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Almoallim S, Sas C. Functionalities Review of Digital Wellbeing Apps: Towards Research-informed Design Implications for Interventions Limiting Smartphone Use. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e31730. [PMID: 35188897 PMCID: PMC9066336 DOI: 10.2196/31730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Much research in human-computer interaction has focused on well-being and how it can be better supported through a range of technologies, from affective interfaces to mindfulness systems. At the same time, we have seen a growing number of commercial digital well-being apps. However, there has been limited scholarly work reviewing these apps. Objective This paper aims to report on an autoethnographic study and functionality review of the 39 most popular commercial digital well-being apps on Google Play Store and 17 apps described in academic papers. Methods From 1250 apps on Google Play Store, we selected 39 (3.12%) digital well-being apps, and from Google Scholar, we identified 17 papers describing academic apps. Both sets of digital well-being apps were analyzed through a review of their functionalities based on their descriptions. The commercial apps were also analyzed through autoethnography, wherein the first author interacted with them to understand how these functionalities work and how they may be experienced by users in their daily lives. Results Our findings indicate that these apps focus mostly on limiting screen time, and we advanced a richer conversation about such apps, articulating the distinctions among monitoring use, tracking use against set limits, and 4 specific interventions supporting limited use. Conclusions We conclude with 6 implications for designing digital well-being apps, namely calling to move beyond screen time and support the broader focus of digital well-being; supporting meaningful use rather than limiting meaningless use; leveraging (digital) navigation in design for friction; supporting collaborative interaction to limit phone overuse; supporting explicit, time-based visualizations for monitoring functionality; and supporting the ethical design of digital well-being apps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Almoallim
- School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, GB
| | - Corina Sas
- School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, GB
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Zhang A, Xiong S, Peng Y, Zeng Y, Zeng C, Yang Y, Zhang B. Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction among college students: The roles of self-control and security. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1005062. [PMID: 36465300 PMCID: PMC9709399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1005062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE According to the General Strain Theory, stress can lead to a range of problem behaviors. In the current study, we focused on the association between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction. We hypothesized that this association is mediated by low self-control and that the first path of the mediation is moderated by security. METHODS College students (N = 397; ages 16-21; 51.89% females) from a university in Hunan Province, China, were surveyed by cluster sampling method. The students completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Self-Control Scale (SCS), and the Security Questionnaire (SQ) during regular class time. SPSS26.0 statistical software was used for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analyses, the SPSS macro PROCESS was used to test the mediating effects of self-control and the moderating role of security. RESULTS Mediation analysis showed that as expected, perceived stress was associated with lower self-control, which in turn was associated with a higher risk for mobile phone addiction. Also as expected, moderated mediation analysis indicated that the association between perceived stress and self-control was moderated by security. Specifically, the relationship between perceived stress and self-control was stronger for low security. CONCLUSION This study provides useful insight into the understanding of how perceived stress increases the risk of mobile phone addiction. The results are consistent with the General Strain Theory and further indicate that concrete approaches are required for the prevention and intervention to reduce mobile phone addiction among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Sicheng Xiong
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yixin Zeng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chengwei Zeng
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Peng Y, Zhou H, Zhang B, Mao H, Hu R, Jiang H. Perceived stress and mobile phone addiction among college students during the 2019 coronavirus disease: The mediating roles of rumination and the moderating role of self-control. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 185:111222. [PMID: 34429562 PMCID: PMC8376708 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This present study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of self-control in the link between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 epidemic. A total of 628 college students completed Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale, Ruminative Responses Scale and Self-Control Scale. Mediation analysis highlighted that rumination mediated the association between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction. Moderated mediation analysis indicated that the indirect association between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction were moderated by self-control. Between the COVID affected group and the unaffected group, some differences also be observed in the moderating effect of self-control. This study emphasize the importance of rumination and self-control in understanding the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction, which can be used to develop interventions to reduce the problematic behavior among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Department of Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Guizhou Medical University, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Huili Mao
- Department of Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Rongting Hu
- Department of Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Huaibin Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, PR China
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Fryman S, Romine W. Measuring smartphone dependency and exploration of consequences and comorbidities. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Cornil A, Rothen S, De Timary P, Billieux J. Interference-based methods to mitigate gambling craving: a proof-of-principle pilot study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1903063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Cornil
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Rothen
- Addictology Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe De Timary
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique De Louvain and Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lei LYC, Ismail MAA, Mohammad JAM, Yusoff MSB. The relationship of smartphone addiction with psychological distress and neuroticism among university medical students. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:97. [PMID: 32917268 PMCID: PMC7488412 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone plays a vital role in higher education as it serves as a device with multiple functions. Smartphone addiction was reported on the rise among college and university students. The addiction may result in unwanted consequences on their academic performance and psychological health. One factor that consistently relates to psychological distress and smartphone addiction is the neurotic personality trait. This study explored the relationship of smartphone addiction with psychological health and neuroticism among USM medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on medical students in a public medical school. DASS-21, the neuroticism-subscale of USMaP-i and SAS-SV were administered to measure psychological distress, neuroticism, and smartphone addiction of the medical students. Spearman correlation was performed to examine the correlation between smartphone addiction with psychological distress and neuroticism. Simple linear regression was performed to investigate relationship factors of smartphone addiction. Results A total of 574 medical students participated in this study. The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 40.6%. It was higher among male (49.2%) compared to female (36.6%) medical students. The result showed a fair positive correlation between smartphone addiction and psychological health (rdepression = 0.277, p-value < 0.001; ranxiety = 0.312, p-value < 0.001; rstress = 0.329, p-value < 0.001). However, there was a poor positive correlation between smartphone addiction and neuroticism (r = 0.173, p-value < 0.001). The simple linear regression showed a significant increase in the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and neuroticism upon one unit increase in smartphone addiction (bdepression = 0.101, p-value < 0.001; banxiety = 0.120, p-value < 0.001; bstress = 0.132, p-value < 0.001; bneuroticism = 0.404, p-value < 0.05). These results indicated significant relationships between smartphone addiction, psychological health and neuroticism. Conclusion This study suggested a high prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students, particularly in male medical students. The smartphone addiction might lead to psychological problems and the most vulnerable group is the medical student with the neurotic personality trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Yik-Chuan Lei
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Al-Aarifin Ismail
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
| | - Jamilah Al-Muhammady Mohammad
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Dou K, Wang LX, Li JB, Wang GD, Li YY, Huang YT. Mobile Phone Addiction and Risk-Taking Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155472. [PMID: 32751334 PMCID: PMC7432004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The mobile phone (MP) is an indispensable digital device in adolescents’ daily lives in the contemporary era, but being addicted to MP can lead to more risk-taking behavior. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation. To address the gaps in the literature, the present study examined the idea that MP addiction is associated with reduced self-control, which further associates with increased risk-taking behavior. In addition, this study also investigated the moderation effect of adolescent sex in the association between MP addiction and self-control. Methods: A three-wave longitudinal study, each wave spanning six months apart, was conducted in a sample of Chinese adolescents (final N = 333, 57.4% girls). Results: Results of the moderated mediation model suggest that after controlling for demographic variables and baseline levels of self-control and risk-taking behavior, MP addiction at T1 positively predicted increased risk-taking behavior at T3 through reduced self-control at T2 for girls but not for boys. Conclusions: Theoretically, these findings contribute to the understanding about the working processes in the association between MP addiction and risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Practically, the results implied that boosting self-control appeared as a promising way to reduce girls’ risk-taking behavior, particularly for those who are addicted to MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dou
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.D.); (L.-X.W.); (G.-D.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Lin-Xin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.D.); (L.-X.W.); (G.-D.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Jian-Bin Li
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.D.); (L.-X.W.); (G.-D.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yan-Yu Li
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.D.); (L.-X.W.); (G.-D.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.D.); (L.-X.W.); (G.-D.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (Y.-T.H.)
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Li W, Zhang X, Chu M, Li G. The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Mobile Phone Addiction in Chinese College Students: A Serial Multiple Mediator Model. Front Psychol 2020; 11:834. [PMID: 32477213 PMCID: PMC7237755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone addiction is a universal phenomenon that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Previous researches revealed a significant relation between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and addiction. This study further investigated the association between ACEs and mobile phone addiction, and the mediating effects of attachment styles and interpersonal relationships. The cross-sectional design and multiple questionnaires, namely, the Revised Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire, the Mobile Phone Addiction Index, the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and the Interpersonal Relationship Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale (IRCDS) were used in the sample of 345 university students. Correlation analysis revealed that adverse childhood experience, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, interpersonal relationship, and mobile phone addiction were significantly positively correlated with each other. Results of regression analysis showed that attachment style and interpersonal relationship played multiple mediation roles in the association between adverse childhood experience and mobile phone addiction. That is, (1) adverse childhood experience was positively related to mobile phone addiction, (2) both attachment anxiety and interpersonal relationship played partial and parallel mediating roles between adverse childhood experience and mobile phone addiction, and (3) attachment anxiety/avoidance and interpersonal relationship mediated the relationship between adverse childhood experience and mobile phone addiction sequentially. These results indicated that mobile phone addiction among college students who had adverse childhood experience can be relieved by way of the remission of attachment anxiety, reduction of attachment avoidance, and improvement of interpersonal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Minghui Chu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Gongying Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Harris B, Regan T, Schueler J, Fields SA. Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:672. [PMID: 32431636 PMCID: PMC7214716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of smartphones is undeniable in nearly all facets of society. Despite the many benefits attributed to the technology, concern has grown over the potential for excessive smartphone use to become problematic in nature. Due to the growing concerns surrounding the recognized and unrecognized implications of smartphone use, great efforts have been made through research to evaluate, label and identify problematic smartphone use mostly through the development and administration of scales assessing the behavior. This study examines 78 existing validated scales that have been developed over the past 13 years to measure, identify or characterize excessive or problematic smartphone use by evaluating their theoretical foundations and their psychometric properties. Our review determined that, despite an abundance of self-report scales examining the construct, many published scales lack sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, there is a lack of research supporting the theoretical foundation of many of the scales evaluated. Future research is needed to better characterize problematic smartphone use so that assessment tools can be more efficiently developed to evaluate the behavior in order to avoid the excessive publication of seemingly redundant assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Harris
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Regan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Gao Q, Jia G, Fu E, Olufadi Y, Huang Y. A configurational investigation of smartphone use disorder among adolescents in three educational levels. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106231. [PMID: 31862619 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smartphone use disorder in youth was associated with severe physical, psychological, and financial problems. Based on the ecological system theory of child development, this study examined a wide range of psychosocial characteristics in elementary-, middle-, and high-school adolescents with high scores on smartphone use disorder. METHODOLOGY Existing research, which mainly adopted regression-based analytical techniques, found that gender, self-control, sensation seeking, loneliness, anxiety, perceived parent-adolescent relationship, and perceived parental monitoring are associated with smartphone use disorder. To complement traditional variable-centered approaches, the current study adopted a person-centered approach, fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) procedures, to examine adolescents with smartphone use disorder. RESULTS The fsQCA procedure revealed four, nine, and thirteen distinct configurations that contributed to smartphone use disorder in adolescents for elementary school students, middle school students, and high school students respectively. A comparison across the three educational levels revealed four differences and two similarities. The results suggest that different groups of adolescents might be at risk for smartphone use disorder across the three educational levels. CONCLUSIONS The fsQCA procedures generated solutions with satisfactory coverage and consistency. This demonstrates the promising value of fsQCA for researching smartphone use disorder and other behavior problems in adolescents. The results suggest that educators and mental health practitioners should consider educational level when helping adolescents with smartphone use disorder.
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Huang YC, Hu SC, Shyu LY, Yeh CB. Increased problematic smartphone use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the community: The utility of Chinese version of Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:411-416. [PMID: 32235260 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic smartphone use is more prevalent in children than before. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS). METHODS We recruited 319 students aged 9 to 12 years including 70 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects at a university hospital and 249 controls from elementary school. Finally, 164 males and 138 females were collected for data analysis with mean age of 10.99 ± 0.88 years. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency test, and t test were performed to verify the reliability and validity of the SAPS-Chinese version. Correlations were examined for relation between the score in the SAPS-Chinese version and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Factor analysis showed two factors: problematic use-associated behaviors and impaired daily functions. Item analysis for every item in the SAPS-Chinese version showed significant differences in t values (p < 0.001) and high correlation in all items (r = 0.37-0.79). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was equal to 0.94 and Bartlett's test of Sphericity was significant (p < 0.001). Cronbach's α for the SAPS-Chinese version was 0.93. It revealed high reliability and validity. CONCLUSION The SAPS-Chinese version is reliable, valid, and suitable for clinical and research uses with satisfactory properties. Applying the modified SAPS-Chinese version offers early detection of problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sz-Chi Hu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yu Shyu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Bin Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Hattingh M, Matthee M, Smuts H, Pappas I, Dwivedi YK, Mäntymäki M. An Analysis of Problematic Media Use and Technology Use Addiction Scales – What Are They Actually Assessing? LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7134285 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45002-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, research attention is being afforded to various forms of problematic media use. Despite ongoing conceptual, theoretical, and empirical debates, a large number of retrospective self-report scales have been produced to ostensibly measure various classes of such behaviour. These scales are typically based on a variety of theoretical and diagnostic frameworks. Given current conceptual ambiguities, building on previous studies, we evaluated the dimensional structure of 50 scales targeting the assessment of supposedly problematic behaviours in relation to four technologies: Internet, smartphones, video games, and social network sites. We find that two dimensions (‘compulsive use’ and ‘negative outcomes’) account for over 50% of all scale-items analysed. With a median of five dimensions, on average, scales have considered fewer dimensions than various proposed diagnostic criteria and models. No relationships were found between the number of items in a scale and the number of dimensions, or the technology category and the dimensional structure. The findings indicate, firstly, that a majority of scales place an inordinate emphasis on some dimensions over others and, secondly, that despite differences in the items presented, at a dimensional level, there exists a high degree of similarity between scales. These findings highlight shortcomings in existing scales and underscore the need to develop more sophisticated conceptions and empirical tools to understand possible problematic interactions with various digital technologies.
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De-Sola J, Rubio G, Talledo H, Pistoni L, Van Riesen H, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Cell Phone Use Habits Among the Spanish Population: Contribution of Applications to Problematic Use. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:883. [PMID: 31920744 PMCID: PMC6928108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone abuse may be associated with health problems as well as with interferences in daily life. However, beyond the mobile as a device, the contributions of specific utilities and applications to the problematic mobile phone use remains to be analyzed. To address this important question we conducted 1,126 online interviews in Spain with participants aged 16 to 65 who are representative of the general population. The aim of the study was to analyze the patterns and differences of cell phone use based on habitual use, abuse, and problematic use, considering the most frequently used utilities and applications. Additional variables used were personal perception of cell phones, intensity of use, and participant's lifestyle with regard to entertainment and the maintenance of healthy habits. Further, we aimed to analyze difference between problematic and non-problematic mobile phone users in the utilization of applications, controlling for additional variables such as age, gender, educational level, consumption of tobacco and alcohol and illegal drugs. Results show that problematic use is consistent with the self-perception of abuse and is related to internet browsing, social media, music, and mobile games; particular applications of interest include Facebook, music applications, and Twitter. Furthermore, among problematic users, a pattern of interference with other activities or inappropriate use in certain contexts is observed, with a differential pattern of entertainment and abandonment of healthy habits. Finally, two binary logistic regression analyses demonstrated that beyond the cell phones themselves, specific utilities and applications such as browsing, chatting, or downloading and listening to music contribute to the differences between problematic and non-problematic users. Specifically, the use of Facebook, Twitter, and music applications have the greatest power to discriminate between the two types of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José De-Sola
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Somosaguas Campus, Madrid, Spain
- DE SALUD PSICÓLOGOS, Centro de Psicología y Psicoterapia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de investigación i+12, Red de trastornos adictivos, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernán Talledo
- Departamento de Comunicación y Marketing, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Somosaguas Campus, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga—IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Red de trastornos adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid, Malaga, Spain
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14
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Cornil A, Long J, Rothen S, Perales JC, de Timary P, Billieux J. The gambling craving experience questionnaire: Psychometric properties of a new scale based on the elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Addict Behav 2019; 95:110-117. [PMID: 30877902 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both research and clinical practice acknowledge the importance of craving as a maintenance and relapse factor in gambling disorder. The elaborated intrusion theory (EIT; Kavanagh et al., 2005) of desire has been extensively investigated in relation to psychoactive substance or food cravings but, to date, has scarcely been studied in relation to gambling. In such a context, developing an assessment tool of gambling craving based on the EIT is warranted. To fill this gap in the literature, we aimed to develop and test the psychometric properties of a gambling-adapted version of the Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ; May et al., 2014), which is the best established measure of craving theoretically anchored in the EIT. An online survey that included the gambling CEQ (g-CEQ) and a craving induction procedure was administered to 274 community participants involved in gambling at least a few times a year. Concurrent and convergent validity were explored through correlations with a scale that measured gambling urge and with a series of questionnaires that measured disordered gambling symptoms, gambling cognitions, and gambling motives. The confirmatory factor analyses supported the validity of the expected three-factor model of the "strength" and "frequency" forms of the g-CEQ and showed better model fit than a one-factor solution, corroborating the initial structure of the CEQ. Furthermore, the scale has good internal consistency and its validity is supported by correlations with gambling-related constructs. The g-CEQ is thus a theoretically and psychometrically sound instrument to measure gambling craving based on the EIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Cornil
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jiang Long
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stéphane Rothen
- Addictology Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José C Perales
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC); Department of Experimental Psychology; University of Granada, Spain
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Academic Hospital Saint Luc, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Centre for Excessive Gambling, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Switzerland
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15
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Varfi N, Rothen S, Jasiowka K, Lepers T, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Khazaal Y. Sexual Desire, Mood, Attachment Style, Impulsivity, and Self-Esteem as Predictive Factors for Addictive Cybersex. JMIR Ment Health 2019; 6:e9978. [PMID: 30664470 PMCID: PMC6360388 DOI: 10.2196/mental.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies are concerned with various aspects of cybersex addiction, the difficulty some persons have in limiting cybersex use despite a negative impact on everyday life. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess potential links between the outcome variable cybersex addiction, assessed with the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) adapted for cybersex use, and several psychological and psychopathological factors, including sexual desire, mood, attachment style, impulsivity, and self-esteem, by taking into account the age, sex, and sexual orientation of cybersex users. METHODS A Web-based survey was conducted in which participants were assessed for sociodemographic variables and with the following instruments: CIUS adapted for cybersex use, Sexual Desire Inventory, and Short Depression-Happiness Scale. Moreover, attachment style was assessed with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised questionnaire (Anxiety and Avoidance subscales). Impulsivity was measured by using the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale. Global self-esteem was assessed with the 1-item Self-Esteem Scale. RESULTS A sample of 145 subjects completed the study. Addictive cybersex use was associated with higher levels of sexual desire, depressive mood, avoidant attachment style, and male gender but not with impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Addictive cybersex use is a function of sexual desire, depressive mood, and avoidant attachment.
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16
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Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Comparison of Students With and Without Problematic Smartphone Use in Light of Attachment Style. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:681. [PMID: 31620031 PMCID: PMC6759654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nowadays, media addictions are especially of high relevance to psychotherapeutic practice. More recently, this particularly includes excessive smartphone usage. Even though a growing number of scientific literature and also mainstream media highlight problematic smartphone use as a serious health problem, there is only little research on this issue. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine this phenomenon with a focus on attachment-specific differences between students with and without problematic smartphone use. Method: A survey was carried out on all enrolled students of the Sigmund Freud University Vienna. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SPAS) was used to differentiate between students with and without problematic smartphone use. The attachment style was assessed using the Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE). Results: Of the total sample, 75 of the students (15.1%) showed a problematic smartphone use. A positive correlation between excessive smartphone usage and an insecure attachment style was found. Discussion: Therapy for problematic smartphone use should be carried out in light of patient's attachment style. Further research into other factors of mental stress and personality is needed to better understand problematic smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Eichenberg
- Institut für Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schott
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Athina Schroiff
- Institut für Psychosomatik, Medizinische Fakultät, Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Thomée S. Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health. A Review of the Research That Takes a Psychological Perspective on Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2692. [PMID: 30501032 PMCID: PMC6314044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a review of observational studies that consider links between mobile phone use and mental health from a psychological or behavioral perspective. Systematic literature searches in PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published until 2017 were done. Exclusion criteria included: papers that considered radiofrequency fields, attention, safety, relational consequences, sexual behavior, cyberbullying, and reviews, qualitative, and case or experimental studies. A total of 4738 papers were screened by title and abstract, 404 were retrieved in full text, and 290 were included. Only 5% had any longitudinal design. Self-reporting was the dominating method of measurement. One third of the studies included children or youth. A majority of adult populations consisted of university students and/or self-selected participants. The main research results included associations between frequent mobile phone use and mental health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and sleep problems. Mobile phone use at bedtime was associated with, e.g., shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality. "Problematic use" (dependency) was associated with several negative outcomes. In conclusion, associations between mobile phone use and adverse mental health outcomes are found in studies that take a psychological or behavioral perspective on the exposure. However, more studies of high quality are needed in order to draw valid conclusions about the mechanisms and causal directions of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thomée
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Olivencia-Carrión MA, Ramírez-Uclés I, Holgado-Tello P, López-Torrecillas F. Validation of a Spanish Questionnaire on Mobile Phone Abuse. Front Psychol 2018; 9:621. [PMID: 29760674 PMCID: PMC5936979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone addiction has attracted much attention recently and is showing similarity to other substance use disorders. Because no studies on mobile phone addiction had yet been conducted in Spain, we developed and validated a questionnaire (Cuestionario de Abuso del Teléfono Móvil, ATeMo) to measure mobile phone abuse among young adults in Spanish. The ATeMo questionnaire was designed based on relevant DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and included craving as a diagnostic symptom. Using stratified sampling, the ATeMo questionnaire was administered to 856 students (mean age 21, 62% women). The MULTICAGE questionnaire was administered to assess history of drug abuse and addiction. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found evidence for the construct validity of the following factors: Craving, Loss of Control, Negative Life Consequences, and Withdrawal Syndrome, and their association with a second order factor related to mobile phone abuse. The four ATeMO factors were also associated with alcoholism, internet use, and compulsive buying. Important gender differences were found that should be considered when studying mobile phone addictions. The ATeMo is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in further research on mobile phone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Ramírez-Uclés
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Holgado-Tello
- Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Katz EC, Earnest DR, Lewis C. Impact on Negative Mood and Craving of a Classroom Policy Prohibiting Mobile Technology Use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41347-017-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Parasuraman S, Sam AT, Yee SWK, Chuon BLC, Ren LY. Smartphone usage and increased risk of mobile phone addiction: A concurrent study. Int J Pharm Investig 2017; 7:125-131. [PMID: 29184824 PMCID: PMC5680647 DOI: 10.4103/jphi.jphi_56_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to study the mobile phone addiction behavior and awareness on electromagnetic radiation (EMR) among a sample of Malaysian population. Methods: This online study was conducted between December 2015 and 2016. The study instrument comprised eight segments, namely, informed consent form, demographic details, habituation, mobile phone fact and EMR details, mobile phone awareness education, psychomotor (anxious behavior) analysis, and health issues. Frequency of the data was calculated and summarized in the results. Results: Totally, 409 respondents participated in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 22.88 (standard error = 0.24) years. Most of the study participants developed dependency with smartphone usage and had awareness (level 6) on EMR. No significant changes were found on mobile phone addiction behavior between the participants having accommodation on home and hostel. Conclusion: The study participants were aware about mobile phone/radiation hazards and many of them were extremely dependent on smartphones. One-fourth of the study population were found having feeling of wrist and hand pain because of smartphone use which may lead to further physiological and physiological complication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaseer Thamby Sam
- Unit of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Lee Yu Ren
- Unit of Pharmacology, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
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