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Ismael MS, Elgendy MO, Binsaleh AY, Saleh A, Abdelrahim MEA, Osama H. Impulsivity and Its Association with Depression and Anxiety in the Normal Egyptian Population Post COVID-19 Pandemic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1367. [PMID: 39202648 PMCID: PMC11356745 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: It is well known that depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness are interrelated; however, studies that have assessed their association with the coronavirus outbreak are scarce. Hence, our study aimed to evaluate the impulsivity incidence and its correlation with anxiety and depression following COVID-19 infection between November 2022 and June 2023. Materials and Methods: The 201 participants completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), and short UPPS-P scales (urgency, premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency) to allow us to determine their anxiety and depression symptoms, functional impairment, and impulsivity, respectively. Results: Among our respondents, 22%, and 26.7% had moderate to severe anxiety and depression. The short UPPS-P scale significantly correlated with the HAM-A and HDRS scales. Participants with positive COVID-19 infection showed significantly higher functional impairment scores, especially in the work/study domain (mean (SD): 3.12 (2.2) vs. 2.43 (2.3); p = 0.037). COVID-19-related disruption significantly correlated with negative and positive urgency, HAM-A, HDRS, and the SDS total and subscales. Conclusions: Our findings showed a notable increase in anxiety, depression, and functional impairment among the population following COVID-19 infection. Our research highlights the correlation between impulsivity and the psychological distress experienced following the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa S. Ismael
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Marwa O. Elgendy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Ammena Y. Binsaleh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed E. A. Abdelrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
| | - Hasnaa Osama
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt;
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2
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Liu C, He X, Yi L. Determinants of multimodal fake review generation in China's E-commerce platforms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8524. [PMID: 38609469 PMCID: PMC11015007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper develops a theoretical model of determinants influencing multimodal fake review generation using the theories of signaling, actor-network, motivation, and human-environment interaction hypothesis. Applying survey data from users of China's three leading E-commerce platforms (Taobao, Jingdong, and Pinduoduo), we adopt structural equation modeling, machine learning technique, and Bayesian complex networks analysis to perform factor identification, path analysis, feature factor importance ranking, regime division, and network centrality analysis of full sample, male sample, and female sample to reach the following conclusions: (1) platforms' multimodal recognition and governance capabilities exert significant negative moderating effects on merchants' information behavior, while it shows no apparent moderating effect on users' information behavior; users' emotional venting, perceived value, reward mechanisms, and subjective norms positively influence multimodal fake review generation through perceptual behavior control; (2) feature factors of multimodal fake review generation can be divided into four regimes, i.e., regime 1 includes reward mechanisms and perceived social costs, indicating they are key feature factors of multimodal fake review generation; merchant perception impact is positioned in regime 2, signifying its pivotal role in multimodal fake review generation; regime 3 includes multimodal recognition and governance capabilities, supporting/disparaging merchants, and emotional venting; whereas user perception impact is positioned in regime 4, indicating its weaker influence on multimodal fake review generation; (3) both in full sample, male sample, and female sample, reward mechanisms play a crucial role in multimodal fake review generation; perceived value, hiring review control agency, multimodal recognition and governance capabilities exhibit a high degree of correlation; however, results of network centrality analysis also exhibit heterogeneity between male and female samples, i.e., male sample has different trends in closeness centrality values and betweenness centrality values than female sample. This indicates that determinants influencing multimodal fake review generation are complex and interconnected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Digital Literacy and Skills Enhancement Research Center, Jiangxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Key Research Base, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xutao He
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Digital Literacy and Skills Enhancement Research Center, Jiangxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Key Research Base, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Lan Yi
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- Digital Literacy and Skills Enhancement Research Center, Jiangxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Key Research Base, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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Millest A, Saeed S, Symons C, Carter H. Effect of face-covering use on adherence to other COVID-19 protective behaviours: A systematic review. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0284629. [PMID: 38603671 PMCID: PMC11008824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns were raised that face covering use may elicit risk compensation; a false sense of security resulting in reduced adherence to other protective behaviours such as physical distancing. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of face covering use on adherence to other COVID-19 related protective behaviours. Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, EmCare, medRxiv preprints, Research Square and WHO COVID-19 Research Database were searched for all primary research studies published from 1st January 2020 to 17th May 2022 that investigated the effect of face covering use on adherence to other protective behaviours in public settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Papers were selected and screened in accordance with the PRISMA framework. Backwards and forwards citation searches of included papers were also conducted on 16th September 2022, with eligible papers published between 1st January 2020 and that date being included. A quality appraisal including risk of bias was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Quality Criteria Checklist. This review is registered on PROSPERO, number CRD42022331961. 47 papers were included, with quality ranging from low to high. These papers investigated the effects of face covering use and face covering policies on adherence to six categories of behaviour: physical distancing; mobility; face-touching; hand hygiene; close contacts; and generalised protective behaviour. Results reveal no consistent evidence for or against risk compensation, with findings varying according to behaviour and across study types, and therefore confident conclusions cannot be made. Any policy decisions related to face coverings must consider the inconsistencies and caveats in this evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Millest
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sidra Saeed
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Symons
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Carter
- Behavioural Science and Insights Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Tovissodé CF, Baumgaertner B. Heterogeneous risk tolerance, in-groups, and epidemic waves. FRONTIERS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS 2024; 10:1360001. [PMID: 38818516 PMCID: PMC11138946 DOI: 10.3389/fams.2024.1360001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the joint modeling of the dynamics of disease and health-related beliefs and attitudes, but coupling mechanisms are yet to be understood. We introduce a model where risk information, which can be delayed, comes in two flavors, including historical risk derived from perceived incidence data and predicted risk information. Our model also includes an interpretation domain where the behavioral response to risk information is subject to in-group pressure. We then simulate how the strength of behavioral reaction impacts epidemic severity as measured by epidemic peak size, number of waves, and final size. Simulated behavioral response is not effective when the level of protection that prophylactic behavior provides is as small as 50% or lower. At a higher level of 75% or more, we see the emergence of multiple epidemic waves. In addition, simulations show that different behavioral response profiles can lead to various epidemic outcomes that are non-monotonic with the strength of reaction to risk information. We also modeled heterogeneity in the response profile of a population and find they can lead to less severe epidemic outcome in terms of peak size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Baumgaertner
- Department of Politics and Philosophy, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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5
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Veltri GA, Steinert JI, Sternberg H, Galizzi MM, Fasolo B, Kourtidis P, Büthe T, Gaskell G. Assessing the perceived effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-Cov-2 transmission risk: an experimental study in Europe. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4857. [PMID: 38418636 PMCID: PMC10902314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We conduct a large (N = 6567) online experiment to measure the features of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that citizens of six European countries perceive to lower the risk of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 the most. We collected data in Bulgaria (n = 1069), France (n = 1108), Poland (n = 1104), Italy (n = 1087), Spain (n = 1102) and Sweden (n = 1097). Based on the features of the most widely adopted public health guidelines to reduce SARS-Cov-2 transmission (mask wearing vs not, outdoor vs indoor contact, short vs 90 min meetings, few vs many people present, and physical distancing of 1 or 2 m), we conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to estimate the public's perceived risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in scenarios that presented mutually exclusive constellations of these features. Our findings indicate that participants' perception of transmission risk was most influenced by the NPI attributes of mask-wearing and outdoor meetings and the least by NPI attributes that focus on physical distancing, meeting duration, and meeting size. Differentiating by country, gender, age, cognitive style (reflective or intuitive), and perceived freight of COVID-19 moreover allowed us to identify important differences between subgroups. Our findings highlight the importance of improving health policy communication and citizens' health literacy about the design of NPIs and the transmission risk of SARS-Cov-2 and potentially future viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Isabel Steinert
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henrike Sternberg
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich School of Politics and Public Policy & TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Management, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Barbara Fasolo
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Ploutarchos Kourtidis
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Tim Büthe
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology & TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - George Gaskell
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science and LSE Behavioural Lab, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Methodology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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6
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Fedrigo V, Guenther B, Jenkins R, Galizzi MM, Sanders JG. Weakened weekdays: lockdown disrupts the weekly cycle of risk tolerance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21147. [PMID: 38036568 PMCID: PMC10689774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk tolerance decreases from Monday to Thursday and increases on Friday. Antecedents of this weekly risk cycle are difficult to investigate experimentally as manipulating the seven-day cycle is impractical. Here we used temporal disorientation during the UK COVID-19 lockdown to conduct a natural experiment. In two studies, we measured responses to risk in participants with either a strong or weak sense of weekday, after either a short or long period of disruption to their weekly routine by lockdown. In Study 1 (N = 864), the weekly risk cycle was consistent in risk attitude measures specifically to participants who reported a strong sense of weekday. In Study 2 (N = 829), the weekly risk cycle was abolished, even for participants who retained a strong sense of weekday. We propose that two factors sustain the weekly risk cycle. If the sense of weekday is lacking, then weekday will have little effect because the current day is not salient. If weekday associations decay, then weekday will have little effect because the current day is not meaningful. The weekly risk cycle is strong and consistent when (i) sense of weekday is robust and (ii) weekday associations are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Fedrigo
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK.
| | - Benno Guenther
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Matteo M Galizzi
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
| | - Jet G Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK
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7
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Luo H, Reich C, Mußhoff O. Does the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown affect risk attitudes?-Evidence from rural Thailand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292873. [PMID: 37856425 PMCID: PMC10586670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical research provides evidence on changes in individuals' risk attitudes after experiencing exogenous shocks. The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had various adverse impacts on economies and households. This study utilizes the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying lockdown to explore its impact on risk attitudes in rural Thailand using a difference-in-difference (DiD) approach. Overall, we do not find evidence on considerable changes in the willingness to take risks of rural household members after experiencing a lockdown during the pandemic. However, a significant heterogenous effect is found between individuals working inside and outside the agricultural sector. Individuals working outside the agricultural sector have a statistically significant reduction in their willingness to take risks after experiencing a lockdown. Our study provides additional empirical evidence to understand the impact of shocks on rural households' risk attitudes. This sheds light on how policy designs can better help mitigate downward economic trends following exogenous shocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Reich
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Mußhoff
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Cherabuddi MR, Heidemann D, Gwinn M, White-Perkins D, Willens D, Nair A, Peterson E, Jesse MT. Disparities in Use of Virtual Primary Care During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic. Telemed J E Health 2023; 29:1127-1133. [PMID: 36637857 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2022.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the use of virtual health care. However, certain factors may disparately affect some patients' utilization of virtual care. Associations between age, racial categories (White or Black), and socioeconomic disadvantage were evaluated during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included adult patients with virtual or in-person primary care encounters at a large, midwestern hospital system with widespread urban and suburban offices between March 1, 2020, and June 30, 2020. Virtual visits included synchronous video and telephone visits and asynchronous patient portal E-visits. Chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic analysis assessed the associations between ages and racial categories, and area deprivation index with the use of virtual versus in-person primary care. Results: Of 72,153 patient encounters, 43.0% were virtual visits, 54.6% were White patients, and 45.4% were Black. Across equivalent age ranges, black patients were slightly less likely to utilize virtual care than similarly aged White patients, but not consistently across virtual modalities. Women were more likely to use virtual care across all modalities, and individuals >65 years were more likely to use telephone visits and less likely to use video and E-visits, regardless of race. Patients residing in areas with the greatest socioeconomic advantage were more likely to utilize video and E-visits. Conclusions: Differential patterns of utilization emerged across racial categories and age ranges, suggesting that racial disparities are exacerbated depending upon patient age and mode of utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha R Cherabuddi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Danielle Heidemann
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Meghan Gwinn
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - David Willens
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anupama Nair
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ed Peterson
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michelle T Jesse
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Transplant Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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9
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Niculaescu CE, Sangiorgi I, Bell AR. Does personal experience with COVID-19 impact investment decisions? Evidence from a survey of US retail investors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 2023; 88:102703. [PMID: 37313178 PMCID: PMC10226778 DOI: 10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the link between personal experience with COVID-19 and US retail investors' financial decision-making during the first COVID-19 wave. Do retail investors that have personally experienced COVID-19 change their investments after the pandemic outbreak, and if so, why? We use a cross-sectional dataset from an online survey of US retail investors collected in July and August 2020 to assess if and how respondents change their investment decisions after the COVID-19 outbreak. On average retail investors increase their investments during the first wave of COVID-19 by 4.7%, while many of them decrease their investments suggesting a high heterogeneity of investor behaviours. We provide the first evidence that personal experience with the virus can have unexpected positive effects on retail investments. Investors who have personal experience with COVID-19, who are in a vulnerable health category, who tested positive, and who know someone in their close circle of friends or family who died because of COVID-19, increase their investments by 12%. We explain our findings through terror management theory, salience theory and optimism bias, suggesting that reminders of mortality, focussing on selective salient investment information, and over-optimism despite personal vulnerable health contribute to the increase in retail investments. Increased levels of savings, saving goals and risk capacity are also positively associated with increased investments. Our findings are relevant to investors, regulators, and financial advisors, and highlight the importance of providing retail investors with access to investment opportunities in periods of unprecedented shocks such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina E Niculaescu
- ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6BA, UK
| | - Ivan Sangiorgi
- ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6BA, UK
| | - Adrian R Bell
- ICMA Centre, Henley Business School, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6BA, UK
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10
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Zivi P, Sdoia S, Alfonsi V, Gorgoni M, Mari E, Quaglieri A, De Gennaro L, Giannini AM, Ferlazzo F. Decision-Making and Risk-Propensity Changes during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13050793. [PMID: 37239265 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The imposition of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic placed individuals under conditions of environmental stress, threatening individual and collective wellbeing. This study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of isolation and confinement during and after the Italian lockdown on decision-making, risk propensity, and cognitive control processes. The present study covered almost the entire Italian lockdown period (each week from the end of March to mid-May 2020), plus a follow-up measure (September 2020). At each time-point, respondents completed online behavioral tasks, which involved measuring risk-propensity (Balloon Analogue Risk Task), decision-making (Iowa Gambling Task), and cognitive flexibility (Category Switch Task). They also filled in questionnaires regarding subjective stress and anxiety. The main findings showed that the decision-making abilities of the respondents were affected as the confinement progressed. Furthermore, individuals who were more subjectively impacted by the lockdown/isolation experience exhibited impaired decision-making, especially during the lockdown. The results of the study highlight that prolonged confinement may affect human decision making, and help understand individuals' misbehaviors during emergencies and develop effective countermeasures aimed at reducing the burden of the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Zivi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sdoia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Alfonsi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quaglieri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ferlazzo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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11
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Lohmann PM, Gsottbauer E, You J, Kontoleon A. Anti-social behaviour and economic decision-making: Panel experimental evidence in the wake of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION 2023; 206:136-171. [PMID: 36531911 PMCID: PMC9744689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We systematically examine the acute impact of exposure to a public health crisis on anti-social behaviour and economic decision-making using unique experimental panel data from China, collected just before the outbreak of COVID-19 and immediately after the first wave was overcome. Exploiting plausibly exogenous geographical variation in virus exposure coupled with a dataset of longitudinal experiments, we show that participants who were more intensely exposed to the virus outbreak became more anti-social than those with lower exposure, while other aspects of economic and social preferences remain largely stable. The finding is robust to multiple hypothesis testing and a similar, yet less pronounced pattern emerges when using alternative measures of virus exposure, reflecting societal concern and sentiment, constructed using social media data. The anti-social response is particularly pronounced for individuals who experienced an increase in depression or negative affect, which highlights the important role of psychological health as a potential mechanism through which the virus outbreak affected behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Lohmann
- El-Erian Institute of Behavioural Economics and Policy, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Gsottbauer
- Institute of Public Finance, University of Innsbruck, Austria
- London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, United Kingdom
| | - Jing You
- School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, China
| | - Andreas Kontoleon
- Centre for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Imamura T, Watanabe A, Serizawa Y, Nakashita M, Saito M, Okada M, Ogawa A, Tabei Y, Soumura Y, Nadaoka Y, Nakatsubo N, Chiba T, Sadamasu K, Yoshimura K, Noda Y, Iwashita Y, Ishimaru Y, Seki N, Otani K, Imamura T, Griffith MM, DeToy K, Suzuki M, Yoshida M, Tanaka A, Yauchi M, Shimada T, Oshitani H. Transmission of COVID-19 in Nightlife, Household, and Health Care Settings in Tokyo, Japan, in 2020. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e230589. [PMID: 36826818 PMCID: PMC9958531 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There have been few studies on the heterogeneous interconnection of COVID-19 outbreaks occurring in different social settings using robust, surveillance epidemiological data. OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of COVID-19 transmission within different social settings and to evaluate settings associated with onward transmission to other settings. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This is a case series study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tokyo between January 23 and December 5, 2020, when vaccination was not yet implemented. Using epidemiological investigation data collected by public health centers, epidemiological links were identified and classified into 7 transmission settings: imported, nightlife, dining, workplace, household, health care, and other. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The number of cases per setting and the likelihood of generating onward transmissions were compared between different transmission settings. RESULTS Of the 44 054 confirmed COVID-19 cases in this study, 25 241 (57.3%) were among male patients, and the median (IQR) age of patients was 36 (26-52) years. Transmission settings were identified in 13 122 cases, including 6768 household, 2733 health care, and 1174 nightlife cases. More than 6600 transmission settings were detected, and nightlife (72 of 380 [18.9%]; P < .001) and health care (119 [36.2%]; P < .001) settings were more likely to involve 5 or more cases than dining, workplace, household, and other settings. Nightlife cases appeared in the earlier phase of the epidemic, while household and health care cases appeared later. After adjustment for transmission setting, sex, age group, presence of symptoms, and wave, household and health care cases were less likely to generate onward transmission compared with nightlife cases (household: adjusted odds ratio, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.05; health care: adjusted odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.41-0.79). Household settings were associated with intergenerational transmission, while nonhousehold settings mainly comprised transmission between the same age group. Among 30 932 cases without identified transmission settings, cases with a history of visiting nightlife establishments were more likely to generate onward transmission to nonhousehold settings (adjusted odds ratio, 5.30 [95% CI, 4.64-6.05]; P < .001) than those without such history. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case series study, COVID-19 cases identified in nightlife settings were associated with a higher likelihood of spreading COVID-19 than household and health care cases. Surveillance and interventions targeting nightlife settings should be prioritized to disrupt COVID-19 transmission, especially in the early stage of an epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeaki Imamura
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mayu Okada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asamoe Ogawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tabei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Nadaoka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakatsubo
- Public Health and Disease Prevention Division, Suginami City Public Health Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Chiba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Ishimaru
- Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Seki
- Ota City Public Health Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Otani
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Matthew Myers Griffith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kelly DeToy
- Division of Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Atsuko Tanaka
- Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tomoe Shimada
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Health Behaviours among Travellers Regarding Risk Compensation Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Taizhou, China. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:1329291. [PMID: 36879661 PMCID: PMC9985504 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1329291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, public transport was restricted in many countries because of the transmission risk. According to the risk compensation theory, travellers post-COVID-19 vaccination may encounter higher risks; however, no real-world studies provide such evidence. Therefore, we conducted a survey to assess whether risk compensation would occur among travellers' health-related behaviours after COVID-19 vaccination, potentially aggravating the transmission of the virus. Materials and Methods A self-administered online survey was designed and distributed over WeChat to identify the difference in health behaviours before and after COVID-19 vaccination among travellers at a train station in Taizhou, China, from 13 February to 26 April 2022. Results A total of 602 individuals completed the questionnaire. The results revealed no statistical difference between the health behaviours reported by the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Participants who received the first dose of the vaccine earlier showed no statistical difference in harmful health behaviours (hand washing frequency decreased by 4.1% (P=0.145) and the duration of public transport travel increased by 3.4% (P=0.437)), but showed better protective health behaviours (mask-wearing duration increased by 24.7% (P=0.014)). Compared to those vaccinated less than three times, participants vaccinated against COVID-19 three times showed no statistical differences in harmful health behaviours mask-wearing duration decreased by 7.0% (P=0.927), their hand washing frequency decreased by 4.8% (P=0.905), and the duration of public transport travel increased by 2.5% (P=0.287). After vaccination, when compared to themselves before vaccination, participants exhibited better health behaviours (increased hand washing frequency and mask-wearing duration, and decreased duration of public transport travel) to some extent. Conclusion In conclusion, this study found no evidence of risk compensation among travellers. After being vaccinated, health behaviours partly improved among travellers.
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14
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Folayan MO, Abeldaño Zuniga RA, Abeldaño GF, Quadri MFA, Jafer M, Yousaf MA, Ellakany P, Nzimande N, Ara E, Al-Khanati NM, Khalid Z, Lawal F, Roque M, Lusher J, Popoola BO, Khan ATA, Ayanore MA, Gaffar B, Virtanen JI, Aly NM, Okeibunor JC, El Tantawi M, Nguyen AL. Is self-reported depression, HIV status, COVID-19 health risk profile and SARS-CoV-2 exposure associated with difficulty in adhering to COVID-19 prevention measures among residents in West Africa? BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2057. [PMID: 36357851 PMCID: PMC9648438 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine whether self-reported depression, coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) health risk profile, HIV status, and SARS-CoV-2 exposure were associated with the use of COVID-19 prevention measures. METHODS This survey collected data electronically between June 29 and December 31, 2020 from a convenient sample of 5050 adults 18 years and above living in 12 West African countries. The dependent variables were: social distancing, working remotely, difficulty obtaining face masks and difficulty washing hands often. The independent variables were self-reported depression, having a health risk for COVID-19 (high, moderate and little/no risk), living with HIV and COVID-19 status (SARS-CoV-2 positive tests, having COVID-19 symptoms but not getting tested, having a close friend who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and knowing someone who died from COVID-19). Four binary logistic regression models were developed to model the associations between the dependent and independent variables, adjusting for socio-demographic variables (age, gender, educational status, employment status and living status). RESULTS There were 2412 (47.8%) male participants and the mean (standard deviation) age was 36.94 (11.47) years. Respondents who reported depression had higher odds of working remotely (AOR: 1.341), and having difficulty obtaining face masks (AOR: 1.923;) and washing hands often (AOR: 1.263). People living with HIV had significantly lower odds of having difficulty washing hands often (AOR: 0.483). Respondents with moderate health risk for COVID-19 had significantly higher odds of social distancing (AOR: 1.144) and those with high health risk had difficulty obtaining face masks (AOR: 1.910). Respondents who had a close friend who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (AOR: 1.132) and knew someone who died of COVID-19 (AOR: 1.094) had significantly higher odds of social distancing. Those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 had significantly lower odds of social distancing (AOR: 0.629) and working remotely (AOR: 0.713). Those who had symptoms of COVID-19 but did not get tested had significantly lower odds of social distancing (AOR: 0.783) but significantly higher odds of working remotely (AOR: 1.277). CONCLUSIONS The study signifies a disparity in the access to and use of COVID-19 preventative measures that is allied to the health and COVID-19 status of residents in West Africa. Present findings point to risk compensation behaviours in explaining this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.416197.c0000 0001 0247 1197Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuniga
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur., Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,School of Medicine, University of Sierra Sur., Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Mohammed Jafer
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Division of Dental Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.444943.a0000 0004 0609 0887Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Passent Ellakany
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ntombifuthi Nzimande
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Economic and Human Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szeged, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eshrat Ara
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.411678.d0000 0001 0941 7660Department of Psychology, Government College for Women, MA Road Srinagar Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nuraldeen Maher Al-Khanati
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.449576.d0000 0004 5895 8692Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Zumama Khalid
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, GE Italy
| | - Folake Lawal
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mark Roque
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.412892.40000 0004 1754 9358Maternity and Childhood Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanne Lusher
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.449469.20000 0004 0516 1006Regent’s University London, London, UK
| | - Bamidele O. Popoola
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Child Oral Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.11173.350000 0001 0670 519XSchool of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-E-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590 Pakistan
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.449729.50000 0004 7707 5975Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorma I. Virtanen
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nourhan M. Aly
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joseph Chukwudi Okeibunor
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,World Health Organisation, AFRO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Annie Lu Nguyen
- grid.10824.3f0000 0001 2183 9444Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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15
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Ohnmacht T, Hüsser AP, Thao VT. Pointers to Interventions for Promoting COVID-19 Protective Measures in Tourism: A Modelling Approach Using Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale, Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Health Belief Model. Front Psychol 2022; 13:940090. [PMID: 35846656 PMCID: PMC9277178 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.940090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the factors of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM), and the DOSPERT scale, used to measure general risk-taking behaviour, a combined model has been developed for investigating tourists’ intentions to implement protective measures against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of the study is to formulate a model that Swiss tourism practitioners can use to understand tourists’ decision-making regarding the acceptance and proper implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). A large-scale cross-sectional population study that is representative for the Swiss population has been designed to validate the model (N = 1,683; 39% response rate). In our empirical investigation, a simple regression analysis is used to detect significant factors and their strength. Our empirical findings show that the significant effects can be ordered regarding descending effect size from severity (HBM), attitude (TPB), perceived behavioural control (TPB), subjective norm (TPB), self-efficacy (HBM), and perceived barriers (HBM) to susceptibility (HBM). Based on this information, intervention strategies and corresponding protective measures were linked to the social-psychological factors based on an expert workshop. Low-cost interventions for tourists (less time, less money, and more comfort), such as the free provision of accessories (free mask and sanitizers) or free testing (at cable cars), can increase the perceived behavioural control and lower the perceived barriers and thus increase the acceptance of this protective measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ohnmacht
- Institute of Tourism and Mobility ITM, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Philippe Hüsser
- Institute of Tourism and Mobility ITM, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Vu Thi Thao
- Institute of Tourism and Mobility ITM, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
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16
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Preferences after pan(dem)ics: Time and risk in the shadow of COVID-19. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500008925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper uses the COVID-19 health crisis to study how individual preferences respond to generalized traumatic events. We review previous literature on natural and man-made disasters. Using incentive-compatible tasks, we simultaneously estimate risk and ambiguity aversion, time discounting, present bias, and prudence parameters before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown in France. We find patience, risk aversion, and ambiguity aversion fell during lockdown, then gradually returned toward their initial levels 4 months later. These results have implications for health and economic policies, and deepen our understanding of the responses – and resilience – of economic preferences to traumatic events.
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17
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Di Plinio S, Pettorruso M, Ebisch SJH. Appropriately Tuning Stochastic-Psychometric Properties of the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Front Psychol 2022; 13:881179. [PMID: 35619789 PMCID: PMC9127525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.881179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) allows to experimentally assess individuals’ risk-taking profiles in an ecologically sound setting. Many psychological and neuroscientific studies implemented the BART for its simplicity and intuitive nature. However, some issues in the design of the BART are systematically unconsidered in experimental paradigms, which may bias the estimation of individual risk-taking profiles. Since there are no methodological guidelines for implementing the BART, many variables (e.g., the maximum explosion probabilities, the rationale underlying stochastic events) vary inconstantly across experiments, possibly producing contrasting results. Moreover, the standard version of the BART is affected by the interaction of an individual-dependent, unavoidable source of stochasticity with a trial-dependent, more ambiguous source of stochasticity (i.e., the probability of the balloon to explode). This paper shows the most appropriate experimental choices for having the lowest error in the approximation of risk-taking profiles. Performance tests of a series of simulated data suggest that a more controlled, eventually non-stochastic version of the BART, better approximates original risk-taking profiles. Selecting optimal BART parameters is particularly important in neuroscience experiments to optimize the number of trials in a time window appropriate for acquiring neuroimaging data. We also provide helpful suggestions to researchers in many fields to allow the implementation of optimized risk-taking experiments using the BART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Plinio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sjoerd J H Ebisch
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), G D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Van Hoecke AL, Sanders JG. An Online Experiment of NHS Information Framing on Mothers’ Vaccination Intention of Children against COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050720. [PMID: 35632477 PMCID: PMC9143012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children under the age of 5, will likely all be offered vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 soon. Parental concerns over vaccination of children are long standing and could impede the success of a vaccination campaign. In the UK, a trusted source to inform vaccination choices is the NHS website. Here we used a randomized controlled experiment of framing effects in NHS information content for COVID-19 and flu with 550 mothers under the age of 5. We compared both vaccination offers following two commonly used frames in vaccination informational campaigns: alerting to the risks of no vaccination for the child itself vs. those in their community. We find that vaccination intention was twice as high when risks to the child are emphasized, relative to risks to the community. Exploratory analyses suggest that these effects may differ between white and non-white mothers. Whilst communication directed at adult vaccination against COVID-19 generally focuses on risks of infecting others, communication about vaccination of children may benefit from emphasizing risks to the children themselves. This pattern is in line with flu vaccination research from pre-COVID-19 times.
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19
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Manrubia S, Zanette DH. Individual risk-aversion responses tune epidemics to critical transmissibility ( R = 1). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211667. [PMID: 35425636 PMCID: PMC8984323 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in human behaviour are a major determinant of epidemic dynamics. Collective activity can be modified through imposed control measures, but spontaneous changes can also arise as a result of uncoordinated individual responses to the perceived risk of contagion. Here, we introduce a stochastic epidemic model implementing population responses driven by individual time-varying risk aversion. The model reveals an emergent mechanism for the generation of multiple infection waves of decreasing amplitude that progressively tune the effective reproduction number to its critical value R = 1. In successive waves, individuals with gradually lower risk propensity are infected. The overall mechanism shapes well-defined risk-aversion profiles over the whole population as the epidemic progresses. We conclude that uncoordinated changes in human behaviour can by themselves explain major qualitative and quantitative features of the epidemic process, like the emergence of multiple waves and the tendency to remain around R = 1 observed worldwide after the first few waves of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Manrubia
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), c/Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Group of Complex Systems (GISC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D. H. Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, Pcia. de Río Negro 8400, Argentina
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20
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Zhang P, Palma MA. Stability of Risk Preferences During COVID-19: Evidence From Four Measurements. Front Psychol 2022; 12:702028. [PMID: 35222133 PMCID: PMC8868569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article studies the stability of risk-preference during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results differ between risk-preference measurements and also men and women. We use March 13, 2020, when President Trump declared a national state of emergency as a time anchor to define the pre-pandemic and on-pandemic periods. The pre-pandemic experiment was conducted on February 21, 2020. There are three on-pandemic rounds conducted 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after the COVID-19 emergency declaration. We include four different risk-preference measures. Men are more sensitive to the pandemic and become more risk-averse based on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Women become more risk-averse in the Social and Experience Seeking domains based on the results from the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) and Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Both men's and women's risk-preference are stable during COVID-19 based on a Gamble Choice (GC) task. The results match our hypotheses which are based on the discussion about whether the psychological construct of risk-preference is general or domain-specific. The differential outcomes between incentivized behavioral and self-reported propensity measures of risk-preference in our experiment show the caveats for studies using a single measure to test risk-preference changes during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilu Zhang
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marco A. Palma
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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21
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Wadud Z, Rahman SM, Enam A. Face mask mandates and risk compensation: an analysis of mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-006803. [PMID: 35012968 PMCID: PMC8753097 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Concerns have been raised about the potential for risk compensation in the context of mask mandates for mitigating the spread of COVID-19. However, the debate about the presence or absence of risk compensation for universal mandatory mask-wearing rules—especially in the context of COVID-19—is not settled yet. Methods Mobility is used as a proxy for risky behaviour before and after the mask mandates. Two sets of regressions are estimated to decipher (any) risk-compensating effect of mask mandate in Bangladesh. These include: (1) intervention regression analysis of daily activities at six types of locations, using pre-mask-mandate and post-mandate data; and (2) multiple regression analysis of daily new COVID-19 cases on daily mobility (lagged) to establish mobility as a valid proxy. Results (1) Statistically, mobility increased at all five non-residential locations, while home stays decreased after the mask mandate was issued; (2) daily mobility had a statistically significant association on daily new cases (with around 10 days of lag). Both significances were calculated at 95% confidence level. Conclusion Community mobility had increased (and stay at home decreased) after the mandatory mask-wearing rule, and given mobility is associated with increases in new COVID-19 cases, there is evidence of risk compensation effect of the mask mandate—at least partially—in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Wadud
- Institute for Transport Studies & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sheikh Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annesha Enam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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22
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Harrison GW, Hofmeyr A, Kincaid H, Monroe B, Ross D, Schneider M, Swarthout JT. Subjective beliefs and economic preferences during the COVID-19 pandemic. EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS 2022; 25:795-823. [PMID: 35018135 PMCID: PMC8736296 DOI: 10.1007/s10683-021-09738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The COVID-19 pandemic presents a remarkable opportunity to put to work all of the research that has been undertaken in past decades on the elicitation and structural estimation of subjective belief distributions as well as preferences over atemporal risk, patience, and intertemporal risk. As contributors to elements of that research in laboratories and the field, we drew together those methods and applied them to an online, incentivized experiment in the United States. We have two major findings. First, the atemporal risk premium during the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to change significantly compared to before the pandemic, consistent with theoretical results of the effect of increased background risk on foreground risk attitudes. Second, subjective beliefs about the cumulative level of deaths evolved dramatically over the period between May and November 2020, a volatile one in terms of the background evolution of the pandemic. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10683-021-09738-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W. Harrison
- Department of Risk Management and Insurance, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- Center for the Economic Analysis of Risk, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Hofmeyr
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Research Unit in Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harold Kincaid
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Research Unit in Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Monroe
- School of Philosophy and School of Economics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Don Ross
- Center for the Economic Analysis of Risk, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Research Unit in Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Society, Politics and Ethics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Schneider
- Center for the Economic Analysis of Risk, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - J. Todd Swarthout
- Center for the Economic Analysis of Risk, Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Economics and Experimental Economics Center (ExCEN), Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
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23
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Ferrín M. Reassessing Gender Differences in COVID-19 Risk Perception and Behavior. SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY 2022; 103:31-41. [PMID: 35600803 PMCID: PMC9115438 DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reassesses the gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior found in previous studies by examining to what extent the gender gap in the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors is dependent on women's and men's perceptions of risk. METHODS The data utilized in this study were obtained from the "Understanding America Study Coronavirus in America ('COVID') Survey," conducted by the Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), at the University of Southern California. RESULT This study shows that women are more risk averse than men, but that the gender gap in risk behavior depends on the level of risk that is associated with COVID-19. CONCLUSION Risk perception is a stronger driver of risk behavior for men than for women, who generally tend to adopt safe measures to protect themselves and others. Different messages should be delivered to women and men to increase compliance with norms.
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Williams AM, Chen JL, Li G, Baláž V. Risk, uncertainty and ambiguity amid Covid-19: A multi-national analysis of international travel intentions. ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH 2022; 92:103346. [PMID: 35013630 PMCID: PMC8734289 DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2021.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses how Covid-19 shapes individuals' international tourism intentions in context of bounded rationality. It provides a novel analysis of risk which is disaggregated into tolerance/aversion of and competence to manage risks across three different aspects: general, domain (tourism) and situational (Covid-19). The impacts of risk are also differentiated from uncertainty and ambiguity. The empirical study is based on large samples (total = 8962) collected from the world's top five tourism source markets: China, USA, Germany, UK and France. Various risk factors show significant predictive powers of individual's intentions to defer international tourism plans amid Covid-19. Uncertainty and ambiguity intolerance is shown to lead to intentions to take holidays relatively sooner rather than delaying the holiday plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gang Li
- University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Vladimír Baláž
- Institute for Forecasting, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šancová 56, 811 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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25
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Dias C, Abd Rahman N, Abdullah M, Sukor NSA. Influence of COVID-19 Mobility-Restricting Policies on Individual Travel Behavior in Malaysia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 13:13960. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in new postpandemic travel patterns as a result of the stay-at-home policies and restricted movement orders imposed by the Malaysian government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in individual travel behavior after the government imposed a series of lockdowns, also known as movement control orders (MCO). From March to April 2021, a questionnaire survey was distributed throughout Malaysia, and 435 complete responses were collected. Results indicated that the respondents predominantly chose private cars for various traveling purposes during the pandemic. When choosing a travel mode during the pandemic, married respondents and essential workers placed a significantly higher priority on pandemic-related - items such as cleanliness, infection concern, social distance, and wearing face masks, compared to single respondents and nonessential workers. Binary logistic regression models were developed to estimate individuals’ propensity to make trips for different purposes, i.e., work/study, social activities, recreational activities, and religious activities. Results indicated that essential workers were nearly three times more likely than the general population to make a work trip during the pandemic. Regarding social and recreational trips, males were more likely to make such types of trips as compared to females. Furthermore, those who perceived a higher risk of infection were less likely to make social and recreational trips. Regarding religious trips, males were significantly more likely to make such trips during the pandemic as compared to females. In addition, Muslims had significantly higher odds of making a trip for religious purposes during the pandemic. The findings of this study could be useful in transportation planning when considering travel restrictions during pandemics based on peoples’ travel purposes and mode choices.
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Seres G, Balleyer AH, Cerutti N, Danilov A, Friedrichsen J, Liu Y, Süer M. Face masks increase compliance with physical distancing recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF THE ECONOMIC SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 2021. [PMCID: PMC8590132 DOI: 10.1007/s40881-021-00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGovernments across the world have implemented restrictive policies to slow the spread of COVID-19. Recommended face mask use has been a controversially discussed policy, among others, due to potential adverse effects on physical distancing. Using a randomized field experiment (N = 300), we show that individuals kept a significantly larger distance from someone wearing a face mask than from an unmasked person during the early days of the pandemic. According to an additional survey experiment (N = 456) conducted at the time, masked individuals were not perceived as being more infectious than unmasked ones, but they were believed to prefer more distancing. This result suggests that wearing a mask served as a social signal that led others to increase the distance they kept. Our findings provide evidence against the claim that mask use creates a false sense of security that would negatively affect physical distancing. Furthermore, our results suggest that behavior has informational content that may be affected by policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Seres
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Strasse 1, Berlin, 10178 Germany
| | | | - Nicola Cerutti
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Torgauer Str. 19, Berlin, 10829 Germany
| | - Anastasia Danilov
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Strasse 1, Berlin, 10178 Germany
- Einstein Center Digital Future, Wilhelmstraße 67, Berlin, 10117 Germany
| | - Jana Friedrichsen
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Strasse 1, Berlin, 10178 Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Reichpietschufer 50, Berlin, 10785 Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Boltzmannstraße 20, Berlin, 14195 Germany
- DIW, Mohrenstrasse 58, Berlin, 10117 Germany
| | - Yiming Liu
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Strasse 1, Berlin, 10178 Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Reichpietschufer 50, Berlin, 10785 Germany
| | - Müge Süer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Spandauer Strasse 1, Berlin, 10178 Germany
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27
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Seres G, Balleyer A, Cerutti N, Friedrichsen J, Süer M. Face mask use and physical distancing before and after mandatory masking: No evidence on risk compensation in public waiting lines. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR & ORGANIZATION 2021; 192:765-781. [PMID: 34840368 PMCID: PMC8604556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the introduction of mandatory face mask usage triggered a heated debate. A major point of controversy is whether community use of masks creates a false sense of security that would diminish physical distancing, counteracting any potential direct benefit from masking. We conducted a randomized field experiment in Berlin, Germany, to investigate how masks affect distancing and whether the mask effect interacts with the introduction of an indoor mask mandate. Joining waiting lines in front of stores, we measured distances kept from the experimenter in two treatment conditions - the experimenter wore a mask in one and no face covering in the other - in two time spans - before and after mask use becoming mandatory in stores. We find no evidence that mandatory masking has a negative effect on distance kept toward a masked person. To the contrary, masks significantly increase distancing and the effect does not differ between the two periods. However, we show that after the mandate distances are shorter in locations where more non-essential stores, which were closed before the mandate, had reopened. We argue that the relaxations in general restrictions that coincided with the mask mandate led individuals to reduce other precautions, like keeping a safe distance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Cerutti
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC), Germany
| | - Jana Friedrichsen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, WZB Berlin Social Science Center, and DIW Berlin, Germany
| | - Müge Süer
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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