Do Chronic Pain Patients Wish Spiritual Aspects to Be Integrated in Their Medical Treatment? A Cross-Sectional Study of Multiple Facilities

Do We Ask What the Deities Can Do for Us? The Roles of Dao Religion and Resilience in Suicidality in Chronic Pain

Objectives: Resilience to pain is a protective factor against aversive pain outcomes, such as suicide. Religiosity as a cornerstone of resilience has been found to be associated with reduced risk of suicidality in chronic pain. However, affiliations to different religions have displayed differences in suicide risk. This study focuses on the roles of pain resilience and Dao religion in mitigating suicidal experience in individuals with chronic pain. Methods: This study adopted a mixed-method approach. A preliminary investigation was conducted regarding the internal consistency and construct validity of the translated version of the pain resilience scale (PRS). Qualitative data were collected through interviews with individuals experiencing chronic pain. Levels of PRS and gender were included in the logistic regression on the probability of suicide attempts. The role of Dao practice was qualitatively analyzed through narrative analysis. Results: Among the 24 participants, 14 were affiliated with the Dao religion; therefore, the transcripts of these 14 interviews were analyzed. Individuals with moderate scores on the PRS were 11.60 times less likely to have attempted suicide than those with low PRS scores. The likelihood further decreased by 38.7 times in those with high PRS scores. Four themes emerged from the qualitative interviews. The participants experienced a burden from pain, made efforts to please the deities in exchange for better pain control, continuously adjusted to pain, and ultimately developed a new perspective on the relationship between their religion and pain. Many individuals have engaged in Dao rituals to try to alleviate their physical and psychological pain. Most participants tended to offer a religious interpretation of enlightening moments after surviving a suicide attempt. Discussion: This study illustrates how pain resilience and Dao religious practices mitigate suicidality in chronic pain. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05148364.

Intensive Care Nurses' Pain Management Experiences within the Framework of the Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model in Türkiye: A Qualitative Approach

Pain, which includes biological, psychological, social and spiritual factors, is a common symptom experienced by patients in intensive care. This study aimed to uncover intensive care nurses' perspectives on pain management strategies, employing the biopsychosocial-spiritual model as the guiding framework. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method, engaging participants from diverse locations across five provinces and eight different institutions. The study involved 16 intensive care nurses and utilized semi-structured online Zoom interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's six stages, and reporting followed the consolidated criteria for qualitative studies. The answers of the nurses were grouped under four themes and six subthemes: (1) biological interventions, (2) psychological interventions, (3) social interventions: involving families in the process and (4) spiritual interventions: support religious activities. This study shows that intensive care nurses benefit from many practices in pain management. These interventions included medication management and ensuring physical comfort in the biological factor, distracting activities and being with the patient in the psychological factor, involving the family in care in the social factor and providing an environment that supports the patient's religious needs under the spiritual factor.

Nursing and Chaplain Partnership for Pain Management: A Survey of Nurses

PURPOSE

Pain is a universal experience for hospitalized patients, with physical, psychological, spiritual, and cognitive implications. As hospitals seek to identify nonpharmaceutical options for managing acute pain, the role of chaplains has been overlooked. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of nurses regarding chaplain involvement in pain management.

METHODS

A survey was distributed to nurses to determine if they would request spiritual care services in various patient and family scenarios. Respondents were dichotomized into two groups based on self-report of whether they would contact a chaplain for patients with uncontrolled pain. Differences between groups were calculated using chi-square tests.

RESULTS

Of 45 nurse respondents, 27 (60%) reported they would not contact a chaplain for patients with uncontrolled pain. Nurses who would consult the chaplain for pain management did not differ from nurses who would not consult the chaplain in terms of their own religious identification, knowledge of patient religious documentation in the medical record, or past experience with chaplain services.

CONCLUSIONS

Study findings suggest that nurses' perceptions of chaplain involvement in pain management must be addressed prior to implementing a new hospital pain management protocol.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

When developing and implementing new pain protocols based on holistic care of patients, hospitals should ensure that nursing staff are educated on when and how to incorporate chaplains as part of a holistic approach to managing acute pain.

Learning how to explore spiritual aspects in encounters with patients with chronic pain: a pre-test post-test trial on the effectiveness of a web-based learning intervention

BACKGROUND

Integrating spiritual aspects into treatment plans can release essential resources for coping with chronic pain. However, some spiritual aspects may also induce distress and hinder the coping process. There is a lack of evidence regarding how to perform the clinical tasks of exploring spiritual aspects and of instruments assessing related competencies. Therefore, we developed a web-based learning module to provide education on the subject alongside corresponding assessment instruments. The module presents the InSpiRe (Integration of Spirituality and/or Religion in patient encounters) protocol. The instruments encompass cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions.

METHODS

This paper aims to determine (i) the learning effects associated with completing the web-based spiritual-care learning module and (ii) the reliability and validity of the instruments employed. To address these aims, we conducted a pre-test/post-test trial with N = 32 randomly selected fourth-year medical students. During the pre-test, we assessed the students' knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy regarding exploring spiritual aspects. For this purpose, we developed a short-answer knowledge test, an attitude questionnaire, and a self-efficacy scale. Additionally, the students explored spiritual aspects with a simulated patient portraying a person with chronic pain. Three trained raters evaluated the students' performances using a self-developed scale. In the intervention phase, the students completed the 45-minute learning module on a personal computer. The module presented InSpiRe-related content as text and step-by-step video demonstrations, including hints that denote critical actions. The subsequent post-test was identical to the pre-test.

RESULTS

The internal consistency was suitable for all respective instruments, and there was an indication of solid validity of the performance test. After completing the spiritual care learning module, the students showed statistically significant increases in knowledge scores and significant positive shifts in their attitudes and levels of self-efficacy regarding exploring spiritual aspects. They also attained significantly higher performance scores in the same regard.

CONCLUSIONS

Completing the spiritual-care module is associated with meaningful learning effects on cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions related to exploring spiritual aspects, as demonstrated in the post-test conducted shortly after the intervention. Due to good reliability and validity scores, the self-developed instruments can be applied appropriately.

[Spiritual interventions in multimodal pain management]

If we understand chronic pain not only as a disease but also as an existential crisis, it seems logical and reasonable to consider spiritual aspects in the treatment process. Spirituality is understood as an umbrella term for all activities and experiences that give meaning and significance to people's lives-irrespective of their religious affiliation. So far, spiritual aspects have been considered therapeutically mainly in the palliative context. According to current survey-based studies of pain patients, the inclusion of spiritual themes in therapy leads to an improvement in quality of life and pain tolerance and is moreover explicitly desired by those patients. A consistent expansion of multimodal treatment approaches in the sense of a biopsychosocial-spiritual concept has not yet been implemented. The following basic attitudes and behaviors are relevant for practical implementation: openness to spiritual themes and authenticity, taking a spiritual history, listening, standing firm, activation of values, use of motives from religion, mythology, and art. Professional competence generally involves all practitioners, but may also require qualified professionals for specialized assistance. The integration of authentic spiritual assistance into multimodal pain management should help to stabilize self-esteem and the experience of identity of the patients through resource activation and identification of burdensome spiritual beliefs. The detailed integration and investigation of the efficiency of spiritual interventions in multimodal pain therapy require further research.

Improving Spiritual Well-Being of Polish Pain Outpatients: A Feasibility Mixed Methods Study

Introduction: A physician in a chronic pain treatment clinic must recognize that the relationship between pain and spirituality is bidirectional. Chronic pain can decrease the level of spiritual well-being, and low spiritual well-being can also significantly intensify the perception of pain and worsen coping with it. Currently, for many scientific and medical communities, it is evident that spiritual care is an indispensable element of holistic medicine. Objective: The authors developed a non-religious spiritual care model provided by a physician at a chronic pain treatment clinic from May 2022 to February 2024. Method: The study utilized a mixed-method approach to conduct the research. The analysis consisted of twelve patients. A FACIT-Sp-12 questionnaire evaluated the individual's spiritual well-being before the intervention. The intervention involved asking patients open-ended questions about their life history, experiences, and spiritual beliefs and the physician's use of active listening and empathetic responses to what patients shared (relationship-building activities). The intervention aimed to assist patients in accepting the limitations of an incurable chronic disease, affirming the value of their lives, enhancing inner harmony, and increasing their sense of belonging to something greater. After the intervention, a re-assessment of the patient's spiritual well-being was conducted using the FACIT-Sp-12 questionnaire. Researchers collected qualitative data through a confidential survey that included the following instructions: "Please express an anonymous opinion on how you perceive the spiritual care provided by the physician". Results: There was an increase in spiritual well-being, assessed using the FACIT-Sp-12 scale, in 9 out of 12 patients. The median, as well as the average, level of spiritual well-being increased in a statistically significant way after the intervention (p < 0.05). This was primarily due to the higher value of the peace subscale of the questionnaire. Qualitative analysis revealed benefits reported by patients (personal development, gratitude, satisfaction, support, hope) resulting from physician's actions. Conclusions: Both qualitative and quantitative data showed that establishing a relationship with the doctor improves the spiritual well-being of patients. Therefore, this model can be recommended for physicians in chronic pain treatment clinics.

Divine resilience: Unveiling the impact of religious coping mechanisms on pain endurance in arab older adults battling chronic pain

BACKGROUND

Chronic pain diminishes the quality of life for many Older Adults individuals. Identifying effective coping methods to enhance pain resilience is imperative as populations age. Older Adults commonly use religious faith and spiritual practices to endure pain, yet little research has explored their impact on pain tolerance.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study examined relationships between positive/negative religious coping styles and pain endurance in 200 Arab elders with chronic pain. Participants completed the Brief Arab Religious Coping Scale, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, WHOQOL-BREF, and demographic/medical history questionnaires.

RESULTS

Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant positive associations between positive religious reappraisal and active spiritual coping with higher self-reported pain endurance (p<.05). Negative religious coping styles lacked meaningful relationships with pain tolerance. Multiple regression confirmed the unique effects of reappraisal and spiritual practice on improving pain resilience, controlling for covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Outcomes align with perspectives highlighting multidimensional neurocognitive, emotional, and psychosocial pain relief from religious coping. Findings underscore integrating positive faith-based resources in biopsychosocial paradigms for Older Adult's pain management. Additional research should investigate causal pathways and contextual factors influencing religious coping effects on diverse Older Adult subgroups.

The Spiritual Aspect of Pain: An Integrative Review

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects individuals in various ways involving biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. There is currently no comprehensive treatment that effectively addresses all aspects of pain. This integrative review aimed to analyze the spiritual aspect of pain relief. Following the specified methodological criteria, a total of 20 articles were selected. There evidenced a lack of spiritual care provided by healthcare professionals, even though its correlation with pain and its potential benefits have been widely demonstrated in the literature. Fortunately, some patients put into practice existential and religious tools to self-control and cope with their pain, although not always with a successful response.

[Complementary and alternative medicine-An option for chronic pain patients?]

The interest of patients with chronic pain in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is high. The aim of an accompanying complementary therapy is to strengthen the patient's self-efficacy, the ability to make decisions and the autonomy. The best evidence exists for physical activity and a balanced diet. Exercise combinations of strength and endurance as well as targeted strengthening of the muscles in the area of the pain are particularly suitable. When choosing the form of exercise, low-threshold training options are recommended. There is no reliable evidence for kinesio taping, homeopathy, neural therapy and draining procedures. The extensive data on acupuncture must be interpreted taking methodological limitations into account. Heat applications can support multimodal pain therapy. In the case of anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents, there are good rationales from basic research and reliable empirical knowledge regarding the dosage. The evidence on cannabis is low.

The influence of cultural and religious factors on cross-national variations in the prevalence of chronic back and neck pain: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease 2019 study

Introduction

Low back pain and neck pain are among the most commonly reported forms of chronic pain worldwide, and are associated with significant distress, disability and impairment in quality of life. Though these categories of pain can be analyzed and treated from a biomedical perspective, there is evidence that they are both related to psychological variables such as depression and anxiety. The experience of pain can be significantly influenced by cultural values. For example, cultural beliefs and attitudes can influence the meaning attached to the experience of pain, the responses of others to a sufferer's pain, and the likelihood of seeking medical care for particular symptoms. Likewise, religious beliefs and practices can influence the both experience of pain and the responses to it. These factors have also been associated with variations in the severity of depression and anxiety.

Methods

In the current study, data on the estimated national prevalence of both low back pain and neck pain, obtained from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2019), is analyzed in relation to cross-national variations in cultural values, as measured using Hofstede's model (n =115 countries) and in religious belief and practice, based on the most recent Pew Research Center survey (n = 105 countries). To address possible confounding factors, these analyses were adjusted for variables known to be associated with chronic low back or neck pain, namely smoking, alcohol use, obesity, anxiety, depression and insufficient physical activity.

Results

It was found that the cultural dimensions of Power Distance and Collectivism were inversely correlated with the prevalence of chronic low back pain, and Uncertainty Avoidance was inversely correlated with the prevalence of chronic neck pain, even after adjustment for potential confounders. Measures of religious affiliation and practice were negatively correlated with the prevalence of both conditions, but these associations were not significant after adjusting for cultural values and confounders.

Discussion

These results highlight the existence of meaningful cross-cultural variations in the occurrence of common forms of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Psychological and social factors that could account for these variations are reviewed, along with their implications for the holistic management of patients with these disorders.