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Timm I, Giurgiu M, Ebner-Priemer U, Reichert M. The Within-Subject Association of Physical Behavior and Affective Well-Being in Everyday Life: A Systematic Literature Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02016-1. [PMID: 38705972 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay of physical activity (PA) with affective well-being (AWB) is highly critical to both health behaviors and health outcomes. Current prominent theories presume AWB to be crucial for PA maintenance, and PA is evidenced to foster mental health. However, thus far, PA-AWB associations have mainly been researched in laboratory settings and with interventional designs, but the everyday life perspective had not been focused on, mostly due to technological limitations. In the course of digitization, the number of studies using device-based methods to research the within-subject association of physical activity and affective well-being (PA-AWB) under ecological valid conditions increased rapidly, but a recent comprehensive systematic review of evidence across populations, age groups, and distinct AWB components remained inconclusive. OBJECTIVES Therefore, we aimed to firstly review daily-life studies that assessed intensive longitudinal device-based (e.g., electronic smartphone diaries and accelerometry) and real-time PA-AWB data, secondly to develop and apply a quality assessment tool applicable to those studies, and thirdly to discuss findings and draw implications for research and practice. METHODS To this end, the literature was searched in three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) up to November 2022. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and had been pre-registered (PROSPERO id: CRD42021277327). A modified quality assessment tool was developed to illustrate the risk of bias of included studies. RESULTS The review of findings showed that, in general, already short PA bouts in everyday life, which clearly differ from structured exercise sessions, are positively associated with AWB. In particular, feelings of energy relate to incidental (non-exercise and unstructured) activity, and PA-AWB associations depend on population characteristics. The quality assessment revealed overall moderate study quality; however, the methods applied were largely heterogeneous between investigations. Overall, the reviewed evidence on PA-AWB associations in everyday life is ambiguous; for example, no clear patterns of directions and strengths of PA-AWB relationships depending on PA and AWB components (such as intensity, emotions, affect, mood) emerged. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed evidence can fuel discussions on whether the World Health Organization's notion "every move counts" may be extended to everyday life AWB. Concurrently, the PA-AWB relationship findings endorse prominent theories highlighting the critical role of AWB in everyday PA engagement and maintenance. However, the review also clearly highlights the need to advance and harmonize methodological approaches for more fine-grained investigations on which specific PA/AWB characteristics, contextual factors, and biological determinants underly PA-AWB associations in everyday life. This will enable the field to tackle pressing challenges such as the issue of causality of PA-AWB associations, which will help to shape and refine existing theories to ultimately predict and improve health behavior, thereby feeding into precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Timm
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstr. 16, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marco Giurgiu
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstr. 16, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ebner-Priemer
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstr. 16, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Reichert
- Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hertzstr. 16, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Gesundheitscampus-Nord 10, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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Della Vedova G, Proverbio AM. Neural signatures of imaginary motivational states: desire for music, movement and social play. Brain Topogr 2024:10.1007/s10548-024-01047-1. [PMID: 38625520 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The literature has demonstrated the potential for detecting accurate electrical signals that correspond to the will or intention to move, as well as decoding the thoughts of individuals who imagine houses, faces or objects. This investigation examines the presence of precise neural markers of imagined motivational states through the combining of electrophysiological and neuroimaging methods. 20 participants were instructed to vividly imagine the desire to move, listen to music or engage in social activities. Their EEG was recorded from 128 scalp sites and analysed using individual standardized Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomographies (LORETAs) in the N400 time window (400-600 ms). The activation of 1056 voxels was examined in relation to the 3 motivational states. The most active dipoles were grouped in eight regions of interest (ROI), including Occipital, Temporal, Fusiform, Premotor, Frontal, OBF/IF, Parietal, and Limbic areas. The statistical analysis revealed that all motivational imaginary states engaged the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere. Distinct markers were identified for the three motivational states. Specifically, the right temporal area was more relevant for "Social Play", the orbitofrontal/inferior frontal cortex for listening to music, and the left premotor cortex for the "Movement" desire. This outcome is encouraging in terms of the potential use of neural indicators in the realm of brain-computer interface, for interpreting the thoughts and desires of individuals with locked-in syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Della Vedova
- Cognitive Electrophysiology lab, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy
| | - Alice Mado Proverbio
- Cognitive Electrophysiology lab, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano, Bicocca, Italy.
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychology of University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo nuovo 1, Milan, 20162, Italy.
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Shao IY, Suglia SF, An W, Mendez D, Vaccarino V, Alonso A. Characterization of trajectories of physical activity and cigarette smoking from early adolescence to adulthood. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2473. [PMID: 38082250 PMCID: PMC10714571 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking and physical inactivity are two critical risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and all-cause mortality. However, few studies have compared the long-term trajectories of both behaviors, as well as multilevel factors associated with trajectory patterns. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Wave I through V survey data, this study characterized distinct subgroups of the population sharing similar behavioral patterns from adolescence to adulthood, as well as predictors of subgroup membership for physical activity (PA) and cigarette smoking behavior respectively. METHODS Using the Add Health Wave I through V survey data, we identified the optimal number of latent classes and class-specific trajectories of PA and cigarette smoking from early adolescence to adulthood, fitting latent growth mixture models with standardized PA score and past 30-day cigarette smoking intensity as outcome measures and age as a continuous time variable. Associations of baseline sociodemographic factors, neighborhood characteristics, and sociopsychological factors with trajectory class membership were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS We identified three distinct subgroups of non-linear PA trajectories in the study population: moderately active group (N = 1067, 5%), persistently inactive group (N = 14,257, 69%) and worsening activity group (N = 5410, 26%). Foror cigarette smoking, we identified three distinct non-linear trajectory subgroups: persistent non-smoker (N = 14,939, 72%), gradual quitter (N = 2357, 11%), and progressing smoker (N = 3393, 16%). Sex, race/ethnicity, neighborhood environment and perceived peer support during adolescence were significant predictors of both physical activity and cigarette smoking trajectory subgroup membership from early adolescence to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS There are three distinct subgroups of individuals sharing similar PA and cigarette smoking behavioral profile respectively from adolescence to adulthood in the Add Health study population. Behavioral interventions that focus on neighborhood environment (e.g. establish community-based activity center) and relationship to peers during adolescence (e.g. peer counseling) could be key to long-term PA promotion and cigarette smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Yuefan Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Weihua An
- Department of Sociology and Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Mendez
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alvaro Alonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Ten Broeke P, Gardner B, Beckers DGJ, Geurts SAE, Bijleveld E. Why do people sit? A framework for targeted behavior change. Health Psychol Rev 2023; 17:641-654. [PMID: 36343923 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2143851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To improve health and wellbeing, it is crucial that people regularly interrupt their sitting. In this paper, we propose a framework for examining and changing sitting behavior that addresses two key steps in the process towards developing effective interventions. First, we suggest that research should move away from its current focus on sitting time, which is an outcome of behavior. Rather, researchers should focus on stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand transitions, which are discrete units of behavior. Second, drawing on goal hierarchy models, we suggest that people rarely engage in stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand transitions for the purpose of being in a sitting or standing position; rather, we suggest that these transitions are means to higher-order goals (e.g., to complete work tasks, to watch television, to eat dinner). To improve adherence to and effectiveness of sitting behavior interventions, intervention designers should aim to increase the frequency of sit-to-stand (and stand-to-sit) transitions. To achieve this aim, intervention designers should capitalize on the higher-order goals that are typically served by these transitions. We suggest four concrete intervention strategies to increase sit-to-stand transitions in congruence with people's everyday goals. We also describe the implications of our framework for theory and methods in sitting behavior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam Ten Broeke
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debby G J Beckers
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine A E Geurts
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Bijleveld
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Amin L, Halbeisen G, Braks K, Huber TJ, Paslakis G. The State Urge to be Physically Active-Questionnaire (SUPA-Q): Development and validation of a state measure of activity urges in patients with eating disorders. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3220. [PMID: 37559422 PMCID: PMC10570484 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many people, including patients with eating disorders (EDs), experience an increased urge for physical activity. "Trait"-like activity in patients with EDs is assessed by existing questionnaires, but there are few clinically validated assessments of a "state" urge to be physically active. Here, we developed and validated the State Urge to be Physically Active-Questionnaire (SUPA-Q). METHODS After developing and piloting the items, N = 126 patients with EDs (mostly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) took part in our mixed-longitudinal validation study with one primary assessment for all patients and a secondary assessment for a subsample of patients. Cronbach's α and split-half-methods served as measures of consistency and reliability. Correlations with other questionnaires were used to determine convergent and divergent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis was used for investigating factorial validity. We used paired-samples t-tests for repeated assessments to investigate change sensitivity. RESULTS We found the SUPA-Q to be highly consistent, and reliable and to demonstrate convergent, divergent, and factorial validity. The comparison of SUPA-Q scores from repeated assessments within a subsample of patients demonstrated the questionnaire's change sensitivity, Cohen's d = 0.48. Moreover, an increase in SUPA-Q scores was associated with a less positive mood, more anxiety, more body dissatisfaction, more tenseness, less feelings of control, and more stress. DISCUSSION The newly developed SUPA-Q may help to accentuate the necessity to evaluate and address the acute urge to engage in physical activity in patients with EDs in clinical practice and ultimately support tailoring treatments to patients' unique symptom patterns. The questionnaire is available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G2YBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Amin
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
| | - Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
| | - Karsten Braks
- Centre for Eating DisordersKlinik am KorsoBad OeynhausenGermany
| | - Thomas J. Huber
- Centre for Eating DisordersKlinik am KorsoBad OeynhausenGermany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Dunton G, Boullosa D, Ash GI, Filgueiras A. Editorial: Motivation states and hedonic motivation for physical activity, exercise, and sport vs. sedentary behaviors. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1282118. [PMID: 37780120 PMCID: PMC10535003 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1282118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Genevieve Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QL, Australia
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alberto Filgueiras
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
- Department of Cognition and Human Development, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Filgueiras A, Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Boullosa D, Sinha R, Bartholomew JB, McKee P, Gilson TA, Keegan R, Viana A, Bueno FA, Medeiros AR, Militão-de-Leutério SF, Ash GI. The CRAVE and ARGE scales for motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism: Brazilian Portuguese translation and single-item versions. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1106571. [PMID: 37705947 PMCID: PMC10495583 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation states for physical activity and sedentarism potentially vary from moment to moment. The CRAVE scale (Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) was developed to assess transient wants and desires to move. Three studies were conducted with the aims of: (1) translating and validating the scale in Brazilian Portuguese, (2) examining changes with exercise, and (3) determining the best single-item for Move and Rest subscales for English and Portuguese. In Study 1, six bilingual speakers translated the scale into Brazilian Portuguese [named Anseios por Repouso e Gastos com Energia (ARGE)]. The ARGE had good content validity coefficients across three dimensions (0.89-0.91), as determined by three independent, bilingual referees. 1,168 participants (mean age = 30.6, SD = 12.2) from across Brazil completed an online version of the ARGE. An Exploratory Factor Analysis found two clear, oblique, and inversely related factors (Move and Rest; GFI = 1.00, RMSR = 0.03). Reliability was good (Cronbach α's: 0.93 and 0.92). Two models of the scale (10 vs. 13 items) were compared with Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The previously validated version using 10 scored items (GFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.07, RMSR = 0.02) outperformed the version scored with 13 items. State anxiety and exercise behavior had small associations with Move and Rest (-0.20 to 0.26). In Study 2, ARGE Move scores had high correspondence post-session (ICC = 0.83) for 9 women performing short Sprint Interval Training (sSIT; 6 sessions). Large, but non-significant, effects were detected for changes in motivation states with sSIT. In Study 3, IRT analyses found that for the United States sample, "be physically active" and "be still" were the most representative items for Move and Rest, respectively, while for the Brazil sample they were "exert my muscles" and "be a couch potato." Overall, it was found that: (A) the ARGE scale demonstrated good psychometric properties, (B) the original scoring (with 10 items) resulted in the best model, (C) it had small associations with exercise behavior, and (D) the subscales were reduced to single items that varied by country, indicating potential cultural differences in the concept of motivation states for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Filgueiras
- Department of Cognition and Human Development, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Center for Weight Management, Yale New Haven Hospital, North Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College—Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Paul McKee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Todd A. Gilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - Richard Keegan
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Artur Viana
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fabio Amador Bueno
- Connecticut Community Colleges Nursing Program, Gateway Community College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - André Ricarte Medeiros
- Middle School Center (CEF) 504, Federal District Secretary of Education (SEEDF), Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Garrett I. Ash
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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Joseph RJ, Pojednic RM. Performance Medicine: a novel and needed paradigm for proactive health care. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1156645. [PMID: 37547820 PMCID: PMC10401041 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1156645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance Medicine is an emerging clinical practice that holds immense promise for advancing preventive health. To date, however, the concept remains imprecise, disorganized, and commercialized. The purpose of this perspective article is to define characteristics, core tenets, and practice standards to help build a common framework. We define performance broadly as "one's capacity to bring energy and attention to what matters most in a given moment". Performance Medicine, therefore, is predicated on the thesis that the critical practices that enhance one's daily wellbeing simultaneously increase both lifespan and healthspan. As a clinical practice, Performance Medicine is proactive and preventive. It focuses on the immediate and actionable strategies to address one's physical, mental, and emotional capabilities every day. The practice employs a values-centered approach that begins with a discovery process to elucidate the client's deeply held beliefs about their health status, life mission and goals, vision for optimal wellbeing, and motivations for change. Subsequent diagnostics and therapies combine evidence-based practices from multiple medical specialties including internal medicine, sports medicine, obesity medicine, integrative medicine, and others. This is complemented by the most recent scientific advancements in nutrition, exercise physiology, sleep, and recovery. The Performance Medicine prescription incorporates a personalized combination of lifestyle-based behavior change practices, evidence-based diagnostics and risk reduction therapies, ongoing monitoring, and community support. Finally, the iterative and incremental process towards enhanced and sustained health is guided and supported by a trusted partnership between the client and a team of expert practitioners and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Joseph
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachele M. Pojednic
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, United States
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Gilson TA, SantaBarbara N, McKee PC, Sinha R, Bartholomew JB, Boullosa D, Budnick CJ, Bueno FA, Haughton A, Barker JL, Ash GI. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of motivation states for physical activity, exercise and being sedentary from university student focus groups. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1033619. [PMID: 37025458 PMCID: PMC10071436 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1033619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation for physical activity and sedentary behaviors (e.g., desires, urges, wants, cravings) varies from moment to moment. According to the WANT model, these motivation states may be affectively-charged (e.g., felt as tension), particularly after periods of maximal exercise or extended rest. The purpose of this study was to examine postulates of the WANT model utilizing a mixed-methods approach. We hypothesized that: (1) qualitative evidence would emerge from interviews to support this model, and (2) motivation states would quantitatively change over the course of an interview period. Seventeen undergraduate students (mean age = 18.6y, 13 women) engaged in focus groups where 12 structured questions were presented. Participants completed the "right now" version of the CRAVE scale before and after interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed with content analysis. A total of 410 unique lower-order themes were classified and grouped into 43 higher order themes (HOTs). From HOTs, six super higher order themes (SHOTs) were designated: (1) wants and aversions, (2) change and stability, (3) autonomy and automaticity, (4) objectives and impulses, (5) restraining and propelling forces, and (6) stress and boredom. Participants stated that they experienced desires to move and rest, including during the interview, but these states changed rapidly and varied both randomly as well as systematically across periods of minutes to months. Some also described a total absence of desire or even aversion to move and rest. Of note, strong urges and cravings for movement, typically from conditions of deprivation (e.g., sudden withdrawal from exercise training) were associated with physical and mental manifestations, such as fidgeting and feeling restless. Urges were often consummated with behavior (e.g., exercise sessions, naps), which commonly resulted in satiation and subsequent drop in desire. Importantly, stress was frequently described as both an inhibitor and instigator of motivation states. CRAVE-Move increased pre-to-post interviews (p < .01). CRAVE-Rest demonstrated a trend to decline (p = .057). Overall, qualitative and quantitative data largely corroborated postulates of the WANT model, demonstrating that people experience wants and cravings to move and rest, and that these states appear to fluctuate significantly, especially in the context of stress, boredom, satiety, and deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Digestive Health Multispecialty Clinic, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College – Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Todd A. Gilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas SantaBarbara
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, United States
| | - Paul C. McKee
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Christopher J. Budnick
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fabio Amador Bueno
- Connecticut Community Colleges Nursing Program, Gateway Community College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adrian Haughton
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jessica L. Barker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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Tuominen PPA, Mayor P. Motivation, stress, recovery, and physical activity of teachers: discoveries with the Reiss Motivation Profile ® and the Firstbeat ® measurement. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GESUNDHEITSWISSENSCHAFTEN = JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36718231 PMCID: PMC9879234 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-023-01828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim Teaching is known as a high-stress occupation. Managing fatigue and promoting work engagement, teachers' expectations and perceptions can impact work-related stress-recovery-balance and physical activity levels. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the relationship between intrinsic motivational factors and the autonomic nervous system, such as heart rate and heart rate variability regulation, sleep, and physical activity levels. Methods The research included 66 primary and high school teachers in Tampere, Finland, in 2020-2021. The Reiss Motivation Profile® (RMP) was selected as an instrument to provide a practical approach to understanding people's intrinsic motivators and the effects of those on the Firstbeat®-measured heart rate and heart rate variability, and accelerometry. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to assess whether the RMP motives reflected Firstbeat®-measured outcomes. Results Motives such as Acceptance, Eating, Family, Physical Activity, Power, Tranquillity, and Vengeance were found to have a relationship with Firstbeat®-measured outcomes. An increase in the Physical Activity motive was related to lower stress and less light physical activity. Furthermore, an increase in the Physical Activity motive showed a relationship with better recovery and a higher amount of vigorous physical activity. However, the statistical analysis of heart rate and heart rate variability showed only low explanatory power (R2 = 0.111-0.140) for stress, recovery, and sleep. On the contrary, the explanatory power of measurements related to physical activity and sedentary behavior was higher (R2 = 0.171-0.298). In addition, the need for Acceptance as an important intrinsic motive that may prevent people from vigorous physical activity deserves further research. Conclusion The results indicated that there are several factors affecting the autonomous nervous system but also behavior. The basic desires explained sedentary and physical activity behavior better than the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. The 16 life motives can serve as a valuable theory for understanding better how to encourage people to have healthier habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipsa P. A. Tuominen
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Social Services and Health Care, Physiotherapy degree program, Kuntokatu 3, P1-13, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Päivi Mayor
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Business and Media, International Business, Master’s in Educational Leadership degree program, Tampere, Finland
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11
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Park KS, Williams DM, Etnier JL. Exploring the use of music to promote physical activity: From the viewpoint of psychological hedonism. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1021825. [PMID: 36760458 PMCID: PMC9905642 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1021825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts to encourage people to regularly participate in physical activity (PA) at moderate-to-vigorous intensity, an inadequate number of adults and adolescents worldwide meet the recommended dose of PA. A major challenge to promoting PA is that sedentary or low-active people experience negative shifts in affective valence (feeling bad versus good) in response to moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA. Interestingly, empirical data indicate that listening to music during acute bouts of PA positively alters affective valence (feeling good versus bad), reduces perceived exertion, and improves physical performance and oxygen utilization efficiency. From the viewpoint of the ancient principle of psychological hedonism - humans have ultimate desires to obtain pleasure and avoid displeasure - we elaborate on three putative mechanisms underlying the affective and ergogenic effects of music on acute bouts of PA: (1) musical pleasure and reward, (2) rhythmic entrainment, and (3) sensory distraction from physical exertion. Given that a positive shift in affective valence during an acute bout of PA is associated with more PA in the future, an important question arises as to whether the affective effect of music on acute PA can be carried over to promote long-term PA. Although this research question seems intuitive, to our knowledge, it has been scarcely investigated. We propose a theoretical model of Music as an Affective Stimulant to Physical Activity (MASPA) to further explain the putative mechanisms underlying the use of music to promote long-term PA. We believe there have been important gaps in music-based interventions in terms of the rationale supporting various components of the intervention and the efficacy of these interventions to promote long-term PA. Our specification of relevant mechanisms and proposal of a new theoretical model may advance our understanding of the optimal use of music as an affective, ergogenic, and sensory stimulant for PA promotion. Future directions are suggested to address the gaps in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Shin Park
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Kyoung Shin Park, ✉
| | - David M. Williams
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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12
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Budnick CJ, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Dadina C, Bartholomew JB, Boullosa D, Ash GI, Sinha R, Blacutt M, Haughton A, Lu T. Motivation states to move, be physically active and sedentary vary like circadian rhythms and are associated with affect and arousal. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1094288. [PMID: 37143586 PMCID: PMC10151587 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1094288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motivation to be physically active and sedentary is a transient state that varies in response to previous behavior. It is not known: (a) if motivational states vary from morning to evening, (b) if they are related to feeling states (arousal/hedonic tone), and (c) whether they predict current behavior and intentions. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if motivation states vary across the day and in what pattern. Thirty adults from the United States were recruited from Amazon MTurk. Methods Participants completed 6 identical online surveys each day for 8 days beginning after waking and every 2-3 h thereafter until bedtime. Participants completed: (a) the CRAVE scale (Right now version) to measure motivation states for Move and Rest, (b) Feeling Scale, (c) Felt Arousal Scale, and (d) surveys about current movement behavior (e.g., currently sitting, standing, laying down) and intentions for exercise and sleep. Of these, 21 participants (mean age 37.7 y; 52.4% female) had complete and valid data. Results Visual inspection of data determined that: a) motivation states varied widely across the day, and b) most participants had a single wave cycle each day. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that there were significant linear and quadratic time trends for both Move and Rest. Move peaked near 1500 h when Rest was at its nadir. Cosinor analysis determined that the functional waveform was circadian for Move for 81% of participants and 62% for Rest. Pleasure/displeasure and arousal independently predicted motivation states (all p's < .001), but arousal had an association twice as large. Eating, exercise and sleep behaviors, especially those over 2 h before assessment, predicted current motivation states. Move-motivation predicted current body position (e.g., laying down, sitting, walking) and intentions for exercise and sleep more consistently than rest, with the strongest prediction of behaviors planned for the next 30 min. Discussion While these data must be replicated with a larger sample, results suggest that motivation states to be active or sedentary have a circadian waveform for most people and influence future behavioral intentions. These novel results highlight the need to rethink the traditional approaches typically utilized to increase physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Budnick
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College—Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Correspondence: Matthew Stults-Kolehmainen
| | - Cyrus Dadina
- Science Research Program, Dobbs Ferry High School, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Garret I. Ash
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Miguel Blacutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Adrian Haughton
- Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Tom Lu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Flack KD, Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Creasy SA, Khullar S, Boullosa D, Catenacci VA, King N. Altered motivation states for physical activity and 'appetite' for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1098394. [PMID: 37187558 PMCID: PMC10176969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses. A commonly reported compensatory response to exercise is increased food intake (i.e., Calories in) due to increased hunger, increased desire for certain foods, and/or changes in health beliefs. On the other side of the CICO model, exercise training can instigate compensatory reductions in EE that resist the maintenance of an energy deficit. This may be due to decreases in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), increases in sedentary behavior, or alterations in sleep. Related to this EE compensation, the motivational states associated with the desire to be active tend to be overlooked when considering compensatory changes in non-exercise activity. For example, exercise-induced alterations in the wanting of physical activity could be a mechanism promoting compensatory reductions in EE. Thus, one's desires, urges or cravings for movement-also known as "motivation states" or "appetence for activity"-are thought to be proximal instigators of movement. Motivation states for activity may be influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological drives for activity (and inactivity), and such states are susceptible to fatigue-or reward-induced responses, which may account for reductions in NEAT in response to exercise training. Further, although the current data are limited, recent investigations have demonstrated that motivation states for physical activity are dampened by exercise and increase after periods of sedentarism. Collectively, this evidence points to additional compensatory mechanisms, associated with motivational states, by which impositions in exercise-induced changes in energy balance may be met with resistance, thus resulting in attenuated weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen,
| | - Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Saumya Khullar
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Neil King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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14
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA. Humans have a basic physical and psychological need to move the body: Physical activity as a primary drive. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1134049. [PMID: 37113126 PMCID: PMC10128862 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, while less necessary for survival in modern times, is still essential for thriving in life, and low levels of movement are related to numerous physical and mental health problems. However, we poorly understand why people move on a day-to-day basis and how to promote greater energy expenditure. Recently, there has been a turn to understand automatic processes with close examination of older theories of behavior. This has co-occurred with new developments in the study of non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). In this narrative review, it is hypothesized that psycho-physiological drive is important to understand movement in general and NEAT, specifically. Drive, in short, is a motivation state, characterized by arousal and felt tension, energizing the organism to acquire a basic need. Movement is a biological necessity, like food, water, and sleep, but varies across the lifespan and having the greatest impact before adolescence. Movement meets various criteria for a primary drive: (a) deprivation of it produces feelings of tension, such as an urge or craving, known as affectively-charged motivation states, and particularly the feelings of being antsy, restless, hyper or cooped up, (b) provision of the need quickly reduces tension - one can be satiated, and may even over-consume, (c) it can be provoked by qualities of the environment, (d) it is under homeostatic control, (e) there is an appetite (i.e., appetence) for movement but also aversion, and (f) it has a developmental time course. Evidence for drive has mainly come from children and populations with hyperkinetic disorders, such as those with anorexia nervosa, restless legs syndrome, and akathisia. It is also stimulated in conditions of deprivation, such as bed rest, quarantine, long flights, and physical restraint. It seems to be lacking in the hypokinetic disorders, such as depression and Parkinson's. Thus, drive is associated with displeasure and negative reinforcement, subsuming it within the theory of hedonic drive, but it may fit better within new paradigms, such as the WANT model (Wants and Aversions for Neuromuscular Tasks). Recently developed measurement tools, such as the CRAVE scale, may permit the earnest investigation of movement drive, satiation, and motivation states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College – Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen,
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15
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Williams DM. A meta-theoretical framework for organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behavior. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1130813. [PMID: 36910809 PMCID: PMC9995609 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1130813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of motivation is broad and multi-faceted. In health psychology, motivation has been conceptualized as cravings, urges, or desires for unhealthy behaviors, such as consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, or calorie-dense foods; or as behavioral intentions or proximal goals for healthy behaviors, such as smoking cessation, physical activity, or condom use. Because of the differences in terminology and associated theoretical underpinnings, it is difficult to characterize the state of the science or integrate research findings on motivation for health-related behavior. The present paper introduces a meta-theoretical Automatic-Reflective Motivation Framework (ARM-F) with the goals of organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behaviors. At the first and broadest level, the ARM-F defines general motivation as a wanting or desire to do something. At the second level, it distinguishes between automatic and reflective motivation types, consistent with emerging perspectives in health psychology, historical and contemporary philosophical views on desire, and dual-processing perspectives in psychology. At the third level, the ARM-F preserves the nuanced terminologies and conceptualizations within the automatic (e.g., craving, urge, desire) and reflective (e.g., behavioral intention) motivation categories. The ARM-F has potential utility for organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behavior, with implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Williams
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
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16
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Do B, Rhodes RE, Kanning M, Hewus M, Dunton GF. Examining whether affectively-charged motivations predict subsequent affective response during physical activity: An ecological momentary assessment study. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:1029144. [PMID: 36465585 PMCID: PMC9715743 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1029144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests positive affective response during physical activity increases the likelihood of engaging in and maintaining regular activity exercise in the future. Elucidating antecedents for a positive affective response may help identify intervention strategies to increase activity. Affectively-charged motivations (e.g., desires, urges, dreading) have been posited as proximal antecedents to physical activity but have yet to be examined in terms of their influence on affective response in real-world settings. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine within-subject effects of pre-physical activity affectively-charged motivation on subsequent affective response during physical activity. METHODS Participants included 56 adults (M = 39.18 years, SD = 11.98; 67.86% female) who completed a 14-day smartphone-based EMA study. Prior to starting physical activity (time t), participants self-initiated an event-contingent EMA survey that assessed affectively-charged motivation for physical activity (i.e., rating scale from "dreading it" to "excited to do it"). EMA surveys prompted during subsequent physical activity (time t + 15 min) assessed affective response (i.e., feeling good-bad, energized-exhausted, thrilled-miserable, interested-bored, and relaxed-nervous). Multi-level linear regression models examined within-subject effects of pre- physical activity affectively-charged motivations on subsequent affective response during physical activity controlling for between-subjects effects of affectively-charged motivation, age, biological sex, time of day, and day of the week. RESULTS Overall, there were N = 304 physical activity occasions in the analysis (M = 5.43, SD = 3.97). When individuals reported more positive affectively-charged motivation for physical activity than usual before physical activity occasions, they reported feeling more energized (Estimate = 0.22, p < 0.001), good (Estimate = 0.25, p < 0.001), thrilled (Estimate = 0.12, p = 0.02), and interested (Estimate = 0.24, p < 0.001) during subsequent physical activity. Affectively-charged motivation was not associated with feeling more relaxed (Estimate = 0.11, p = 0.13) during subsequent physical activity. CONCLUSION Momentary affectively-charged motivations predicted more positive affective response during subsequent physical activity among active adults. Future research can explore potential sources of intraindividual differences in affectively-charged motivations and further examine these associations with future physical activity behavior. To improve positive affective responses, interventions may boost affectively-charged motivations through real-time mobile prompting in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette Do
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryan E. Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Martina Kanning
- Department of Sports Science, Social and Health Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Micaela Hewus
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Bartholomew JB, Boullosa D, Janata P, Koo BB, McKee PC, Casper R, Budnick CJ, Gilson TA, Blakemore RL, Filgueiras A, Williamson SL, SantaBarbara N, Barker JL, Bueno FA, Heldring J, Ash GI. Urges to Move and Other Motivation States for Physical Activity in Clinical and Healthy Populations: A Scoping Review Protocol. Front Psychol 2022; 13:901272. [PMID: 35898999 PMCID: PMC9311496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation for bodily movement, physical activity and exercise varies from moment to moment. These motivation states may be “affectively-charged,” ranging from instances of lower tension (e.g., desires, wants) to higher tension (e.g., cravings and urges). Currently, it is not known how often these states have been investigated in clinical populations (e.g., eating disorders, exercise dependence/addiction, Restless Legs Syndrome, diabetes, obesity) vs. healthy populations (e.g., in studies of motor control; groove in music psychology). The objective of this scoping review protocol is to quantify the literature on motivation states, to determine what topical areas are represented in investigations of clinical and healthy populations, and to discover pertinent details, such as instrumentation, terminology, theories, and conceptual models, correlates and mechanisms of action. Iterative searches of scholarly databases will take place to determine which combination of search terms (e.g., “motivation states” and “physical activity”; “desire to be physically active,” etc.) captures the greatest number of relevant results. Studies will be included if motivation states for movement (e.g., desires, urges) are specifically measured or addressed. Studies will be excluded if referring to motivation as a trait. A charting data form was developed to scan all relevant documents for later data extraction. The primary outcome is simply the extent of the literature on the topic. Results will be stratified by population/condition. This scoping review will unify a diverse literature, which may result in the creation of unique models or paradigms that can be utilized to better understand motivation for bodily movement and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Digestive Health Multispecialty Clinic, Yale – New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
| | - Miguel Blacutt
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Petr Janata
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian B. Koo
- Sleep Medicine Laboratory, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Center for Restless Legs Syndrome, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Paul C. McKee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Regina Casper
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Budnick
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Todd A. Gilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - Rebekah L. Blakemore
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alberto Filgueiras
- Department of Cognition and Human Development, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susannah L. Williamson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas SantaBarbara
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Barker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Fabio Amador Bueno
- Connecticut Community College Nursing Program, Gateway Community College, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jennifer Heldring
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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18
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Fogelman N, Gilson TA, Stanforth PR, Divin AL, Bartholomew JB, Filgueiras A, McKee PC, Ash GI, Ciccolo JT, Brotnow Decker L, Williamson SL, Sinha R. Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale. Front Psychol 2021; 12:568286. [PMID: 33841225 PMCID: PMC8027339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE: Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors "at the present moment (right now)." Items related to physical activity (e.g., "move my body") and sedentary behaviors (e.g., "do nothing active"). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n = 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years- two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = 0.72-0.95) and Rest (ICC = 0.69-0.88) were higher than when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = 0.53; Rest: ICC = 0.49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-min lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between move and both perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. These data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020a). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Digestive Health Multispecialty Clinic, Yale – New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miguel Blacutt
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Todd A. Gilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - Philip R. Stanforth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Amanda L. Divin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, LA, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alberto Filgueiras
- Department of Cognition and Human Development, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paul C. McKee
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph T. Ciccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Line Brotnow Decker
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Mental Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Susannah L. Williamson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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