selective attention, and phonological processing in the manual response Stroop task are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Nabil Hasshim
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Ludovic Ferrand
- CNRS, LAPSCO, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Keha E, Kalanthroff E. Proactive control affects task conflict beyond contingency learning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023:17470218231210533. [PMID: 37864484 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231210533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Various models of the Stroop task suggest that proactive task control adaptation accounts for the modulation of task conflict in different conditions of the Stroop task, for example, when task conflict is very frequent or very infrequent. Other researchers have argued that a contingency learning of colour-word associations is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. In this work, we constructed a design that controls for confounds that are suspected to rule out the role of control adaptation in the Stroop task. We focused on one type of conflict-task conflict and tested whether colour-naming of neutral-words (where task conflict is present) differed from colour-naming of neutral-symbols (where task conflict is not present) in four different conditions: mostly words-congruent, mostly words-incongruent, mostly words-neutral, or mostly non-words-shape. Importantly, the conditions used for the task conflict marker were identical in all four conditions. We found that the marker of task conflict (reaction time [RT] for neutral-words > RT for neutral-symbols) was significant in the mostly non-words-shape condition, where proactive task control is relaxed, but not in the mostly words conditions, where proactive task control is activated, with no difference between these three words conditions. These findings suggest that control adaptation is the main contributor to the modulations of the Stroop effect. The relevance of the results to the current literature is discussed and the results are explained in light of the proactive control-task conflict (PC-TC) model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldad Keha
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, Beer Tuvia, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Di Russo F, Bianco V. Time Course of Reactive Brain Activities during a Stroop Color-Word Task: Evidence of Specific Facilitation and Interference Effects. Brain Sci 2023; 13:982. [PMID: 37508914 PMCID: PMC10377081 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stroop test represents a widely used task in basic and clinical research for approaching the cognitive system functioning in humans. However, a clear overview of the neurophysiological signatures associated with the different sub-domains of this task remains controversial. In the present study, we leveraged the EEG technique to explore the modulation of specific post-stimulus ERPs components during the Stroop test. Critically, to better disentangle the contribution of facilitation (i.e., faster color identification times for color-congruent Stroop words) and interference (i.e., longer color identification times for color-incongruent Stroop words) processes prompted by the Stroop test, we delivered congruent and incongruent trials in two separate experimental blocks, each including the respective neutral condition. Thanks to this methodological manipulation, we were able to clearly dissociate the two sub-processes. Electrophysiological results suggest specific markers of brain activity for the facilitation and the interference effects. Indeed, distinctive Stroop-related ERPs (i.e., the P3, the N450, and the LPC) were differently modulated in the two sub-processes. Collectively, we provide evidence of selected brain activities involved in the reactive stage of processing associated with the Stroop effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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10
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Marshall S, Gabiazon R, Persaud P, Nagamatsu LS. What do functional neuroimaging studies tell us about the association between falls and cognition in older adults? A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101859. [PMID: 36669688 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Impaired cognition is a known risk factor for falls in older adults. To enhance prevention strategies and treatment of falls among an aging global population, an understanding of the neural processes and networks involved is required. We present a systematic review investigating how functional neuroimaging techniques have been used to examine the association between falls and cognition in seniors. Peer-reviewed articles were identified through searching five electronic databases: 1) Medline, 2) PsycINFO, 3) CINAHL, 4) EMBASE, and 5) Pubmed. Key author, key paper, and reference searching was also conducted. Nine studies were included in this review. A questionnaire composed of seven questions was used to assess the quality of each study. EEG, fMRI, and PET were utilized across studies to examine brain function in older adults. Consistent evidence demonstrates that cognition is associated with measures of falls/falls risk, specifically visual attention and executive function. Our results show that falls/falls risk may be implicated with specific brain regions and networks. Future studies should be prospective and long-term in nature, with standardized outcome measures. Mobile neuroimaging techniques may also provide insight into brain activity as it pertains to cognition and falls in older adults in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Marshall
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphael Gabiazon
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyanka Persaud
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Nagamatsu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Western University, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Xiao Y, Chou CC, Cosgrove GR, Crone NE, Stone S, Madsen JR, Reucroft I, Shih YC, Weisholtz D, Yu HY, Anderson WS, Kreiman G. Cross-task specificity and within-task invariance of cognitive control processes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111919. [PMID: 36640346 PMCID: PMC9993332 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control involves flexibly combining multiple sensory inputs with task-dependent goals during decision making. Several tasks involving conflicting sensory inputs and motor outputs have been proposed to examine cognitive control, including the Stroop, Flanker, and multi-source interference task. Because these tasks have been studied independently, it remains unclear whether the neural signatures of cognitive control reflect abstract control mechanisms or specific combinations of sensory and behavioral aspects of each task. To address these questions, we record invasive neurophysiological signals from 16 patients with pharmacologically intractable epilepsy and compare neural responses within and between tasks. Neural signals differ between incongruent and congruent conditions, showing strong modulation by conflicting task demands. These neural signals are mostly specific to each task, generalizing within a task but not across tasks. These results highlight the complex interplay between sensory inputs, motor outputs, and task demands underlying cognitive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Chen Chou
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Scellig Stone
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph R Madsen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Reucroft
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yen-Cheng Shih
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Weisholtz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Yu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Parris BA, Hasshim N, Ferrand L, Augustinova M. Do Task Sets Compete in the Stroop Task and Other Selective Attention Paradigms? J Cogn 2023; 6:23. [PMID: 37152834 PMCID: PMC10162324 DOI: 10.5334/joc.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Task sets have been argued to play an important role in cognition, giving rise to the notions of needing to switch between active task sets and to control competing task sets in selective attention tasks. For example, it has been argued that Stroop interference results from two categories of conflict: informational and task (set) conflict. Informational conflict arises from processing the word and is resolved by a late selection mechanism; task conflict arises when two task sets (i.e., word reading and colour identification) compete for activation and can be construed as involving an early selection mechanism. However, recent work has argued that task set control might not be needed to explain all of the switching cost in task switching studies. Here we consider whether task conflict plays a role in selective attention tasks. In particular, we consider whether S-R associations, which lead to informational conflict, are enough on their own to explain findings attributed to task set conflict. We review and critically evaluate both the findings that provided the original impetus for proposing task conflict in selective attention tasks and more recent findings reporting negative facilitation (longer RTs to congruent than to neutral stimuli) - a unique marker of task conflict. We then provide a tentative alternative account of negative facilitation based on poor control over informational conflict and apply it to a number of paradigms including the Colour-Object interference and Affordances tasks. It is argued that invoking competition between task sets in selective attention tasks might not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabil Hasshim
- School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Ludovic Ferrand
- UniversitéClermont Auvergne, CNRS, LAPSCO, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Grégoire C, Majerus S. Resisting Visual, Phonological, and Semantic Interference - Same or Different Processes? A Focused Mini-Review. Psychol Belg 2023; 62:44-63. [PMID: 37064504 PMCID: PMC10103719 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The unitary nature of resistance to interference (RI) processes remains a strongly debated question: are they central cognitive processes or are they specific to the stimulus domains on which they operate? This focused mini-review examines behavioral, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence for and against domain-general RI processes, by distinguishing visual, verbal phonological and verbal semantic domains. Behavioral studies highlighted overall low associations between RI capacity across domains. Neuropsychological studies mainly report dissociations for RI abilities between the three domains. Neuroimaging studies highlight a left vs. right hemisphere distinction for verbal vs. visual RI, with furthermore distinct neural processes supporting phonological versus semantic RI in the left inferior frontal gyrus. While overall results appear to support the hypothesis of domain-specific RI processes, we discuss a number of methodological caveats that ask for caution in the interpretation of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Grégoire
- Psychology & Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Steve Majerus
- Psychology & Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research FNRS, Belgium
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Wang Q, Dai W, Xu S, Zhu S, Sui Y, Kan C, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Guo C, Wang T. Brain activation of the PFC during dual-task walking in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1111274. [PMID: 36875661 PMCID: PMC9980909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1111274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dual-task walking is a good paradigm to measure the walking ability of stroke patients in daily life. It allows for a better observation of brain activation under dual-task walking to assess the impact of the different tasks on the patient when combining with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). This review aims to summarize the cortical change of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) detected in single-task and dual-task walking in stroke patients. Methods Six databases (Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library) were systematically searched for relevant studies, from inception to August 2022. Studies that measured the brain activation of single-task and dual-task walking in stroke patients were included. The main outcome of the study was PFC activity measured using fNIRS. In addition, a subgroup analysis was also performed for study characteristics based on HbO to analyze the different effects of disease duration and the type of dual task. Results Ten articles were included in the final review, and nine articles were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. The primary analysis showed more significant PFC activation in stroke patients performing dual-task walking than single-task walking (SMD = 0.340, P = 0.02, I 2 = 7.853%, 95% CI = 0.054-0.626). The secondary analysis showed a significant difference in PFC activation when performing dual-task walking and single-task walking in chronic patients (SMD = 0.369, P = 0.038, I 2 = 13.692%, 95% CI = 0.020-0.717), but not in subacute patients (SMD = 0.203, P = 0.419, I 2 = 0%, 95% CI = -0.289-0.696). In addition, performing walking combining serial subtraction (SMD = 0.516, P < 0.001, I 2 = 0%, 95% CI = 0.239-0.794), obstacle crossing (SMD = 0.564, P = 0.002, I 2 = 0%, 95% CI = 0.205-0.903), or a verbal task (SMD = 0.654, P = 0.009, I 2 = 0%, 95% CI = 0.164-1.137) had more PFC activation than single-task walking, while performing the n-back task did not show significant differentiation (SMD = 0.203, P = 0.419, I 2 = 0%, 95% CI = -0.289-0.696). Conclusions Different dual-task paradigms produce different levels of dual-task interference in stroke patients with different disease durations, and it is important to choose the matching dual-task type in relation to the walking ability and cognitive ability of the patient, in order to better improve the assessment and training effects. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42022356699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changzhou Dean Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Shizhe Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youxin Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaojie Kan
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Changzhou Dean Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Decoding Selective Attention and Cognitive Control Processing Through Stroop Interference Effect: An Event-Related Electroencephalography-Derived Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs-130337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The process of cognitive control and resultant selective attention construct the shared root of a continuum of neurocognitive functions. Efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information and unwanted attributes has been evaluated through various paradigms. Stroop tasks in different forms could provide a platform for detecting the state of this type of inhibition and selective attention. Computational modeling of electroencephalography (EEG) signals associated with attentional control could complement the investigations of this discipline. Methods: Ninety-six trials of a three-condition Color-Word Stroop task were performed while recording EEG. All subjects (9 participants) were right-handed (20 - 25 years), and half were male. Three-condition signal epochs were redefined as two conditions: (1) Differentiated incongruent epochs (DIe), which are incongruent epochs that their equivalent congruent epochs are subtracted from and (2) Neutral epochs, in which intervals of 150 - 300 ms and 350 - 500 ms post-stimulus were extracted. Preprocessed data were then analyzed, and the whole EEG epoch was considered the variable to be compared between conditions. An acceptably fitted support vector machine (SVM) algorithm classified the data. Results: For each individual, the comparison was made regarding DIe and neutral epochs for two intervals (150 - 300 and 350 - 500 ms). The SVM classification method provided acceptable accuracies at 59 - 65% for the 150 - 300 ms interval and 65 - 70% for the 350 - 500 ms interval within individuals. Regarding frequency domain assessments, the Delta frequency band for these two intervals showed no significant difference between the two conditions. Conclusions: The SVM models performed better for the late event-related epoch (350 - 500 ms) classification. Hence, selective attention-related features were more significant in this temporal interval.
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Neuronal congruency effects in macaque prefrontal cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4702. [PMID: 35948534 PMCID: PMC9365805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between task-relevant and task-irrelevant information may induce conflicts that impair behavioral performance, a.k.a. behavioral congruency effects. The neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral congruency effects, however, are poorly understood. We recorded single unit activity in monkey prefrontal cortex using a task-switching paradigm and discovered a neuronal congruency effect (NCE) that is carried by target and distractor neurons which process target and distractor-related information, respectively. The former neurons provide more signal, the latter less noise in congruent compared to incongruent conditions, resulting in a better target representation. Such NCE is dominated by the level of congruency, and is not determined by the task rules the subjects used, their reaction times (RT), the length of the delay period, nor the response levels of the neurons. We propose that this NCE can explain behavioral congruency effects in general, as well as previous fMRI and EEG results in various conflict paradigms. Stimulus-induced conflicts impair behavior in conflict tasks resulting in a phenomenon known as the behavioral congruency effect. Here, the authors investigate the neural underpinnings of this phenomenon and report a neuronal congruency effect in macaque prefrontal cortex to explain this impairment.
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Goenarjo R, Dupuy O, Fraser S, Berryman N, Perrochon A, Bosquet L. Cardiorespiratory fitness and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during Stroop task in older males. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113621. [PMID: 34648819 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to assess whether executive function and prefrontal oxygenation are dependent on fitness level and age in older adults. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males aged between 55 and 69 years old were recruited for this study. They were stratified by age, leading to the creation of two groups: 55-60 years old and 61-69 years old. A median split based on CRF created higher- and lower-fit categories of participants. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a computerized Stroop task. Accuracy (% of correct responses) and reaction times (ms) were used as behavioural indicators of cognitive performances. Changes in oxygenated (∆[HbO2]) and deoxygenated (∆[HHb]) hemoglobin were measured to capture neural changes. Repeated measures ANOVAs (CRF × Age × Stroop conditions) were performed to test the null hypothesis of an absence of interaction between CRF, Age and executive performance. RESULTS We also found an interaction between CRF and age on reaction times (p = .001), in which higher fitness levels were related to faster reaction times in the 61-69 year olds but not in the 55-60 year olds. Regarding ΔHHb, the ANOVA revealed a main effect of CRF in the right PFC (p = .04), in which higher-fit participants had a greater Δ[HHb] than the lower-fit (d = 1.5). We also found fitness by age interaction for Δ[HHb] in the right PFC (p = .04). CONCLUSION Our results support the positive association of CRF on cerebral oxygenation and Stroop performance in healthy older males. They indicated that high-fit individuals performed better in the 61-69 year olds group, but not in the 55-60 years old group. We also observed a greater PFC oxygenation change (as measured by Δ[HHb]) in the high-fit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goenarjo
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Anaïck Perrochon
- Laboratoire HAVAE (EA 6310), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1029-1053. [PMID: 34389901 PMCID: PMC9090875 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite instructions to ignore the irrelevant word in the Stroop task, it robustly influences the time it takes to identify the color, leading to performance decrements (interference) or enhancements (facilitation). The present review addresses two questions: (1) What levels of processing contribute to Stroop effects; and (2) Where does attentional selection occur? The methods that are used in the Stroop literature to measure the candidate varieties of interference and facilitation are critically evaluated and the processing levels that contribute to Stroop effects are discussed. It is concluded that the literature does not provide clear evidence for a distinction between conflicting and facilitating representations at phonological, semantic and response levels (together referred to as informational conflict), because the methods do not currently permit their isolated measurement. In contrast, it is argued that the evidence for task conflict as being distinct from informational conflict is strong and, thus, that there are at least two loci of attentional selection in the Stroop task. Evidence suggests that task conflict occurs earlier, has a different developmental trajectory and is independently controlled which supports the notion of a separate mechanism of attentional selection. The modifying effects of response modes and evidence for Stroop effects at the level of response execution are also discussed. It is argued that multiple studies claiming to have distinguished response and semantic conflict have not done so unambiguously and that models of Stroop task performance need to be modified to more effectively account for the loci of Stroop effects.
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Kubo N, Watanabe T, Chen X, Matsumoto T, Yunoki K, Kuwabara T, Kirimoto H. The Effect of Prior Knowledge of Color on Behavioral Responses and Event-Related Potentials During Go/No-go Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:674964. [PMID: 34177494 PMCID: PMC8222725 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.674964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In daily life, the meaning of color plays an important role in execution and inhibition of a motor response. For example, the symbolism of traffic light can help pedestrians and drivers to control their behavior, with the color green/blue meaning go and red meaning stop. However, we don't always stop with a red light and sometimes start a movement with it in such a situation as drivers start pressing the brake pedal when a traffic light turns red. In this regard, we investigated how the prior knowledge of traffic light signals impacts reaction times (RTs) and event-related potentials (ERPs) in a Go/No-go task. We set up Blue Go/Red No-go and Red Go/Blue No-go tasks with three different go signal (Go) probabilities (30, 50, and 70%), resulting in six different conditions. The participants were told which color to respond (Blue or Red) just before each condition session but didn't know the Go probability. Neural responses to Go and No-go signals were recorded at Fz, Cz, and Oz (international 10-20 system). We computed RTs for Go signal and N2 and P3 amplitudes from the ERP data. We found that RT was faster when responding to blue than red light signal and also was slower with lower Go probability. Overall, N2 amplitude was larger in Red Go than Blue Go trial and in Red No-go than Blue No-go trial. Furthermore, P3 amplitude was larger in Red No-go than Blue No-go trial. Our findings of RT and N2 amplitude for Go ERPs could indicate the presence of Stroop-like interference, that is a conflict between prior knowledge about traffic light signals and the meaning of presented signal. Meanwhile, the larger N2 and P3 amplitudes in Red No-go trial as compared to Blue No-go trial may be due to years of experience in stopping an action in response to a red signal and/or attention. This study provides the better understanding of the effect of prior knowledge of color on behavioral responses and its underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kubo
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yunoki
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuwabara
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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20
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Parris BA, Wadsley MG, Arabaci G, Hasshim N, Augustinova M, Ferrand L. The effect of high-frequency rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the resolution of response, semantic and task conflict in the colour-word Stroop task. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1241-1252. [PMID: 33608822 PMCID: PMC8036200 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work investigating the effect of rTMS of left Dorso-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) on Stroop task performance reports no changes to the Stroop effect but reduced reaction times on both congruent and incongruent trials relative to sham stimulation; an effect attributed to an enhanced attentional (or task) set for colour classification. The present study tested this account by investigating whether, relative to vertex stimulation, rTMS of the left DLPFC modifies task conflict, a form of conflict that arises when task sets for colour classification and word reading compete, given that this particular type of conflict would be reduced by an enhanced task set for colour classification. Furthermore, the present study included measures of other forms of conflict present in the Stroop task (response and semantic conflict), the potential effects on which would have been hidden in previous studies employing only incongruent and congruent stimuli. Our data showed that left DLPFC stimulation had no effect on the magnitude of task conflict, nor did it affect response, semantic or overall conflict (where the null is supported by sensitive Bayes Factors in most cases). However, consistent with previous research left DLPFC stimulation had the general effect of reducing reaction times. We, therefore, show for the first time that relative to real vertex stimulation left DLPFC stimulation does not modify Stroop interference. Alternative accounts of the role of the left DLPFC in Stroop task performance in which it either modifies response thresholds or facilitates responding by keeping the correct response keys active in working memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Michael G Wadsley
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Gizem Arabaci
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Nabil Hasshim
- School of Applied Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Ludovic Ferrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS LAPSCO, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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21
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Wen HJ, Tsai CL. Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise Combined with Resistance Exercise on Neurocognitive Performance in Obese Women. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110767. [PMID: 33105799 PMCID: PMC7690637 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of the author’s knowledge, there have been no previous studies conducted on the effects of a combination of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on deficit of inhibitory control in obese individuals. The aim of this study was, thus, to examine the effect of a single bout of such an exercise mode on behavioral and cognitive electrophysiological performance involving cognitive interference inhibition in obese women. After the estimated VO2max and percentage fat (measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA) were assessed, 32 sedentary obese female adults were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG), with their behavioral performance being recorded with concomitant electrophysiological signals when performing a Stroop task. Then, the EG engaged in 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and the CG rested for a similar duration of time without engaging in any type of exercise. After the interventions, the neurocognitive performance was measured again in the two groups. The results revealed that although acute exercise did not enhance the behavioral indices (e.g., accuracy rates (ARs) and reaction times (RTs)), cognitive electrophysiological signals were improved (e.g., shorter N2 and P3 latencies, smaller N2 amplitudes, and greater P3 amplitudes) in the Stroop task after the exercise intervention in the EG. The findings indicated that a combination of acute moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance exercise may improve the neurophysiological inhibitory control performance of obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Jhen Wen
- Physical Education Center, College of Education and Communication, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Sports Medicine Center, Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-J.W.); (C.-L.T.); Tel.: +886-3-8565-301 (ext. 1217) (H.-J.W.); +886-6-2757-575 (ext. 81809) (C.-L.T.)
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institution of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-J.W.); (C.-L.T.); Tel.: +886-3-8565-301 (ext. 1217) (H.-J.W.); +886-6-2757-575 (ext. 81809) (C.-L.T.)
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Varkovetski M, Pihkanen K, Shanker S, Parris BA, Gurr B. What type of inhibition underpins performance on Luria's Fist-Edge-Palm task? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:544-555. [PMID: 32586188 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1776846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fist-Edge-Palm task is a motor sequencing task believed to be sensitive to frontal lobe impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory processes underlying successful execution of this task. METHOD Seventy-two healthy participants were asked to perform the Fist-Edge-Palm task paced at 120 bpms, 60 bpms and self-paced. They also completed assessments sensitive to recently dissociated forms of inhibition (the Hayling Sentence Completion Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test) that have recently been shown to be differentially lateralized (the right and left Prefrontal Cortex, respectively), and Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence test. RESULTS Analysis revealed that performance on the Hayling Sentence Completion Test predicted the amount of crude errors and the overall score on the Fist-Edge-Palm task, and that pacing condition had no effect on this outcome. Neither the Stroop Color-Word Test nor Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test predicted performance on the Fist-Edge-Palm task. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with some previous neuroimaging findings, the present findings suggest that Fist-Edge-Palm task performance relies on right lateralized inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaisla Pihkanen
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University , Poole, UK
| | - Shanti Shanker
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University , Poole, UK.,Community Brain Injury and Adult Neuropsychology Poole Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole, UK
| | | | - Birgit Gurr
- Community Brain Injury and Adult Neuropsychology Poole Hospital, Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust , Poole, UK
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