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Cartón-Llorente A, Cardiel-Sánchez S, Molina-Molina A, Ráfales-Perucha A, Rubio-Peirotén A. Bilateral Asymmetry of Spatiotemporal Running Gait Parameters in U14 Athletes at Different Speeds. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:117. [PMID: 38786986 PMCID: PMC11125289 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The assessment of leg asymmetries is gaining scientific interest due to its potential impact on performance and injury development. Athletes around puberty exhibit increased gait variability due to a non-established running pattern. This study aims to describe the asymmetries in the spatiotemporal running parameters in developmentally aged athletes. Forty athletes under 14 (U14) (22 females and 18 males) were assessed running on a treadmill at constant speeds of 12 and 14 km·h-1 for 3 min. Step length, step frequency, along with contact (CT) and flight time, both in absolute values and as a percentage of step time, were recorded using a RunScribe sensor attached to the laces of each shoe. U14 runners exhibited high bilateral symmetry in the spatiotemporal parameters of running, with mean asymmetry values (1-5.7%) lower than the intra-limb coefficient of variation (1.7-9.6%). Furthermore, bilateral asymmetries did not vary between the two speeds. An individual-based interpretation of asymmetries identified subjects with consistent asymmetries at both speeds, particularly in terms of CT and contact ratio (%, CT/step time). This study confirms the high symmetry of pubertal runners and paves the way for the application of portable running assessment technology to detect asymmetries on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro Molina-Molina
- Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.C.-L.); (S.C.-S.); (A.R.-P.); (A.R.-P.)
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Girard O, Millet GP, Micallef JP. Constant low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries during 800-m track running. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1278454. [PMID: 38313218 PMCID: PMC10834628 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1278454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modifications in asymmetry in response to self-paced efforts have not been thoroughly documented, particularly regarding horizontally-derived ground reaction force variables. We determined the magnitude and range of gait asymmetries during 800 m track running. Methods Eighteen physical education students completed an 800 m self-paced run on a 200 m indoor track. During the run, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces were measured at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz using a 5 m-long force platform system, with data collected once per lap. The following mechanical variables were determined for two consecutive steps: contact time and duration of braking/push-off phases along with vertical/braking/push-off peak forces and impulses. The group mean asymmetry scores were evaluated using the "symmetry angle" (SA) formula, where scores of 0% and 100% correspond to perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively. Results There was no influence of distance interval on SA scores for any of the nine biomechanical variables (P ≥ 0.095). The SA scores were ∼1%-2% for contact time (1.3 ± 0.5%), peak vertical forces (1.8 ± 0.9%), and vertical impulse (1.7 ± 1.0%). The SA scores were ∼3%-8% for duration of braking (3.6 ± 1.1%) and push-off (3.2 ± 1.4%) phases, peak braking (5.0 ± 2.1%) and push-off (6.9 ± 3.1%) forces as well as braking (7.6 ± 2.3%) and push-off (7.7 ± 3.3%) impulses. The running velocity progressively decreased at 300 m and 500 m compared to that at 100 m but levelled off at 700 m (P < 0.001). Discussion There were no modifications in gait asymmetries, as measured at 200-m distance intervals during 800-m track running in physical education students. The 800 m self-paced run did not impose greater mechanical constraints on one side of the body. Experimental procedures for characterizing the gait pattern during 800 m track running could be simplified by collecting leg mechanical data from only one side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, ISSUL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Micallef
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, EuroMov, Montpellier, France
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Delattre N, Urhausen A, Theisen D. Gait asymmetry in spatiotemporal and kinetic variables does not increase running-related injury risk in lower limbs: a secondary analysis of a randomised trial including 800+ recreational runners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001787. [PMID: 38196940 PMCID: PMC10773390 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate asymmetry in spatiotemporal and kinetic variables in 800+ recreational runners, identify determinants of asymmetry, investigate if asymmetry is related to greater running injury risk and compare spatiotemporal and kinetic variables between the involved and uninvolved limb at baseline in runners having sustained an injury during follow-up. Methods 836 healthy recreational runners (38.6% women) were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed at baseline and followed up for 6 months. From ground reaction force recordings, spatiotemporal and kinetic variables were derived for each lower limb. The Symmetry Index was computed for each variable. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were performed to identify potential determinants of asymmetry. Cox regression analyses investigated the association between asymmetry and injury risk. Analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to compare the involved and uninvolved limbs in runners who had sustained injuries during follow-up. Results 107 participants reported at least one running-related injury. Leg length discrepancy and fat mass were the most common determinants of asymmetry, but all correlation coefficients were negligible (0.01-0.13) and explained variance was very low (multivariable-adjusted R2<0.01-0.03). Greater asymmetry for flight time and peak breaking force was associated with lower injury risk (HR (95% CI): 0.80 (0.64 to 0.99) and 0.96 (0.93 to 0.98), respectively). No between-limb differences were observed in runners having sustained an injury. Conclusion Gait asymmetry was not associated with higher injury risk for investigated spatiotemporal and kinetic variables. Trial registration number NCT03115437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab Research and Development, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Nord, France
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- ALAN – Maladies Rares Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Molitor SL, Zelik KE, McDonald KA. Lower-limb dominance does not explain subject-specific foot kinematic asymmetries observed during walking and running. J Biomech 2024; 162:111877. [PMID: 38007867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies of human locomotion have observed asymmetries in lower-limb kinematics, especially at the more distal joints. However, it is unclear whether these asymmetries are related to functional differences between the dominant and non-dominant limb. This study aimed to determine the effect of lower-limb dominance on foot kinematics during human locomotion. Range of motion for the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) and medial longitudinal arch (MLA), as well as time duration of windlass mechanism engagement, were recorded from healthy young adults (N = 12) across a range of treadmill walking and running speeds. On the group level, there were no differences in MPJ or MLA range of motion, or windlass engagement timing, between the dominant and non-dominant limb (p > 0.05). While not explained by limb dominance, between-limb differences in MPJ and MLA ranges of motion were observed for individual participants on the order of ∼2-6°, which could be clinically relevant or impact interpretation of research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Molitor
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Karl E Zelik
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Kirsty A McDonald
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Unversity of New South Wales, School of Health Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Mtibaa K, Zarrouk N, Ryu JH, Racinais S, Girard O. Mechanical asymmetries remain low-to-moderate during 30 min of self-paced treadmill running. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1289172. [PMID: 38170120 PMCID: PMC10759222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1289172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We characterized the magnitude and range of gait asymmetry during self-paced treadmill running. Methods: On an instrumented treadmill, twelve trained runners (11 males, 1 female) completed a 30-min self-paced run, during which participants were instructed to cover the most distance possible. Ground reaction force recordings at a constant velocity corresponding to 70% of their maximal aerobic velocity (13.3 ± 0.8 km.h-1) allowed for the measurement of running kinetics and kinematics, as well as the calculation of spring-mass characteristics at the beginning, middle, and end of the run (minutes 1, 14, and 29, respectively). Group mean asymmetry scores were assessed using the "symmetry angle" (SA) formulae, where scores of 0% and 100% represent perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively. Results: There was no time effect on SA scores for any of the 13 biomechanical variables (p ≥ 0.128). Mean SA scores were <2.5% for contact time (0.8% ± 0.7%), flight time (1.4% ± 0.6%), step frequency (0.7% ± 0.3%), duty factor (0.7% ± 0.3%), duration of braking (1.3% ± 0.7%) and push-off phases (0.9% ± 0.8%), as well as peak braking (2.3% ± 1.3%) and push-off forces (1.4% ± 0.9%). Mean SA scores were ≥2.5% for peak vertical loading rate (3.1% ± 1.7%), mean vertical loading rate (3.4% ± 2.1%), peak vertical forces (2.9% ± 2.2%), as well as vertical stiffness (5.2% ± 3.5%) and leg stiffness (2.5% ± 1.5%). Conclusion: Throughout a 30-min running time trial, there were consistently low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries for spatiotemporal variables, kinetics, and spring-mass model characteristics. This suggests that trained runners maintained relatively even strides during the self-paced treadmill run, with lower extremities behaving similarly when controlling for velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Mtibaa
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nidhal Zarrouk
- Education, Motricity, Sports and Health, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Sébastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Girard
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Jiang X, Xu D, Fang Y, Bíró I, Baker JS, Gu Y. PCA of Running Biomechanics after 5 km between Novice and Experienced Runners. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:876. [PMID: 37508903 PMCID: PMC10376576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased running experience appears to lower the risk of running-related injuries, but the mechanisms underlying this are unknown. Studying the biomechanics of runners with different running experiences before and after long-distance running can improve our understanding of the relationship between faulty running mechanics and injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if there were any differences in lower-limb biomechanics between runners after a 5 km run. Biomechanical data were collected from 15 novice and 15 experienced runners. Principal component analysis (PCA) with single-component reconstruction was used to identify variations in running biomechanics across the gait waveforms. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to explore the effects of runner and a 5 km run. Significant runner group differences were found for the kinematics and kinetics of lower-limb joints and ground reaction force (GRF) with respect to the magnitude across the stance phase. We found that novice runners exhibited greater changes in joint angles, joint moments, and GRFs than experienced runners regardless of the prolonged running session, and those patterns may relate to lower-limb injuries. The results of this study suggest that the PCA approach can provide unique insight into running biomechanics and injury mechanisms. The findings from the study could potentially guide training program developments and injury prevention protocols for runners with different running experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Datao Xu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Yufei Fang
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
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Siegel SD, Mason J, Hamacher D, Rahlf AL, Zech A. Asymmetries of foot strike patterns during running in high-level female and male soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:86. [PMID: 37452424 PMCID: PMC10349471 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKROUND Foot strike pattern (FSP) is defined by the way the foot makes initial ground contact and is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study investigated the effect of running speed on asymmetries of FSP. METHODS Seventeen female and nineteen male soccer players performed an incremental running test on an instrumented treadmill starting at 2.0 m/s until complete exhaustion. Force plate data were used to categorize foot strikes into rearfoot (RFS) and non-rearfoot strikes. Additionally, peak vertical ground reaction force (peakGRF) and stride time were calculated. The symmetry index (SI) was used to quantify lateral asymmetries between legs. RESULTS The SI indicated asymmetries of the rate of RFS (%RFS) of approximately 30% at slow running speed which decreased to 4.4% during faster running speed (p = 0.001). There were minor asymmetries in peakGRF and stride time at each running stage. Running speed influenced %RFS (p < 0.001), peakGRF (p < 0.001) and stride time (p < 0.001). Significant interaction effects between running speed and sex were shown for %RFS (p = 0.033), peakGRF (p < 0.001) and stride time (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION FSP of soccer players are asymmetric at slower running speed, but symmetry increases with increasing speed. Future studies should consider that FSP are non-stationary and influenced by running speed but also differ between legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Dimitri Siegel
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany.
| | - Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- Methods and Statistics in Sports, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Anna Lina Rahlf
- Department of Sports Science, Institute of Health, Nutrition and Sport Science, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Campusallee 2, Flensburg, 24943, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
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No Effect of EVA and TPU Custom Foot Orthoses on Mechanical Asymmetries during Acute Intense Fatigue. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the impact of custom foot orthoses made of ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA) and expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials, both compared to a control condition (CON; shoes only), on mechanical asymmetries during repeated treadmill sprints. Eighteen well-trained male runners executed eight, 5-s sprints (rest: 25 s) on an instrumented motorized treadmill in three footwear conditions (EVA, TPU, and CON). We evaluated the group mean asymmetry scores using the ‘symmetry angle’ (SA) formula, which assigns a score of 0% for perfect symmetry and a score of 100% for perfect asymmetry. There was no condition (all p ≥ 0.053) or time (p ≥ 0.074) main effects, nor were there any significant time × condition interactions on SA scores for any variables (p ≥ 0.640). Mean vertical, horizontal, and total forces presented mean SA values (pooled values for the three conditions) of 2.6 ± 1.9%, 2.9 ± 1.6%, and 2.4 ± 1.8%, respectively. Mean SA scores were ~1–3% for contact time (1.5 ± 0.5%), flight time (3.0 ± 0.3%), step frequency (1.1 ± 0.5%), step length (1.9 ± 0.7%), vertical stiffness (2.1 ± 0.9%), and leg stiffness (2.4 ± 1.1%). Mean SA scores were ~2–6.5% for duration of braking (4.1 ± 1.6%) and propulsive (2.4 ± 1.0%) phases, and peak braking (6.2 ± 2.9%) and propulsive (2.1 ± 1.4%) forces. In well-trained runners facing intense fatigue, wearing custom foot orthoses did not modify the observed low-to-moderate natural stride mechanical asymmetries.
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Gait asymmetry and running-related injury in female collegiate cross-country runners. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 59:1-6. [PMID: 36442351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running biomechanics are commonly linked to injury. There is limited evidence on the effects of running speed on asymmetry and the prospective association of asymmetry and injury. The purposes of this study were to describe the degree in asymmetry in biomechanical variables commonly associated with injury, examine the effect of speed on asymmetry, and determine if there were any significant differences in pre-season measures of asymmetry between runners who went on to sustain an injury during the competitive season compared to those who remained healthy. METHODS Three-dimensional running biomechanics were obtained from twenty-two female collegiate cross-country runners at four different running speeds prior to their season. Asymmetry was quantified using the Symmetry Angle. Participants were followed over the twelve-week season and all time-loss injuries were identified. FINDINGS There was no significant effect of velocity on asymmetry. Additionally, there were no significant differences in symmetry between runners who sustained an injury (n = 7) and those that remained injury-free (n = 15) during the cross-country season. INTERPRETATION Clinicians working with runners should expect a high degree of symmetry in running biomechanics when performing gait analyses across running speeds. In regards to injury, caution should be used when linking injury to asymmetry.
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The Effect of Application of Asymmetry Evaluation in Competitive Sports: A Systematic Review. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Running Velocity and Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Influence the Asymmetry of Kinematic Variables of the Lower Limb Joints. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110607. [PMID: 36354518 PMCID: PMC9687503 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Running-related limb asymmetries suggest specific sports injuries and recovery circumstances. It is debatable if running speed affected asymmetry, and more research is required to determine how longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) affected asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of running velocity and LBS on kinematic characteristics of the hip, knee, ankle, metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and the corresponding asymmetry. Kinematic (200 Hz) running stance phase data were collected bilaterally for 16 healthy male recreational runners (age: 23.13 ± 1.17, height: 175.2 ± 1.6 cm, body mass: 75.7 ± 3.6 kg, BMI: 24.7 ± 1.3 kg/m2) running on a force plate at three different velocities (10, 12 and 14 km/h) and three increasing-LBS shoes in a randomized order. The symmetry angle (SA) was calculated to quantify gait asymmetry magnitude at each running velocity and LBS. Changes in running velocity and LBS led to differences in kinematic variables between the hip, knee, ankle and MTP (p < 0.05). Significant changes in SA caused by running velocity were found in the knee flexion angle (p = 0.001) and flexion angle peak velocity (p < 0.001), ankle plantarflexion angle (p = 0.001) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.043) and MTP dorsiflexion angle (p = 0.001) and dorsiflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.019). A significant change in the SA caused by LBS was found in the MTP dorsiflexion peak angle velocity (p = 0.014). There were interaction effects between running velocity and LBS on the MTP plantarflexion angle (p = 0.033) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.038). These findings indicate the existence of bilateral lower limb asymmetry. Meanwhile, it was proved that running velocity and LBS can influence the asymmetry of lower limb joints. Additionally, there was an interaction between running velocity and LBS on the asymmetry of the lower limb. These findings can provide some information for sports injuries, such as metatarsal stress fractures and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. They can also provide some useful information for running velocities and running shoes.
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Li Tee CC, Chong MC, Sundar V, Chok CL, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Girard O. Influence of exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure on physiological, perceptual and biomechanical responses to treadmill running. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35912915 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcute physiological, perceptual and biomechanical consequences of manipulating both exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure during treadmill running were determined. On separate days, eleven trained individuals ran for 45 s (separated by 135 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill at seven running speeds (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 km.h-1) in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.1%), high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.1%) and severe hypoxia (SH, FiO2 = 13.0%). Running mechanics were collected over 20 consecutive steps (i.e., after running ∼25 s), with concurrent assessment of physiological (heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation) and perceptual (overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing and leg discomfort) responses. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (seven speeds × four conditions) were used. There was a speed × condition interaction for heart rate (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.22), with lower values in NM, MH and HH compared to SH at 8 km.h-1 (125 ± 12, 125 ± 11, 128 ± 12 vs 132 ± 10 b.min-1). Overall perceived discomfort (8 and 16 km.h-1; p = 0.019 and p = 0.007, ηp2 =0.21, respectively) and perceived difficulty breathing (all speeds; p = 0.023, ηp2 =0.37) were greater in SH compared to MH, whereas leg discomfort was not influenced by hypoxic exposure. Minimal difference was observed in the twelve kinetics/kinematics variables with hypoxia (p > 0.122; ηp2 = 0.19). Running at slower speeds in combination with severe hypoxia elevates physiological and perceptual responses without a corresponding increase in ground reaction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Viswanath Sundar
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Leang Chok
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Pappas P, Paradisis GP, Girard O. Influence of lower limb dominance on mechanical asymmetries during high-speed treadmill running. Sports Biomech 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34939524 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We determine whether mechanical asymmetries differ between dominant and non-dominant legs at fast treadmill speed. Stride temporal variables, derived from high-speed camera recordings, allowed to estimate leg and vertical stiffness through the sine-wave method in 31 uninjured males during treadmill running at 6.67 m.s-1. Lower limb dominance was determined by the triple-jump test. The asymmetry was expressed as dominant-non-dominant and indexed by the absolute asymmetry index (ASI). The lowest and highest mean ASI values were detected for contact time (1.69%) and flight time (5.66%), respectively; ASI values for spring-mass characteristics (2.6% ≤ leg and vertical stiffness, peak vertical force, change in vertical leg length and centre of mass vertical displacement ≤ 4.7%) were within this range. Inter-subject variability in ASI varied substantially among the seven analysed variables with larger and smaller range of variability in ASI found for flight time (0-16.56%) and contact time (0-3.47%), respectively. Because the magnitude of group mean ASI appears inconsistent among stride temporal and spring-mass characteristics, different biomechanical variables should not be used interchangeably to assess laterality effects at fast treadmill speed. The widespread ASI range also indicates that using a 'fixed cut-off' threshold is an arbitrary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Pappas
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos P Paradisis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia
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14
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Li SN, Peeling P, Hansen C, Van Alsenoy K, Ryu JH, Girard O. Detecting mechanical breakpoints during treadmill-based graded exercise test: Relationships to ventilatory thresholds. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1025-1034. [PMID: 34334115 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1963844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While changes in cardiorespiratory variables during graded exercise tests (GXTs) are well described, less is known about running mechanical alterations. PURPOSE We determined mechanical breakpoints during GXT and compared their temporal location with thresholds in ventilation. METHODS Thirty-one recreational male runners completed continuous GXT on an instrumented treadmill, starting at 2.5 m.s-1 with velocity increases of + 0.14 m.s-1 every 30 s. Subsequently, the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) were determined from expired gases. Spatio-temporal and antero-posterior force variables, and spring-mass model characteristics were averaged for each stage. Mechanical breakpoints were detected using a linear fit process that partitioned the timeseries into two regions and minimised the error sum of squares. All measurements were normalised to % GXT duration for subsequent comparisons. RESULTS Fifteen out of 16 mechanical variables (all except leg stiffness) displayed breakpoints occurring between 61.9% and 82.3% of GXT duration; these occurred significantly later than VT1 (46.9 ± 6.4% of GXT duration, p < 0.05). Mechanical breakpoints for eight variables (step frequency, aerial time, step length, peak push-off force, braking impulse, peak vertical force, maximal downward vertical displacement and leg compression) occurred at a time point not different to VT2 (75.3 ± 6.2% of GXT duration; all p > 0.05). Relationships between mechanical breakpoints and either VT1 or VT2 were weak (all r < 0.25). CONCLUSION During treadmill GXT, breakpoints can be detected for the vast majority of mechanical variables (except leg stiffness), yet these are not related with ventilatory thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia
| | - Clint Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ken Van Alsenoy
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (CHEAR), Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.,Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Girard O, Li SN, Hobbins L, Ryu JH, Peeling P. Gait asymmetries during perceptually-regulated interval running in hypoxia and normoxia. Sports Biomech 2021:1-17. [PMID: 33792523 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1900356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterise bilateral asymmetry in running mechanics during perceptually regulated, high-intensity intermittent running in hypoxia and normoxia and examines whether inter-limb differences in running mechanics are modified between and within intervals. Nineteen trained runners completed 4 × 4-min treadmill running bouts (3-min passive recoveries) at a perceived rating exertion of 16 on the 6-20 Borg scale in either hypoxic (FiO2 = 0.15) or normoxic (FiO2 = 0.21) conditions. Ground reaction force recordings at constant velocity (group average: 14.8 ± 1.9 km/h) allowed measurement of running kinetics/kinematics and calculation of spring-mass model characteristics at the beginning and the end of each 4-min interval. Lower limb asymmetry was assessed from the 'symmetry angle' (SA) score. There were no between intervals (P > 0.087), within intervals (P > 0.076) or FiO2 (P > 0.128) differences in SA scores for any of the 16 biomechanical variables. Mean SA scores were lower than 1.5% for spatio-temporal variables, ~1.5-3% for braking and push-off phase durations, peak forces and impulses and ~4-6% for mean loading rate and vertical stiffness. With preserved lower limb asymmetries both between and within intervals and with additional hypoxia, trained runners completing perceptually regulated interval treadmill runs may anticipate a maintained performance without heightened injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Liam Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
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16
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Li SN, Hobbins L, Morin JB, Ryu JH, Gaoua N, Hunter S, Girard O. Running mechanics adjustments to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1111-1116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Tucker CB, Hanley B. Increases in speed do not change gait symmetry or variability in world-class race walkers. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2758-2764. [PMID: 32723033 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1798730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse changes in gait variability and symmetry with increasing speed in race walkers. Eighteen international athletes race walked on an instrumented treadmill at speeds of 11, 12, 13 and 14 km·h-1 in a randomised order for 3 min each. Spatiotemporal and ground reaction force data were recorded for 30 s at each speed. Gait variability was measured using median absolute deviation and inter-leg symmetry was measured using the symmetry angle. There was an overall effect of speed on all absolute values except push-off force, but symmetry and variability (except flight time) did not change with increased speed, step length and step frequency. Most athletes were asymmetrical for at least one variable, but none was asymmetrical for more than half of the variables measured. Therefore, being asymmetrical or having higher variability (<5%) in a few variables is normal. Taking all findings together, practitioners should exercise caution when deciding on the need for corrective interventions and should not be concerned that increasing gait speed could increase injury risk through changes to athletes' asymmetry. Race walking coaches should test at competition speeds to ensure that flight times, and any variability or asymmetry, are measured appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Tucker
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds, UK
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