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Hadad R, Keane RW, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Inflammasome signaling proteins as biomarkers of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1014665. [PMID: 37168848 PMCID: PMC10165091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1014665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the main characteristics of COVID-19 is an exacerbated inflammatory response that results in cardiometabolic complications and dysfunction in the nervous system. Moreover, these complications may extend beyond the period of active SARS-CoV2 infection and even extend over a year. Thus, it is important to better understand the contribution of the inflammatory responses in COVID-19 patients, not just in the acute phase but also after the infection has subsided. Methods We measured the protein levels of inflammasome signaling proteins using Simple Plex microfluidics technology in patients with an active SARS-CoV2 infection and in recovered patients to determine their potential use as biomarkers of COVID-19. We carried out statistical analyses to identify which proteins were increased in COVID-19 patients with active infection and in recovered patients. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were calculated for each analyte to determine their potential fit as biomarkers. Results The inflammasome proteins caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 were elevated in the plasma of patients with active infection and remained elevated after the infection was resolved for approximately 2 months after. Levels of caspase-1 and ASC continued to increase long after patients had recovered from the infection. Furthermore, when measuring biomarkers of inflammation during active infection, analyses with area under the curve (AUC) values above 0.75 indicated that caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18 are reliable biomarkers of the inflammatory response during active COVID-19 infection. Moreover, when measuring biomarkers of inflammation after recovery from active infection, caspase-1 and ASC presented AUC values above 0.9. Discussion These findings indicate that inflammasome signaling proteins can be used to reliably monitor the inflammatory innate immune response in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roey Hadad
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari,
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Abbas AA, Alghamdi A, Mezghani S, Ben Ayed M, Alamori AM, Alghamdi GA, Bajhmom W, Wajeeh H, Almutairi SS, Radwan WM. Role of Serum Amyloid A as a Biomarker for Predicting the Severity and Prognosis of COVID-19. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:6336556. [PMID: 36465717 PMCID: PMC9715339 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6336556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect biomarkers that can be used to predict COVID-19 severity to identify patients with high probability of disease progression and poor prognosis. METHODS Of the 102 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to King Fahd General Hospital, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, from July 1, 2021 to August 5, 2021, 50 were included in this cross-sectional study to investigate the influence of serum amyloid A (SAA) on disease severity and survival outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Dynamic shifts in SAA, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, biochemical markers, and disease progression were examined. At admission, and at three, five, and seven days after treatment, at least four data samples were collected from all patients, and they underwent clinical status assessments. RESULTS Critically ill patients showed higher SAA and CRP levels and WBC and neutrophil counts and significantly lower lymphocyte and eosinophil counts compared to the moderately/severely ill patients, especially with regard to disease progression. Similarly, nonsurvivors had higher SAA levels than survivors. The moderately/severely ill patients and the survivors had significantly higher dynamic changes in SAA compared to the critically ill patients and nonsurvivors, respectively, with differences clearly noticed on the fifth and seventh day of treatment. ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of SAA and CRP was valuable in evaluating the disease progression and prognosis of COVID-19 patients at different time points; however, a combination of SAA and lymphocyte counts was more sensitive for disease severity prediction on admission. The most sensitive parameters for predicting survival on admission were the combination of SAA/WBC and SAA/neutrophil count. CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicate that SAA can be used as a sensitive indicator to assess the degree of disease severity and survival outcomes of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. Abbas
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Asma Alghamdi
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonia Mezghani
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pulmonology, Allergy, and Immunology Department, University of Medicine of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Ayed
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, University of Medicine of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed M. Alamori
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A. Alghamdi
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wail Bajhmom
- Internal Medicine Department of King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Wajeeh
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salma S. Almutairi
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa M. Radwan
- Laboratory Department, King Fahd General Hospital, MOH, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
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Sah P, Fitzpatrick MC, Zimmer CF, Abdollahi E, Juden-Kelly L, Moghadas SM, Singer BH, Galvani AP. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109229118. [PMID: 34376550 PMCID: PMC8403749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109229118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of asymptomatic infections is fundamental for effective public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Discrepancies regarding the extent of asymptomaticity have arisen from inconsistent terminology as well as conflation of index and secondary cases which biases toward lower asymptomaticity. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and World Health Organization Global Research Database on COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and April 2, 2021 to identify studies that reported silent infections at the time of testing, whether presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Index cases were removed to minimize representational bias that would result in overestimation of symptomaticity. By analyzing over 350 studies, we estimate that the percentage of infections that never developed clinical symptoms, and thus were truly asymptomatic, was 35.1% (95% CI: 30.7 to 39.9%). At the time of testing, 42.8% (95% prediction interval: 5.2 to 91.1%) of cases exhibited no symptoms, a group comprising both asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. Asymptomaticity was significantly lower among the elderly, at 19.7% (95% CI: 12.7 to 29.4%) compared with children at 46.7% (95% CI: 32.0 to 62.0%). We also found that cases with comorbidities had significantly lower asymptomaticity compared to cases with no underlying medical conditions. Without proactive policies to detect asymptomatic infections, such as rapid contact tracing, prolonged efforts for pandemic control may be needed even in the presence of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratha Sah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Charlotte F Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Elaheh Abdollahi
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lyndon Juden-Kelly
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Burton H Singer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
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Li X, Yin D, Yang Y, Bi C, Wang Z, Ma G, Fu X, Ji S, Jiang F, Yu T. Eosinophil: A Nonnegligible Predictor in COVID-19 Re-Positive Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690653. [PMID: 34394084 PMCID: PMC8358389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccine resources are being distributed worldwide, insufficient vaccine production remains a major obstacle to herd immunity. In such an environment, the cases of re-positive occurred frequently, and there is a big controversy regarding the cause of re-positive episodes and the infectivity of re-positive cases. In this case-control study, we tracked 39 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from the Jiaodong Peninsula area of China, of which 7 patients tested re-positive. We compared the sex distribution, age, comorbidities, and clinical laboratory results between normal patients and re-positive patients, and analysed the correlation between the significantly different indicators and the re-positive. Re-positive patients displayed a lower level of serum creatinine (63.38 ± 4.94 U/L vs. 86.82 ± 16.98 U/L; P =0.014) and lower albumin (34.70 ± 5.46 g/L vs. 41.24 ± 5.44 g/L, P =0.039) at the time of initial diagnosis. In addition, two positive phases and the middle negative phase in re-positive patients with significantly different eosinophil counts (0.005 ± 0.005 × 109/L; 0.103 ± 0.033 × 109/L; 0.007 ± 0.115 × 109/L; Normal range: 0.02-0.52 × 109/L). The level of eosinophils in peripheral blood can be used as a marker to predict re-positive in patients who once had COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deqing Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunhua Bi
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangren Ma
- Department of Medical Education, Qingdao Chest Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuxiu Fu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengxiang Ji
- Department of Microbiology, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi, China
| | - Fachun Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Institute of Prevention Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Gil-Martínez M, Sastre B, del Pozo V. Emerging Evidence for Pleiotropism of Eosinophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137075. [PMID: 34209213 PMCID: PMC8269185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are complex granulocytes with the capacity to react upon diverse stimuli due to their numerous and variable surface receptors, which allows them to respond in very different manners. Traditionally believed to be only part of parasitic and allergic/asthmatic immune responses, as scientific studies arise, the paradigm about these cells is continuously changing, adding layers of complexity to their roles in homeostasis and disease. Developing principally in the bone marrow by the action of IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, eosinophils migrate from the blood to very different organs, performing multiple functions in tissue homeostasis as in the gastrointestinal tract, thymus, uterus, mammary glands, liver, and skeletal muscle. In organs such as the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, eosinophils are able to act as immune regulatory cells and also to perform direct actions against parasites, and bacteria, where novel mechanisms of immune defense as extracellular DNA traps are key factors. Besides, eosinophils, are of importance in an effective response against viral pathogens by their nuclease enzymatic activity and have been lately described as involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 immunity. The pleiotropic role of eosinophils is sustained because eosinophils can be also detrimental to human physiology, for example, in diseases like allergies, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, where exosomes can be significant pathophysiologic units. These eosinophilic pathologies, require specific treatments by eosinophils control, such as new monoclonal antibodies like mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab. In this review, we describe the roles of eosinophils as effectors and regulatory cells and their involvement in pathological disorders and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Martínez
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Immunoallergy Laboratory, Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.-M.); (M.G.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (V.d.P.)
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Huang R, Xie L, He J, Dong H, Liu T. Association between the peripheral blood eosinophil counts and COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26047. [PMID: 34114990 PMCID: PMC8202592 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conclusions about the relationship between eosinophil counts and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were controversial, so we updated the evidences and reassessed it. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Cochrane library, Excerpta Medica Database, and Web of Science to compare the eosinophil counts about non-severe disease group (mild pneumonia, moderate pneumonia, non-critical disease and recovery group) and severe disease group (severe pneumonia, critical pneumonia, critical disease and death group) in COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 1228 patients from 10 studies were included. Compared with non-severe group, severe group had strikingly lower average eosinophil counts (SMD 0.65, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.29-1.01; P < .001). The result of subgroup analysis of different countries showed SMD 0.66, 95% CI 0.26-1.06; P < .001. Another subgroup analysis between mild-moderate pneumonia versus severe-critical pneumonia showed SMD 0.69, 95% CI 0.25-1.13; P < .001, and no significant risk of publication bias (Begg test 0.063 and Egger test 0.057) in this subgroup. The heterogeneity was substantial, but the sensitivity analyses showed no significant change when individual study was excluded, which suggested the crediblity and stablity of our results. CONCLUSIONS The eosinophil counts had important value as an indicator of severity in patients with COVID-19. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020205497.
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Samprathi M, Jayashree M. Biomarkers in COVID-19: An Up-To-Date Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 8:607647. [PMID: 33859967 PMCID: PMC8042162 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.607647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses several challenges to clinicians. Timely diagnosis and hospitalization, risk stratification, effective utilization of intensive care services, selection of appropriate therapies, monitoring and timely discharge are essential to save the maximum number of lives. Clinical assessment is indispensable, but laboratory markers, or biomarkers, can provide additional, objective information which can significantly impact these components of patient care. COVID-19 is not a localized respiratory infection but a multisystem disease caused by a diffuse systemic process involving a complex interplay of the immunological, inflammatory and coagulative cascades. The understanding of what the virus does to the body and how the body reacts to it has uncovered a gamut of potential biomarkers. This review discusses the different classes of biomarkers - immunological, inflammatory, coagulation, hematological, cardiac, biochemical and miscellaneous - in terms of their pathophysiological basis followed by the current evidence. Differences between children and adults are highlighted. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is reviewed. The correlation of biomarkers with clinical and radiological features and the viral load, temporal evolution and the effect of treatment remain to be studied in detail. Which biomarker needs to be evaluated when and in whom, and how best this information can contribute to patient care are questions which currently lack convincing answers. With the evidence currently available broad guidelines on the rational use of available biomarkers are presented. Integrating clinical and laboratory data, monitoring trends rather than a single value, correlating with the natural course of the disease and tailoring guidelines to the individual patient and healthcare setting are essential.
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Ambrosis N, Martin Aispuro P, Belhart K, Bottero D, Crisp RL, Dansey MV, Gabrielli M, Filevich O, Genoud V, Giordano A, Lin MC, Lodeiro A, Marceca F, Pregi N, Lenicov FR, Rocha-Viegas L, Rudi E, Solovey G, Zurita E, Pecci A, Etchenique R, Hozbor D. Active Surveillance of Asymptomatic, Presymptomatic, and Oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals in Communities Inhabiting Closed or Semi-closed Institutions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:640688. [PMID: 33614689 PMCID: PMC7889965 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.640688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The high COVID-19 dissemination rate demands active surveillance to identify asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and oligosymptomatic (APO) SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. This is of special importance in communities inhabiting closed or semi-closed institutions such as residential care homes, prisons, neuropsychiatric hospitals, etc., where risk people are in close contact. Thus, a pooling approach-where samples are mixed and tested as single pools-is an attractive strategy to rapidly detect APO-infected in these epidemiological scenarios. Materials and Methods: This study was done at different pandemic periods between May 28 and August 31 2020 in 153 closed or semi-closed institutions in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina). We setup pooling strategy in two stages: first a pool-testing followed by selective individual-testing according to pool results. Samples included in negative pools were presumed as negative, while samples from positive pools were re-tested individually for positives identification. Results: Sensitivity in 5-sample or 10-sample pools was adequate since only 2 Ct values were increased with regard to single tests on average. Concordance between 5-sample or 10-sample pools and individual-testing was 100% in the Ct ≤ 36. We tested 4,936 APO clinical samples in 822 pools, requiring 86-50% fewer tests in low-to-moderate prevalence settings compared to individual testing. Conclusions: By this strategy we detected three COVID-19 outbreaks at early stages in these institutions, helping to their containment and increasing the likelihood of saving lives in such places where risk groups are concentrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Ambrosis
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo Martin Aispuro
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Keila Belhart
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Bottero
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Renée Leonor Crisp
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Dansey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magali Gabrielli
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Oscar Filevich
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Genoud
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Giordano
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Min Chih Lin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto del Cálculo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anibal Lodeiro
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Felipe Marceca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Matemática, Instituto de Investigaciones Matemáticas “Luis Santaló”, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pregi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Rocha-Viegas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Erika Rudi
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Solovey
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto del Cálculo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Zurita
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adali Pecci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Etchenique
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Laboratorio VacSal, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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